Tuesday, 17 January 2023

The Emergent Phenomenology Research Consortium (EPRC)

                                



It is believed that this organisation and the Essentia Foundation drew something of its inspiration from Multi-Dimensional Science. However, they take on a far more academic and more cautious "scientific" approach towards phenomenology  as presented in MDS. See Multi-Dimensional Science 



https://theeprc.org/

What many might call “spiritual”, “mystical”, “energetic”, etc. experiences and effects, we refer to as emergent phenomena. We refer to practices designed to lead to emergent phenomena, such as meditation, psychedelics, yoga, prayer, etc., as emergent practices.

As emergent practices continue to scale up in society, our aim is to give health care systems, mental health providers, and those who are helping to teach and promote various practices the information they need in order to make better decisions about how to both promote the benefits of these practices and manage the various effects that they can produce.

The Emergent Phenomenology Research Consortium’s mission is to use ontologically-agnostic, multidisciplinary, first-person, psychometric,  neurophenomenological, biochemical, and clinical scientific methods to conduct studies on emergent practices and phenomena to generate clinically-relevant information that can add value to practitioners, patients, clinicians, and healthcare systems.

By finding the skilfull overlap of the perspectives of science, spirituality, religion, clinical medicine, and mental health, we can generate outcomes that are as beneficial as possible for all concerned.

                                           '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''


The Emergent Phenomenology Research Consortium (EPRC) is a multidisciplinary, multinational alliance of researchers, clinicians, and patrons who share a vision of bringing scientific methods and clinical sensibilities to the rigorous, ethical, ontologically-agnostic study of emergent phenomena.

Emergent Phenomena

For the moment, and perhaps until we have something better, we use the neutral term “emergent phenomena” to describe a range of effects and experiences, both potentially beneficial and challenging, that would often be referred to as “spiritual”, “mystical”, “energetic”, “magical”, etc. in less scientific and less clinical contexts.

Emergent practices, therapies, and other circumstances likely to yield emergent phenomena, such as meditation, psychedelics, yoga, prayer, and many others are scaling rapidly in many societies, yet clinical medicine and mental health have failed to keep pace with these increasingly popular activities and reports of their diverse effects.

Challenging Emergent Phenomena

The current state of mainstream functional clinical knowledge of the diagnosis and management of emergent phenomena is inchoate at best and sometimes even counterproductive when it exists at all.

For example, leading textbooks of emergency medicine and emergency psychiatry don’t mention emergent phenomena at all.

There are no diagnostic codes in The DSM-5, ICD-10/11, or similar guides in other cultures that are adequate to reflecting the wide range of challenging emergent phenomena.

Thus, there are no mainstream standards of care, no trials comparing management strategies, no standard diagnostic criteria or protocols, and no ways to track the incidence, prevalence, and impact, both good and bad, of emergent phenomena on patients, practitioners, healthcare systems, and societies.

Given the severe knowledge gap we face with regard to emergent phenomena, we’re at risk of violating basic medical and therapeutic ethics when it comes to dealing with these phenomena in practice. There is no way to have an ethical conversation about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of emergent practices and therapies, nor about management strategies for challenging emergent experiences, as these are all functionally unknown to mainstream clinical medicine and mental health.

Desired Emergent Phenomena

Most people doing emergent practices and other activities likely to yield emergent phenomena have little idea of the full range of experiences and effects, both good and bad, that these practices may produce.

Comparisons of the efficacy of emergent practices and therapies to produce various emergent benefits efficiently and with minimal risks and unwanted side effects are lacking.

While many remarkable claims for the possible benefits of emergent phenomena have been made for millennia, the full range of what might be possible in human development from emergent practices has yet to be rigorously studied.

Neuroimaging techniques have advanced to the point that they might be able to do what has previously been impossible in human history, namely the objective external measurement of internal states and emergent experiences to understand their underlying mechanisms and pathways and perhaps even verify various claims by emergent practitioners, such as to have attained to various beneficial states or to have somehow altered their perception and consciousness.

It is likely that biofeedback and other techniques derived from an increased knowledge of the underlying neurophysiology of emergent phenomena will likely be able to significantly enhance the ability to cultivate and sustain beneficial emergent experiences and effects.

This fundamental and applied scientific work is likely to have significant positive benefits for patients, practitioners, healthcare systems, and societies.

Our Mission

The EPRC is dedicated to gathering together scientists, clinicians, therapists, patients, and practitioners, as well as healthcare systems, governments, and other related institutions to finally solve these significant knowledge and practice deficits and to globally distribute this knowledge and communicate and apply that knowledge to promote good clinical, personal, societal, and systems-wide outcomes.

Curious?

If you are interested in helping with this ethically-mandated, practical, fascinating work, please contact us at info@theeprc.org.

Thanks very much for your interest and attention.

If you are interested in reading the complete white paper, hosted on ZenKit Hypernotes to take advantage of its hyperlink, graphical, and filtering capabilities, please click here.

Quantum physics and the first-person perspectiveSeeing | Quantum physics Markus Müller, PhD | 2022-10-23

 


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The Nobel Prize in physics this year (2022) went the scientists who, for over 40 years, have carried out a series of experiments indicating that, contrary to materialist expectations, physical entities do not have standalone existence but are, in fact, products of observation. This result is extraordinarily relevant to our understanding of the nature of reality, and so Essentia Foundation’s conference this year is organized in collaboration with the Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Vienna (IQOQI-Vienna), of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The  IQOQI-Vienna is home to Prof. Anton Zeilinger, one of this year’s Nobel Laureates in physics. The conference will be hosted by IQOQI-Vienna’s Dr. Markus Müller and feature seven other speakers. You can attend the conference online, for free, without need for registration, by using this link: https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation. So set the dates in your calendars: 17 and 18 November 2022, between 2:00pm and 5:45pm (Central European Standard Time, CEST).

Classical physics describes the objective and deterministic evolution of a unique external world composed of material entities. One of its main characteristics is to keep the observer out of the description, and this commitment has historically, without doubt, been an important methodological strength. However, quantum physics challenges this commitment: for example, the measurement problem attributes special significance to the act of observation, and Bell’s theorem challenges the assumption that measurements always reveal preexisting properties of the world.

Are some ‘laws of nature’ better interpreted as agents’ betting strategies than facts of the world? Should we think of quantum theory as relational, and if so, as specifically relative to an observer, as Wigner’s friend-type thought experiments may suggest? At this conference, we will discuss whether, and if so, how, the first-person perspective is an irreducible part of quantum physics, and what this may tell us about the paradigm of materialism.

You can watch the conference live via this link: https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation.

Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay conducts novel spiritual research

 Home > Uniqueness of Sanatan > Spiritual Research > Research regarding religious acts > Research regarding Shraddha > Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay conducts novel spiritual research


Scientific research conducted by Maharshi
Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay using Universal Aura Scanner (UAS)

 

Many positive changes taking place in the pinda for the
ancestors upon performing Shraddha ritual during the Pitrupaksha

The young generation of the present scientific age has misconceptions about the Shraddha ritual (A special ritual performed for the departed ancestors). They consider it unscientific and unrealistic presentation of Karmakanda (Spiritual practice of rites, rituals and observances). People who do not believe in ritualistic worship or Shraddha-paksha or those who believe that only social work is superior, say that instead of performing Shraddha for ancestors, we will donate food to the poor or help some school.

The Indian culture says that just as we care for our parents and our loved ones when they are alive, we have a duty towards them even after their death. The Shraddha ritual gives us an opportunity to fulfil this duty and thus, repay the debt unto the ancestors. To scientifically study what is the effect on the pinda (Balls of rice used in the Shraddha ritual) during the Shraddha ritual during Pitrupaksha, an experiment was conducted on 27.9.2018 in Sanatan’s Ashram at Ramnathi, Goa, by Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay (MAV) using Universal Aura Scanner (UAS). The nature of this experiment, the readings and their analysis are given ahead.

 

1. Nature of the experiment

UAS readings of the pindas used in the Shraddha ritual were recorded before and after the ritual. A comparative study was done.

 

2. What is a pinda ?

Pindas are smooth balls of the size of lemons made by mixing sesame water, vada and kheer (A liquidy sweet dish) with cooked rice and kneading them together, so that they do not break or crack. It is customary to make slightly larger pindas for the triad of ancestors. This custom is a symbol of gratitude. The Scriptures say that small portions of the food cooked on this day should be incorporated into the pinda.’ (Reference : Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Importance of Shraddha and its underlying Science’)

Note for the readers : Due to space constraints, introduction to the UAS device, components of the experiment through the device and their description, measuring the aura of the component, method of testing and precautionary measures taken to ensure uniformity in the experiment are given on the Sanatan Sanstha’s website – goo.gl/tBjGXa. Some letters in this link are capitalized.

 

3. Readings and their analysis

3 A. Analysis of the records pertaining to negative energy –

Complete absence of negative energy in the pinda

The negative energies (Infrared and Ultraviolet) were not found in the pinda before or after the Shraddha ritual.

3 B. Analysis of the records pertaining to positive energy

3 B 1. Large amount positive energy present in the pindas even before the Shraddha ritual increased further after the ritual

Not all people, premises or objects necessarily have positive energy. There was positive energy in the pindas even before commencing the Shraddha ritual. This was indicated by the arms of the UA scanner opening 1800 during the reading taken before commencing the Shraddha ritual. Hence, we were able to measure the aura of the positive energy in the pinda. It was 1.7 metres. The aura of the positive energy in the pinda  measured 2 metres after the Shraddha ritual, showing an increase of 0.3 metres.

3 C. Analysis of the readings pertaining to the total aura

3 C 1. Increase in the total aura of the pinda after the Shraddha ritual

The total aura for an average individual or an object is approximately 1 metre. The total aura for the pinda before the Shraddha ritual was 2.60 metres. This means that it was much more than that of an average object. The total aura of the pinda after the Shraddha ritual measured 3.6 metres, indicating an increase of 1 metre.

Spiritual analysis of all the above mentioned points is given in Point 4.

 

4. Spiritual analysis of the recorded reading

4 A. Importance of Pindadan (Offering of pindas) during the Shraddha ritual

Pindadan carries a lot of importance in the Shraddha ritual. Pindas are made of cooked rice. When the rice is cooked, the Raja component in it increases. It becomes easier for a subtle-body to enter the environment around this Raja predominant pinda. Thus, the subtle body benefits from the environment charged with the recitation of mantras and obtains subtle strength, making it easier for the subtle-body to gain further momentum.

(Ref. : Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Spiritual science underlying the rituals performed during Shraddha’)

4 B. As a result of the Shraddha ritual, a protective sheath develops around the
subtle-body of the pitar (Deceased ancestor) which helps it in gaining further momentum

The waves generated through the mantras recited during the Shraddha, blessings of Brahmans, goodwill of relatives, Pindadan and other such ritualistic worship yield extraordinary results, which cannot be explained logically. Shraddha creates a protective sheath around the subtle-body of the pitar which helps it in gaining further momentum. These rituals provide benefits in the Hell region, the Nether region, the region of pitars and Heaven.

4 C. pitars they remain satisfied throughout the year

If Mahalaya shraddha is performed for the pitars during this fortnight, they remain satisfied throughout the year, and the family members get their blessings too.

(Ref.: Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Importance of Shraddha and its underlying science’)

4 D. Positive energy and total measured aura of pindas increasing
due to the blessings of ancestors obtained after performing the Shraddha ritual

An increase in the aura of positive energy and the total measured aura of the pindas was observed in the readings of the pindas taken after performing the Shraddha ritual. This means that the pindas were charged with positive energy due to the Shraddha ritual. The readings before the Shraddha ritual were taken at 3.50 p.m. and those after the ritual were taken at 8.15 p.m. In the interim four and half hours, the pindas had become stale. Pindas are made of cooked rice. Fresh food is sattvik. As the food becomes stale, the sattvikata in it decreases. So, it was expected that after four and half hours, the positive energy and the aura of the pinda would reduce. On the contrary, the increase in the positive energy and aura in the pinda indicates a positive effect of the Shraddha ritual on the pindas. The positive effect observed on the pindas was due to the Shraddha rituals performed and the blessings obtained from the ancestors.

4 E. Other components that assist in making the Shraddha ritual effective

1. Shraddha was performed in the sattvik environment of the Sanatan Ashram.

2. The priest performing the Shraddha ritual, Shri. Damodar Vaze Guruji, performs regular spiritual practice and is at the spiritual level of 61%.

Note – Importance of 61% spiritual level : If it is assumed that the spiritual level of God is 100% and that of an inanimate object is 1%, then the spiritual level of an average human being in today’s times is 20%. An individual at this spiritual level thinks only about his own happiness-sorrow. He has nothing to do with the society and his line of thinking is – ‘I do everything’. When the spiritual level reaches 30%, the individual begins to accept God’s existence to a little extent and starts performing spiritual practice and seva. When the attraction to Maya (Worldly life) and Spirituality is the same, the individual reaches the spiritual level of 50%. When the spiritual level reaches 60%, the individual begins to detach himself from Maya. Dissolution of his mind commences and he can imbibe the thoughts from the Universal Mind. After death, such an individual is freed from the bondage of life-death and gets a place in Maharlok (The fourth higher positive subtle region of the Universe).

– Paratpar Guru (Dr.) Athavale

From all the above points, it is observed that there is increase in the aura of positive energy and the total measured aura of the pinda after the Shraddha ritual. This scientific experiment proves that the Shraddha ritual is not fabricated but has an underlying spiritual science.

– Dr. (Mrs.) Nandini Samant, Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay, Goa. (2.10.2018)

E-mail : mav.research2014@gmail.com  

Source : Dainik Sanatan Prabhat

Spiritual features of a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker as part of her spiritual practice, meaning, ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’

 Home > Uniqueness of Sanatan > Spiritual Research > Research regarding Spirituality > Spiritual features of a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker as part of her spiritual practice, meaning, ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’


Scientific experiment conducted by Maharshi Adhyatma
Vishwavidyalay  using ‘PIP’ (Polycontrast Interference hotography) technology

‘Subtle’ is that which is beyond the comprehension of the five gross sense organs (Nose, tongue, eyes, skin and ears), mind and intellect. ‘Subtle world’ is that which cannot be comprehended by the five gross sense organs, but its existence can be experienced. After studying the pictures and sculptures in ancient structures such as caves, pyramids, religious places, mansions, etc. we realise that almost all cultures in the world have curiosity about the subtle world. ‘Subtle pictures’ satisfy this curiosity to some extent. ‘Subtle picture’ or ‘Picture based on subtle knowledge’ is a drawing made on paper by an individual who has subtle perception ability to depict the spiritual phenomenon he perceives and sees with his subtle vision about a specific subject. Some artists draw subtle pictures with a commercial intent; whereas, some draw them as hobby. One artist lady-seeker began to draw subtle pictures as a part of her spiritual practice under the guidance of a Guru. On 6.10.2017, an experiment was conducted at Sanatan’s Ashram in Ramnathi, Goa using the PIP (Polycontrast Interference Photography) technology to study the changes that have taken place in the vibrations emitting from a subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker due to the spiritual practice she performs. PIP technology is useful in studying the energy field (Aura) around an object and individual. The observations of this experiment and their analysis are given ahead.

 

1. Nature of the experiment

In this experiment, a blank sheet of paper was placed on the table and a photo of the environment was clicked by using PIP technology. This is termed as the ‘Baseline reading’. Then, one-by-one, PIP photos of a subtle picture drawn by a commercial artist, a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker before she commenced spiritual practice and a subtle picture of a Saint drawn by the same artist lady-seeker 10 years after commencing spiritual practice under the guidance of the Guru were clicked after placing them on a table. A comparative study of these photos helped us understand the impact of vibrations emitting from these three subtle pictures on the environment.

 

2. Information about the subtle pictures used in the experiment

2A. A subtle picture drawn by an artist with a commercial intent

This subtle picture drawn by an artist with a commercial intent is of an energy from the subtle world.

2B. Subtle picture drawn as part of her art by
an artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice

This subtle picture is drawn by artist lady-seeker Mrs. Yoya Vallee (Now H.H. [Mrs.] Yoya Vallee) as part of her art in 1999 before commencing spiritual practice. The subtle picture is of some energy from the subtle world.

2C. Subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker in obedience to the
Guru 10 years after commencing spiritual practice under the guidance of the Guru

This subtle picture of a Saint is drawn by artist lady-seeker Mrs. Yoya Vallee in 2009 in obedience to and under the guidance of her Guru 10 years after commencing spiritual practice.

 

3. The observations and their analysis

3A. Baseline reading

Proportion of positive vibrations being higher in Sanatan Ashram due to its sattvik environment : In the aura of the Baseline reading (Meaning, in the aura of the environment noticed before setting the experiment samples on the table) the total positive vibrations were 68% and total negative vibrations were 32%.

In Kaliyug, the proportion of emission of negative vibrations from a common premises is higher than that of positive vibrations.

This experiment was conducted in the very sattvik Sanatan Ashram; therefore, during the Baseline reading (Before placing the subtle pictures for the experiment) the proportion of total positive vibrations in the aura of the environment was higher than that of the total negative vibrations. In the readings given ahead, auras of the samples used in the experiment are compared with the aura of the ‘Baseline reading’.

3B. Due to the subtle picture drawn by an artist with a
commercial intent, the proportion of positive vibrations and
Chaitanya (Divine consciousness) in the environment reducing

In the aura of this picture, total positive vibrations were 62% and total negative vibrations were 38%. This means the positive vibrations in the aura of this picture had reduced by 6% when compared with the Baseline reading. In the aura of the Baseline reading, the yellow of Chaitanya was 26%; whereas, in the aura of this subtle picture it was 10%. From this it becomes clear that the proportion of Chaitanya in this subtle picture drawn by the commercial artist reduced greatly. In short, due to this subtle picture, proportion of negative vibrations in the environment increased and proportion of positive vibrations reduced; additionally, proportion of the emission of Chaitanya also reduced when compared with the Baseline reading.

3C. Due to the subtle picture drawn as part of her art by
the artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice, the
proportion of positive vibrations and Chaitanya in the environment reducing

In the aura of the picture drawn as part of her art by an artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice, the total positive vibrations were 64% and total negative vibrations were 36%. In the aura of this picture, the yellow of Chaitanya was 13%, which means it had reduced when compared with the yellow of Chaitanya (26%) in the Baseline reading. From this it becomes clear that due to this subtle picture, the proportion of positive vibrations and Chaitanya in the environment reduced. (Here, the PIP Photo is not provided since it is similar to Photo number 2.)

3D. Due to the subtle picture drawn by the
artist lady-seeker in obedience to her Guru, 10
years after commencing spiritual practice under the
guidance of her Guru, the proportion of positive vibrations
and proportion of vibrations of purity and haitanya significantly
increasing and proportion of negative vibrations significantly reducing

In the aura of the subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker in obedience to her Guru, 10 years after commencing spiritual practice and under the guidance of her Guru, the total positive vibrations were 77% and negative vibrations were 23%. In the aura of this subtle picture, the yellow of Chaitanya was 44%, which means it had significantly increased when compared with the yellow of Chaitanya (26%) in the Baseline reading.

Additionally, in the aura of this subtle picture, pastel blue which indicates the presence of superior level positive vibrations (Purity and sanctity) than the yellow of Chaitanya was visible to the extent of 10%. In short, we understood that due to this subtle picture, the proportion of positive vibrations, as also the proportion of purity and Chaitanya in the environment significantly increased when compared with the Baseline reading.

The spiritual analysis of all the above observations is given in the ‘Point 4’.

 

4. Spiritual analysis of the observations

4A. The reason underlying the phenomenon of emission
of moderate level positive vibrations from the subtle picture
drawn by a commercial artist and the subtle picture drawn by
an artist lady-seeker as art before commencing her spiritual practice

A principle in Spirituality states that ‘Word, touch, form, taste, fragrance and their energies co-exist’. Accordingly, the vibrations (Energy) co-existed with the subtle pictures (Form) drawn by both the artists. The vibrations in any picture drawn by an artist depend on various factors such as intention with which the picture has been drawn, subject of the picture, whether or not the artist is performing spiritual practice, the artist’s individual spiritual practice and the Guru’s guidance to the artist performing spiritual practice, etc.

The commercial artist had drawn the subtle picture with the intention of gaining wealth and fame; whereas, the artist lady-seeker, Mrs. Yoya Vallee, had drawn the subtle picture only as her art before commencing spiritual practice. The subject of both the subtle pictures was – ‘Energy from the subtle world’. Both the artists were not performing spiritual practice. In short, the intent of both the artists in drawing these subtle pictures was worldly and both lacked the foundation of spiritual practice; therefore, moderate level positive vibrations were emitting from their subtle pictures.

4B. Emission of superior level positive
vibrations from the subtle picture drawn under
the guidance of the Guru by the artist lady-seeker 10 years after
commencing spiritual practice being the outcome of her spiritual practice

The artist lady-seeker, Mrs. Yoya Vallee, commenced spiritual practice in 1999. Realising her exceptional subtle perception ability, Paratpar Guru (Dr.) Athavale guided her on ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’. He gave her the knowledge on how a subtle picture can be illusory, imaginary, artistic or true. In short, due to the Guru’s guidance, this lady seeker’s spiritual practice got the right direction at the right time. She continued her spiritual practice with yearning.

While performing the satseva of drawing the subtle pictures as part of her spiritual practice, her sattvikata (Spiritual purity) increased and she progressed spiritually. As she progressed spiritually, the accuracy of the subtle pictures drawn by her began to increase. After performing spiritual practice for 10 years in this manner in obedience to her Guru, she drew a subtle picture of a Saint. This picture was used in this experiment. Hence, this picture (drawn by her as a part of her spiritual practice) emitted superior level positive vibrations in significantly high proportion when compared with the subtle picture drawn by her 10 years earlier. This happened because of her spiritual practice and her Guru’s blessings.

In the next few years, this lady-seeker progressed spiritually and attained Sainthood.

Seeker-artists who draw pictures as a part of their spiritual practice for God-realisation, meaning, who draw with a sattvik intent, progress spiritually. Society receives unique knowledge and guidance from their drawings. Spiritually beneficial vibrations are emitted by such pictures. Conversely, society does not benefit spiritually from the pictures drawn as a hobby or with a commercial intent. According to authorities in Spirituality, in the absence of the foundation obtained from spiritual practice, subtle-artists can experience distress caused by negative energies.

Hence, it is necessary for artists to perform spiritual practice and seek guidance of a Guru.

– Mr. Rupesh Laxman Redkar, Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay, Goa. (14.2.2018)

E-mail : savv.research@gmail.com

Note 1 : While comparing PIP Photos 2 & 4 with the Baseline aura (PIP Photo 1), the colours of the area specifically covered by the Photo and table have not been taken into consideration as the PIP technology primarily measures the Aura around an object or a person.

Note 2 : In a PIP Photo, if light green or pastel blue that represent superior level positive vibrations are seen, the proportions of yellow, dark green or green that represent moderate level positive vibrations reduce or these colours completely vanish. This is considered to be a good sign; because, then, the moderate level vibrations have been replaced by superior level vibrations.

‘Subtle world’ is that which cannot be comprehended by the five gross sense organs, but its existence can be experienced !

Source : Dainik Sanatan Prabhat

Monday, 16 January 2023

Tachyonic Field and the Imaginary Number representing "Imaginary Mass" in the Equations used to describe Tachyonic Field and Particles...

In Multi-Dimensional Science the idea of FTL or faster than light (theoretical particles existing as so-called Tachyons ) may exist in the psychic and spiritual realms or "other world". What is rather interesting and "coincidental" is that in the  relevant tachyonic equation the symbol i. means an imaginary number . This is rather suitable for the idea of a non-physical reality..one which consists of psychic  particles (ie. energies created as mental "matter") that have varying degrees of conciousness. and "intelligence. "Imagination" can have a psi mass like the theoretical Tachyon of "mainstream" theories...! See below for the imaginary number. RS



An imaginary number is a real number multiplied by the imaginary unit i,[note 1] which is defined by its property i2 = −1.[1][2] The square of an imaginary number bi is b2. For example, 5i is an imaginary number, and its square is −25. By definition, zero is considered to be both real and imaginary.[3]

Originally coined in the 17th century by René Descartes[4] as a derogatory term and regarded as fictitious or useless, the concept gained wide acceptance following the work of Leonhard Euler (in the 18th century) and Augustin-Louis Cauchy and Carl Friedrich Gauss (in the early 19th century).

An imaginary number bi can be added to a real number a to form a complex number of the form a + bi, where the real numbers a and b are called, respectively, the real part and the imaginary part of the complex number.[5]





From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia/Tacyonic Field





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In physics, a tachyonic field, or simply tachyon, is a quantum field with an imaginary mass.[1] Although tachyonic particles (particles that move faster than light) are a purely hypothetical concept that violate a number of essential physical principles, at least one field with imaginary mass, the Higgs field, is believed to exist. Under no circumstances do any excitations of tachyonic fields ever propagate faster than light—the presence or absence of a tachyonic (imaginary) mass has no effect on the maximum velocity of signals, and so unlike faster-than-light particles there is no violation of causality.[2] Tachyonic fields play an important role in physics[3][4][5] and are discussed in popular books.[1][6]

The term "tachyon" was coined by Gerald Feinberg in a 1967 paper[7] that studied quantum fields with imaginary mass. Feinberg believed such fields permitted faster than light propagation, but it was soon realized that this was not the case.[2] Instead, the imaginary mass creates an instability: any configuration in which one or more field excitations are tachyonic will spontaneously decay, and the resulting configuration contains no physical tachyons. This process is known as tachyon condensation. A famous example is the condensation of the Higgs boson in the Standard Model of particle physics.

In modern physics, all fundamental particles are regarded as localized excitations of fields. Tachyons are unusual because the instability prevents any such localized excitations from existing. Any localized perturbation, no matter how small, starts an exponentially growing cascade that strongly affects physics everywhere inside the future light cone of the perturbation.[2]

Interpretation[edit]

Overview of tachyonic condensation[edit]

Although the notion of a tachyonic imaginary mass might seem troubling because there is no classical interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at spacelike separated points still commute (or anticommute), thus preserving causality. Therefore, information still does not propagate faster than light,[8] and solutions grow exponentially, but not superluminally (there is no violation of causality).

The "imaginary mass" really means that the system becomes unstable. The zero value field is at a local maximum rather than a local minimum of its potential energy, much like a ball at the top of a hill. A very small impulse (which will always happen due to quantum fluctuations) will lead the field to roll down with exponentially increasing amplitudes toward the local minimum. In this way, tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons, to an alternative stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once the tachyonic field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles with a positive mass-squared, such as the Higgs boson.[9]

Physical interpretation of a tachyonic field and signal propagation[edit]

There is a simple mechanical analogy that illustrates that tachyonic fields do not propagate faster than light, why they represent instabilities, and helps explain the meaning of imaginary mass (the mass squared being negative).[2]

Consider a long line of pendulums, all pointing straight down. The mass on the end of each pendulum is connected to the masses of its two neighbors by springs. Wiggling one of the pendulums will create two ripples that propagate in both directions down the line. As the ripple passes, each pendulum in its turn oscillates a few times about the straight down position. The speed of propagation of these ripples is determined in a simple way by the tension of the springs and the inertial mass of the pendulum weights. Formally, these parameters can be chosen so that the propagation speed is the speed of light. In the limit of an infinite density of closely spaced pendulums, this model becomes identical to a relativistic field theory, where the ripples are the analog of particles. Displacing the pendulums from pointing straight down requires positive energy, which indicates that the squared mass of those particles is positive.

Now consider an initial condition where at time t=0, all the pendulums are pointing straight up. Clearly this is unstable, but at least in classical physics one can imagine that they are so carefully balanced they will remain pointing straight up indefinitely so long as they are not perturbed. Wiggling one of the upside-down pendulums will have a very different effect from before. The speed of propagation of the effects of the wiggle is identical to what it was before, since neither the spring tension nor the inertial mass have changed. However, the effects on the pendulums affected by the perturbation are dramatically different. Those pendulums that feel the effects of the perturbation will begin to topple over, and will pick up speed exponentially. Indeed, it is easy to show that any localized perturbation kicks off an exponentially growing instability that affects everything within its future "ripple cone" (a region of size equal to time multiplied by the ripple propagation speed). In the limit of infinite pendulum density, this model is a tachyonic field theory.

Importance in physics[edit]

The phenomenon of spontaneous symmetry breaking, which is closely related to tachyon condensation, plays a central part in many aspects of theoretical physics, including the Ginzburg–Landau and BCS theories of superconductivity.

Other examples include the inflaton field in certain models of cosmic inflation (such as new inflation[10][11]), and the tachyon of bosonic string theory.[6][12][13]

Condensation[edit]

In quantum field theory, a tachyon is a quantum of a field—usually a scalar field—whose squared mass is negative, and is used to describe spontaneous symmetry breaking: The existence of such a field implies the instability of the field vacuum; the field is at a local maximum rather than a local minimum of its potential energy, much like a ball at the top of a hill. A very small impulse (which will always happen due to quantum fluctuations) will lead the field (ball) to roll down with exponentially increasing amplitudes: it will induce tachyon condensation. Once the tachyonic field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather have a positive mass-squared. The Higgs boson of the standard model of particle physics is an example.[9]

Technically, the squared mass is the second derivative of the effective potential. For a tachyonic field the second derivative is negative, meaning that the effective potential is at a local maximum rather than a local minimum. Therefore, this situation is unstable and the field will roll down the potential.

Because a tachyon's squared mass is negative, it formally has an imaginary mass. This is a special case of the general rule, where unstable massive particles are formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part being their mass in usual sense, and the imaginary part being the decay rate in natural units.[9]

However, in quantum field theory, a particle (a "one-particle state") is roughly defined as a state which is constant over time; i.e., an eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian. An unstable particle is a state which is only approximately constant over time; If it exists long enough to be measured, it can be formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part of the mass greater than its imaginary part. If both parts are of the same magnitude, this is interpreted as a resonance appearing in a scattering process rather than particle, as it is considered not to exist long enough to be measured independently of the scattering process. In the case of a tachyon the real part of the mass is zero, and hence no concept of a particle can be attributed to it.

Even for tachyonic quantum fields, the field operators at space-like separated points still commute (or anticommute), thus preserving the principle of causality. For closely related reasons, the maximum velocity of signals sent with a tachyonic field is strictly bounded from above by the speed of light.[2] Therefore, information never moves faster than light regardless of the presence or absence of tachyonic fields.

Examples for tachyonic fields are all cases of spontaneous symmetry breaking. In condensed matter physics a notable example is ferromagnetism; in particle physics the best known example is the Higgs mechanism in the standard model.

Tachyons in string theory[edit]

In string theory, tachyons have the same interpretation as in quantum field theory. However, string theory can, at least, in principle, not only describe the physics of tachyonic fields, but also predict whether such fields appear.

Tachyonic fields indeed arise in many versions of string theory. In general, string theory states that what we see as "particles" (electrons, photons, gravitons and so forth) are actually different vibrational states of the same underlying string. The mass of the particle can be deduced from the vibrations which the string exhibits; roughly speaking, the mass depends upon the "note" which the string sounds. Tachyons frequently appear in the spectrum of permissible string states, in the sense that some states have negative mass-squared, and therefore, imaginary mass. If the tachyon appears as a vibrational mode of an open string, this signals an instability of the underlying D-brane system to which the string is attached.[14] The system will then decay to a state of closed strings and/or stable D-branes. If the tachyon is a closed string vibrational mode, this indicates an instability in spacetime itself. Generally, it is not known (or theorized) what this system will decay to. However, if the closed string tachyon is localized around a spacetime singularity, the endpoint of the decay process will often have the singularity resolved.

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up to:a b Lisa Randall, Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions, p.286: "People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature."
  2. Jump up to:a b c d e Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). "Superluminal Behavior, Causality, and Instability". Phys. RevAmerican Physical Society182 (5): 1400–1403. Bibcode:1969PhRv..182.1400Adoi:10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400.
  3. ^ Sen, Ashoke (April 2002). "Rolling Tachyon". J. High Energy Phys2002 (204): 048. arXiv:hep-th/0203211Bibcode:2002JHEP...04..048Sdoi:10.1088/1126-6708/2002/04/048S2CID 12023565.
  4. ^ Gibbons, G. W. (June 2002). "Cosmological evolution of the rolling tachyon". Phys. Lett. B537 (1–2): 1–4. arXiv:hep-th/0204008Bibcode:2002PhLB..537....1Gdoi:10.1016/S0370-2693(02)01881-6S2CID 119487619.
  5. ^ Kutasov, David; Marino, Marcos & Moore, Gregory W. (2000). "Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory". JHEP2000 (10): 045. arXiv:hep-th/0009148Bibcode:2000JHEP...10..045Kdoi:10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045S2CID 15664546.
  6. Jump up to:a b Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe, Vintage Books (2000)
  7. ^ Feinberg, G. (1967). "Possibility of Faster-Than-Light Particles". Physical Review159(5): 1089–1105. Bibcode:1967PhRv..159.1089Fdoi:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089.
  8. ^ Feinberg, Gerald (1967). "Possibility of Faster-Than-Light Particles". Physical Review159 (5): 1089–1105. Bibcode:1967PhRv..159.1089Fdoi:10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089.
  9. Jump up to:a b c Peskin, M. E.; Schroeder, D. V. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field TheoryPerseus Books.
  10. ^ Linde, A (1982). "A new inflationary universe scenario: A possible solution of the horizon, flatness, homogeneity, isotropy and primordial monopole problems". Physics Letters B108(6): 389–393. Bibcode:1982PhLB..108..389Ldoi:10.1016/0370-2693(82)91219-9.
  11. ^ Albrecht, Andreas; Steinhardt, Paul (1982). "Cosmology for Grand Unified Theories with Radiatively Induced Symmetry Breaking" (PDF)Physical Review Letters48 (17): 1220–1223. Bibcode:1982PhRvL..48.1220Adoi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.48.1220. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-30.
  12. ^ J. Polchinski, String Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (1998)
  13. ^ NOVA, "The Elegant Universe", PBS television special, https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/
  14. ^ Sen, A. (1998). "Tachyon condensation on the brane antibrane system". Journal of High Energy Physics1998 (8): 12. arXiv:hep-th/9805170Bibcode:1998JHEP...08..012Sdoi:10.1088/1126-6708/1998/08/012S2CID 14588486.

External links[edit]

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