tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-65583087027995461752024-03-13T23:14:33.752-07:00Esoteric Other WorldsExploring Mysticism, and Parapsychology.This blog is also an attempt to promote awareness of a Modern Universal Paradigm known as Multi-Dimensional Science. It offers a "Scientific" Methodology for a more "objective" understanding of claimed Psychic and Spiritual Phenomena. A link to this subject should be found onsite or alternatively easily traceable via a word search. Please note that the Internet articles here may not reflect the views of the Blogger. Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.comBlogger740125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-24939783375635402292023-12-09T04:38:00.000-08:002023-12-09T04:38:04.915-08:00Inspiration<p> </p><div class="cn-fundraising" id="centralNotice" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><div aria-label="fundraising banner" class="frb frb-rml-enabled frb-country-GB" id="frb-inline" role="region" style="background: var(--wmui-base100); border-radius: 0px 0px 2px 2px; border: 5px solid var(--frb-primary); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15) 2px 2px 6px 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: var(--frb-body); display: table; font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; margin: 12px auto 50px; max-width: 1200px; position: relative; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out 0s;"><div class="frb-inline-bottombar" style="align-items: center; box-sizing: border-box; display: flex; justify-content: center; position: absolute; text-align: center; width: 854px;"><button class="frb-footer-button frb-inline-close" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-size: 12px; height: 45px; letter-spacing: 0.25px; margin: 6px 10px; position: relative; text-transform: uppercase;"><svg aria-hidden="true" class="frb-inline-close-icon" height="12" viewbox="0 0 12 12" width="12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><g fill-rule="evenodd" fill="none" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-width="1.4"><path d="M1 1l9.944 9.944M10.944 1L1 10.944"></path></g></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="774" data-file-width="542" decoding="async" height="314" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png/220px-Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png/330px-Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png/440px-Angel_shows_a_model_of_Hagia_Sofia_to_Justinian_in_a_vision.png 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 12.376px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">Book illustration of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_Justinian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emperor Justinian">Emperor Justinian</a>'s inspiration for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. The cathedral had burnt down during a riot; now Justinian would build an even more beautiful one.</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="3840" data-file-width="3840" decoding="async" height="220" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg/220px-2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg/330px-2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg/440px-2022-01-20_Pepper-and-Carrot_mini-comic_02_Imagination_by-David-Revoy.jpg 2x" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 12.376px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">A <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcomic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Webcomic">webcomic</a> illustrating how inspiration may vary over time</figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;"><b>Inspiration</b> (from the Latin <i>inspirare</i>, meaning "to breathe into") is an unconscious burst of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creativity">creativity</a> in a literary, musical, or <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_art" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Visual art">visual art</a> and other artistic endeavours. The concept has origins in both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic philosophy">Hellenism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebraism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebraism">Hebraism</a>. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greeks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> believed that inspiration or "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthusiasm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiasm</a>" came from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muses">muses</a>, as well as the gods <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a>. Similarly, in the Ancient Norse religions, inspiration derives from the gods, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Odin">Odin</a>. Inspiration is also a divine matter in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> poetics. In the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amos" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a> the prophet speaks of being overwhelmed by God's voice and compelled to speak. In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, inspiration is a gift of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In the 18th century <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy">philosopher</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> proposed a model of the human mind in which ideas associate or resonate with one another in the mind. In the 19th century, Romantic poets such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Shelley</a> believed that inspiration came to a poet because the poet was attuned to the (divine or mystical) "winds" and because the soul of the poet was able to receive such visions. In the early 20th century, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalyst" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychoanalyst">psychoanalyst</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> believed himself to have located inspiration in the inner psyche of the artist. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">Psychiatrist</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>'s theory of inspiration suggests that an artist is one who was attuned to their creative instinct which encoded the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archetype">archetypes</a> of the human mind.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> theory of art sees it as the expression of the friction between economic base and economic superstructural positions, or as an unaware dialog of competing ideologies, or as an exploitation of a "fissure" in the ruling class's ideology. In modern <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">psychology</a> inspiration is not frequently studied, but it is generally seen as an entirely internal process.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_of_the_concepts">History of the concepts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History of the concepts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ancient_models_of_inspiration">Ancient models of inspiration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ancient models of inspiration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In Greek thought, inspiration meant that the poet or artist would go into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious ecstasy">ecstasy</a> or <i>furor poeticus,</i> the divine frenzy or poetic madness. He or she would be transported beyond his own mind and given the gods' or goddesses own thoughts to embody.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Inspiration is prior to consciousness and outside of skill (<i>ingenium</i> in Latin). Technique and performance are independent of inspiration, and therefore it is possible for the non-poet to be inspired and for a poet or painter's skill to be insufficient to the inspiration. In <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> poetics, inspiration is similarly a divine matter. In the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_Amos" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of Amos">Book of Amos</a></i>, 3:8 the prophet speaks of being overwhelmed by God's voice and compelled to speak. However, inspiration is also a matter of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Revelation">revelation</a> for the prophets, and the two concepts are intermixed to some degree. Revelation is a conscious process, where the writer or painter is aware and interactive with the vision, while inspiration is involuntary and received without any complete understanding.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical inspiration">inspiration</a> is a gift of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul of Tarsus">Saint Paul</a> said that all scripture is given by inspiration of God (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_Timothy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2 Timothy">2 Timothy</a>) and the account of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentecost" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> records the Holy Spirit descending with the sound of a mighty wind. This understanding of "inspiration" is vital for those who maintain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_literalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical literalism">Biblical literalism</a>, for the authors of the scriptures would, if possessed by the voice of God, not "filter" or interpose their personal visions onto the text. For church fathers like <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Jerome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David">David</a> was the perfect poet, for he best negotiated between the divine impulse and the human consciousness.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In northern societies, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>, inspiration was likewise associated with a gift of the gods. As with the Greek, Latin, and Romance literatures, Norse <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skald" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skald">skalds</a> were inspired by a magical and divine state and then shaped the words with their conscious minds. Their training was an attempt to learn to shape forces beyond the human. In the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_Bede" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Venerable Bede">Venerable Bede</a>'s account of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a>, the Christian and later Germanic traditions combine. Cædmon was a herder with no training or skill at verse. One night, he had a dream where <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> asked him to sing. He then composed "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon%27s_Hymn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cædmon's Hymn">Cædmon's Hymn</a>", and from then on was a great poet. Inspiration in the story is the product of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_grace" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine grace">grace</a>: it is unsought (though desired), uncontrolled, and irresistible, and the poet's performance involves his whole mind and body, but it is fundamentally a gift.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Renaissance_revival_of_furor_poeticus">Renaissance revival of <i>furor poeticus</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Renaissance revival of furor poeticus">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The Greco-Latin doctrine of the divine origin of poetry was available to medieval authors through the writings of Horace (on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orpheus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a>) and others, but it was the Latin translations and commentaries by the neo-platonic author <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a>'s dialogues <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion</a></i> and (especially) <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phaedrus_(dialogue)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phaedrus (dialogue)">Phaedrus</a></i> at the end of the 15th century that led to a significant return of the conception of <i>furor poeticus</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-castor_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-castor-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Ficino's commentaries explained how gods inspired the poets, and how this frenzy was subsequently transmitted to the poet's auditors through his rhapsodic poetry, allowing the listener to come into contact with the divine through a chain of inspiration. Ficino himself sought to experience ecstatic rapture in rhapsodic performances of Orphic-Platonic hymns accompanied by a lyre.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The doctrine was also an important part of the poetic program of the French Renaissance poets collectively referred to as <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Pl%C3%A9iade" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="La Pléiade">La Pléiade</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_de_Ronsard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pierre de Ronsard">Pierre de Ronsard</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joachim_du_Bellay" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Joachim du Bellay">Joachim du Bellay</a>, etc.); a full theory of divine fury / <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthusiasm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enthusiasm">enthusiasm</a> was elaborated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontus_de_Tyard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pontus de Tyard">Pontus de Tyard</a> in his <i>Solitaire Premier, ou Prose des Muses, et de la fureur poétique</i> (Tyard classified four kinds of divine inspiration: (1) poetic fury, gift of the Muses; (2) knowledge of religious mysteries, through <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacchus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a>; (3) prophecy and divination through <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apollo">Apollo</a>; (4) inspiration brought on by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a>/Eros.)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-castor_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-castor-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Enlightenment_and_Romantic_models">Enlightenment and Romantic models</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Enlightenment and Romantic models">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In the 18th century in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="England">England</a>, nascent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">psychology</a> competed with a renascent celebration of the mystical nature of inspiration. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>'s model of the human mind suggested that ideas associate with one another and that a string in the mind can be struck by a resonant idea. Therefore, inspiration was a somewhat random but wholly natural association of ideas and sudden unison of thought. Additionally, Lockean psychology suggested that a natural sense or quality of mind allowed persons to see unity in perceptions and to discern differences in groups. This "fancy" and "wit," as they were later called, were both natural and developed faculties that could account for greater or lesser insight and inspiration in poets and painters. Imagination, the Romantics argued, is a tool to see things that the intelligence is blind to.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The musical model was satirized, along with the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afflatus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afflatus">afflatus</a>,</i> and "fancy" models of inspiration, by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Swift">Jonathan Swift</a> in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Tale_of_a_Tub" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A Tale of a Tub">A Tale of a Tub</a>.</i> Swift's narrator suggests that madness is contagious because it is a ringing note that strikes "chords" in the minds of followers and that the difference between an inmate of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bethlem_Royal_Hospital" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bethlem Royal Hospital">Bedlam</a> and an emperor was what pitch the insane idea was. At the same time, he satirized "inspired" radical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> ministers who preached through "direct inspiration." In his prefatory materials, he describes the ideal dissenter's pulpit as a barrel with a tube running from the minister's posterior to a set of bellows at the bottom, whereby the minister could be inflated to such an extent that he could shout out his inspiration to the congregation. Furthermore, Swift saw fancy as an antirational, mad quality, where, "once a man's fancy gets astride his reason, common sense is kick't out of doors."</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">The divergent theories of inspiration that Swift satirized would continue, side by side, through the 18th and 19th centuries. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Young" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Young">Edward Young</a>'s <i>Conjectures on Original Composition</i> was pivotal in the formulation of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_literature" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Romantic literature">Romantic</a> notions of inspiration. He said that <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(literature)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genius (literature)">genius</a> is "the god within" the poet who provides the inspiration. Thus, Young agreed with psychologists who were locating inspiration within the personal mind (and significantly away from the realm either of the divine or demonic) and yet still positing a supernatural quality. Genius was an inexplicable, possibly spiritual and possibly external, font of inspiration. In Young's scheme, the genius was still somewhat external in its origin, but Romantic poets would soon locate its origin wholly within the poet. Romantic writers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a> (<i>The Poet</i>), and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Bysshe_Shelley" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Percy Bysshe Shelley">Percy Bysshe Shelley</a> saw inspiration in terms similar to the Greeks: it was a matter of madness and irrationality.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">Inspiration came because the poet tuned himself to the (divine or mystical) "winds" and because he was made in such a way as to receive such visions. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Samuel Taylor Coleridge</a>'s accounts of inspiration were the most dramatic, and his <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eolian_Harp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Eolian Harp">The Eolian Harp</a></i> was only the best of the many poems Romantics would write comparing poetry to a passive reception and natural channelling of the divine winds. The story he told about the composition of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kubla_Khan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kubla Khan">Kubla Khan</a></i> has the poet reduced to the level of scribe. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Butler_Yeats" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Butler Yeats">William Butler Yeats</a> would later experiment and value <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic writing">automatic writing</a>. Inspiration was evidence of genius, and genius was a thing that the poet could take pride in, even though he could not claim to have created it himself.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Modernist_and_modern_concepts">Modernist and modern concepts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Modernist and modern concepts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> and other later psychologists located inspiration in the inner psyche of the artist. The artist's inspiration came out of unresolved psychological conflict or childhood trauma. Further, inspiration could come directly from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a>. Like the Romantic genius theory and the revived notion of "poetic phrenzy," Freud saw artists as fundamentally special, and fundamentally wounded. Because Freud situated inspiration in the unconscious mind, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Surrealism">Surrealist</a> artists sought out this form of inspiration by turning to dream diaries and automatic writing, the use of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija_boards" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouija boards">Ouija boards</a> and found poetry to try to tap into what they saw as the true source of art. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Gustav Jung">Carl Gustav Jung</a>'s theory of inspiration reiterated the other side of the Romantic notion of inspiration indirectly by suggesting that an artist is one who was attuned to something impersonal, something outside of the individual experience: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Racial memory">racial memory</a>, or a 'Psychopoetry' experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Materialism">Materialist</a> theories of inspiration again diverge between purely internal and purely external sources. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Marx" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> did not treat the subject directly, but the Marxist theory of art sees it as the expression of the friction between economic base and economic superstructural positions, or as an unaware dialog of competing ideologies, or as an exploitation of a "fissure" in the ruling class's ideology. Therefore, where there have been fully Marxist schools of art, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Realism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soviet Realism">Soviet Realism</a>, the "inspired" painter or poet was also the most class-conscious painter or poet, and "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formalism_(art)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Formalism (art)">formalism</a>" was explicitly rejected as decadent (e.g. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s late films condemned as "formalist error"). Outside of state-sponsored Marxist schools, Marxism has retained its emphasis on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Class consciousness">class consciousness</a> of the inspired painter or poet, but it has made room for what <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Jameson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frederic Jameson">Frederic Jameson</a> called a <i>"political unconscious"</i> that might be present in the artwork. However, in each of these cases, inspiration comes from the artist being particularly attuned to receive the signals from an external crisis.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">In modern psychology, inspiration is not frequently studied, but it is generally seen as an entirely internal process. In each view, however, whether empiricist or mystical, inspiration is, by its nature, beyond control.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px 1em;">An example of a modern study on inspiration is one that was conducted by Takeshi Okada and Kentaro Ishibashi, published in 2016 in the multidisciplinary journal, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cognitive Science (journal)">Cognitive Science</a>.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-:0-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> In this three-part study, groups of Japanese undergraduate art students were observed to determine whether copying or simply musing upon example artworks that served as their inspiration would increase their creative output. The results of the first and second experiment revealed that copying artwork enabled the students to produce creative drawings that were qualitatively different, but only when the example—the inspiration—featured a style that was unfamiliar to the students. The third experiment revealed that only musing upon the unfamiliar inspiration produced the same effect as copying it. Okada and Ishibashi suggest that these unfamiliar examples were able to facilitate the creativity of the students because they challenged the students' perspectives on drawing. They admit, however, that it is unclear whether their results can be generalized to professional artists as well, but they cite examples of artists, namely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vincent van Gogh">Vincent van Gogh</a>, who extensively imitated the work of other artists, which might suggest that "imitation is an effective driver of creativity, even for experts."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_note-:0-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afflatus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afflatus">Afflatus</a>, the Romantic concept of inspiration</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_spark" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine spark">Divine spark</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphany_(feeling)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epiphany (feeling)">Epiphany (feeling)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genius_(literature)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genius (literature)">Genius (literature)</a>, the development of the concept of the genius from daemon to innate gift</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossolalia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a> (or speaking in tongues)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muses">Muses</a>, the classical sources of inspiration</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Artistic_inspiration&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about<br /><b>Artistic inspiration</b><hr style="background-color: #a2a9b1; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; height: 1px; margin: 0.2em 0px; overflow: visible;" /></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0px;"><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Artistic+inspiration" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Resources in your library</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-castor-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-castor_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-castor_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grahame Castor. <i>Pléiade Poetics: A Study in Sixteenth-Century Thought and Terminology.</i> Cambridge University Press: 1964, pp. 26–31.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael J. B. Allen. "Renaissance Neoplatonism." <i>The Cambridge History of Literary Criticism</i>. Vol III: The Renaissance. Glyn P. Norton, ed. Cambridge U: 1999, pp. 436-438. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-30008-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-30008-8">0-521-30008-8</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Sight to Vision: a review of Maurice Bowra’s book ‘The Romantic Imagination’ <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.poeticmind.co.uk/research/from-sight-to-vision-review-maurice-bowra-book-the-romantic-imagination-reviewed-by-dr-gil-dekel/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Illuminating the Word: Visualisation of Poetic Experiences Through Filmmaking, International Journal of the Arts in Society, Vol. 2, No. 5. <a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.poeticmind.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/Illuminating-the-Word-Gil-paper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-:0_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artistic_inspiration#cite_ref-:0_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFOkadaIshibashi2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Okada, Takeshi; Ishibashi, Kentaro (2017-09-01). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcogs.12442" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Imitation, Inspiration, and Creation: Cognitive Process of Creative Drawing by Copying Others' Artworks"</a>. <i>Cognitive Science</i>. <b>41</b> (7): 1804–1837. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fcogs.12442" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/cogs.12442</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1551-6709" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1551-6709</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28914472" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28914472</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cognitive+Science&rft.atitle=Imitation%2C+Inspiration%2C+and+Creation%3A+Cognitive+Process+of+Creative+Drawing+by+Copying+Others%27+Artworks&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1804-1837&rft.date=2017-09-01&rft.issn=1551-6709&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28914472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fcogs.12442&rft.aulast=Okada&rft.aufirst=Takeshi&rft.au=Ishibashi%2C+Kentaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fcogs.12442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArtistic+inspiration"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Brogan, T.V.F. "Inspiration" in Alex Preminger and T.V.F. Brogan, eds., <i>The New Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics.</i> Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1993. 609–610.</li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Emotions_(list)" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 864px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 856px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><button aria-expanded="true" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">hide</span></button><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left; font-size: 12.32px; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Emotion_navbox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Emotion_navbox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Emotion navbox"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion_navbox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Emotion navbox"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Emotions_(list)" style="font-size: 14.0448px; margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion">Emotions</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_classification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion classification">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; width: 68.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emotion">Emotions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px; width: 669px;"><div style="padding: 0px 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Acceptance">Acceptance</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Admiration">Admiration</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Adoration">Adoration</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Aesthetic emotions">Aesthetic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affection">Affection</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychomotor_agitation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Psychomotor agitation">Agitation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pain">Agony</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amusement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Amusement">Amusement</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anger">Anger</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angst" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Angst">Angst</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anguish" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anguish">Anguish</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoyance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Annoyance">Annoyance</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticipation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anticipation">Anticipation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Anxiety">Anxiety</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apathy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Apathy">Apathy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arousal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Arousal">Arousal</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_attraction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Interpersonal attraction">Attraction</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Awe">Awe</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boredom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Calmness">Calmness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compassion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Confidence">Confidence</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confusion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Confusion">Confusion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contempt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Contempt">Contempt</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contentment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Contentment">Contentment</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Courage">Courage</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruelty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cruelty">Cruelty</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curiosity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Curiosity">Curiosity</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeatism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Defeatism">Defeat</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Depression (mood)">Depression</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Desire">Desire</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disappointment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Disappointment">Disappointment</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disgust" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Disgust">Disgust</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distrust" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Distrust">Distrust</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Doubt">Doubt</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecstasy_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Ecstasy (emotion)">Ecstasy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embarrassment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Embarrassment">Embarrassment</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicarious_embarrassment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Vicarious embarrassment">vicarious</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion work">Emotion work</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emptiness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emptiness">Emptiness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attention" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Attention">Enthrallment</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthusiasm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Enthusiasm">Enthusiasm</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Envy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Envy">Envy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euphoria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Euphoria">Euphoria</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Stimulation">Excitement</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Faith">Faith</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Fear">Fear</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flow_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Flow (psychology)">Flow</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Frustration">Frustration</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Gratification">Gratification</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratitude" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Greed">Greed</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Grief">Grief</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guilt_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Guilt (emotion)">Guilt</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happiness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Happiness">Happiness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hatred" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hatred">Hatred</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiraeth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hiraeth">Hiraeth</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesickness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Homesickness">Homesickness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hope">Hope</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horror_and_terror" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Horror and terror">Horror</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostility" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hostility">Hostility</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humiliation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Humiliation">Humiliation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="Danish-language text"><i lang="da"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hygge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hygge">Hygge</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hysteria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hysteria">Hysteria</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedonism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hedonism">Indulgence</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infatuation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Infatuation">Infatuation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_security" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional security">Insecurity</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink" style="background: none; color: inherit; cursor: pointer; font-weight: bold; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration: inherit; white-space: nowrap;">Inspiration</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Interest (emotion)">Interest</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Irritability">Irritation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolation_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Isolation (psychology)">Isolation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jealousy">Jealousy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Joy">Joy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kindness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Kindness">Kindness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loneliness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Loneliness">Loneliness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Love">Love</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Limerence">limerence</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_first_sight" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Love at first sight">at first sight</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Lust">Lust</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="Japanese-language text"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mono_no_aware" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Mono no aware">Mono no aware</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neglect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Neglect">Neglect</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostalgia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nostalgia">Nostalgia</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrage_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Outrage (emotion)">Outrage</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Panic">Panic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Passion (emotion)">Passion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pity">Pity</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-pity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Self-pity">self-pity</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleasure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pleasure">Pleasure</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pride">Pride</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandiosity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Grandiosity">grandiosity</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Hubris">hubris</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Insult">insult</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Vanity">vanity</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Rage (emotion)">Rage</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Regret">Regret</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_rejection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Social rejection">Rejection</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Relief (emotion)">Relief</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remorse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Remorse">Remorse</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resentment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Resentment">Resentment</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revenge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Revenge">Revenge</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sadness">Sadness</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melancholia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Melancholia">melancholy</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudade" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Saudade">Saudade</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schadenfreude" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Schadenfreude">Schadenfreude</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehnsucht" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sehnsucht">Sehnsucht</a></i></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentimentality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sentimentality">Sentimentality</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Shame">Shame</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acute_stress_disorder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Acute stress disorder">Shock</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Shyness">Shyness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_connection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Social connection">Social connection</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorrow_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sorrow (emotion)">Sorrow</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spite_(sentiment)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Spite (sentiment)">Spite</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_stress" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Psychological stress">Stress</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_stress" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Chronic stress">chronic</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Suffering">Suffering</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surprise_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Surprise (emotion)">Surprise</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sympathy">Sympathy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trust_(social_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Trust (social science)">Trust</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wonder_(emotion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Wonder (emotion)">Wonder</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sense of wonder">sense of wonder</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Worry">Worry</a></li></ul></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); padding: 0px 0px 0px 2px; width: 1px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plutchik-wheel.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="725" data-file-width="715" decoding="async" height="91" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/90px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/135px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plutchik-wheel.svg/180px-Plutchik-wheel.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="90" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plutchik_Dyads.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1356" data-file-width="1357" decoding="async" height="90" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/90px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/135px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Plutchik_Dyads.svg/180px-Plutchik_Dyads.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="90" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; width: 68.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worldview" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Worldview">Worldviews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="background-color: #f7f7f7; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px; width: 669px;"><div style="padding: 0px 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism_(contemporary)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cynicism (contemporary)">Cynicism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defeatism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Defeatism">Defeatism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Nihilism">Nihilism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Optimism">Optimism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pessimism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pessimism">Pessimism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recluse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Recluse">Reclusion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weltschmerz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Weltschmerz">Weltschmerz</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; width: 68.375px;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; border-top-style: solid; border-top-width: 2px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px; width: 669px;"><div style="padding: 0px 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Affect <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affect consciousness">consciousness</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(education)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affect (education)">in education</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_measures" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affect measures">measures</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affect (psychology)">in psychology</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Affective <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_computing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affective computing">computing</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_forecasting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affective forecasting">forecasting</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affective neuroscience">neuroscience</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affective science">science</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affective_spectrum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affective spectrum">spectrum</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Affectivity <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive_affectivity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Positive affectivity">positive</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_affectivity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Negative affectivity">negative</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amygdala_hijack" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Amygdala hijack">Amygdala hijack</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Emotion <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_and_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Art and emotion">and art</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_and_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion and memory">and memory</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_and_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Music and emotion">and music</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sex differences in psychology">and sex</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_and_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sleep and emotions">and sleep</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_classification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion classification">classification</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Evolution of emotion">evolution</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressed_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Expressed emotion">expressed</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_accounts_of_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Functional accounts of emotion">functional accounts</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Group emotion">group</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostatic_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Homeostatic emotion">homeostatic</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_in_animals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion in animals">in animals</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion perception">perception</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_recognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion recognition">recognition</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_recognition_in_conversation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion recognition in conversation">in conversation</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional self-regulation">regulation</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpersonal_emotion_regulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Interpersonal emotion regulation">interpersonal</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion_work" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotion work">work</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Emotional <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_aperture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional aperture">aperture</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_bias" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional bias">bias</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_blackmail" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional blackmail">blackmail</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_competence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional competence">competence</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_conflict" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional conflict">conflict</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_contagion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional contagion">contagion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_detachment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional detachment">detachment</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_dysregulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional dysregulation">dysregulation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_eating" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional eating">eating</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_exhaustion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional exhaustion">exhaustion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_expression" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional expression">expression</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_and_emotional_expression" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Gender and emotional expression">and gender</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional intelligence">intelligence</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullying_and_emotional_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bullying and emotional intelligence">and bullying</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empathy_quotient" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Empathy quotient">Empathy quotient</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_intimacy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional intimacy">intimacy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_isolation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional isolation">isolation</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_lability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional lability">lability</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_labor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional labor">labor</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_lateralization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional lateralization">lateralization</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_literacy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional literacy">literacy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_prosody" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional prosody">prosody</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_reasoning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional reasoning">reasoning</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_responsivity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional responsivity">responsivity</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_security" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional security">security</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_symbiosis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional symbiosis">symbiosis</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_thought_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional thought method">Emotional thought method</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotional_well-being" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotional well-being">well-being</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotionality">Emotionality</a> <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_emotionality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bounded emotionality">bounded</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Emotions <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotions and culture">and culture</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="History of emotions">history</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_decision-making" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotions in decision-making">in decision-making</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_the_workplace" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotions in the workplace">in the workplace</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Emotions in virtual communication">in virtual communication</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Moral emotions">moral</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-conscious_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Self-conscious emotions">self-conscious</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Social emotions">social</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sharing_of_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Social sharing of emotions">social sharing</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_emotions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sociology of emotions">sociology</a></li></ul></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feeling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Feeling">Feeling</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_affective_tone" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Group affective tone">Group affective tone</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactions_between_the_emotional_and_executive_brain_systems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems">Interactions between the emotional and executive brain systems</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jealousy_in_art" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Jealousy in art">Jealousy in art</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meta-emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Meta-emotion">Meta-emotion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathognomy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pathognomy">Pathognomy</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pathos" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Pathos">Pathos</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_emotional_development" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoic_passions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Stoic passions">Stoic passions</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Theory <ul style="display: inline; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affect_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Affect theory">affect</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appraisal_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Appraisal theory">appraisal</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_constructed_emotion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Theory of constructed emotion">constructed emotion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_emotion_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Discrete emotion theory">discrete emotion</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic_marker_hypothesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Somatic marker hypothesis">somatic marker</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color: #ddddff; border-top: 2px solid rgb(253, 253, 253); line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><i>Italics</i> indicate emotion names in foreign languages</td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-label="Navbox" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: -1px auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 864px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 856px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-group" scope="row" style="background-color: #ddddff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: right; white-space: nowrap; width: 233.375px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196668#identifiers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" width="10" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="background-color: transparent; border-color: rgb(253, 253, 253); border-left-style: solid; border-left-width: 2px; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0px; width: 596px;"><div style="padding: 0px 0.25em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0.125em 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027139-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Germany</a></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553259005171" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Israel</a></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" style="border-bottom: 1px dotted; cursor: help;" title="Inspiration"><a class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85066719" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">United States</a></span></span></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564164" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;">Japan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aesthetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Poetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Poetics">Poetics</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Creativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Creativity">Creativity</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Positive_mental_attitude" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Positive mental attitude">Positive mental attitude</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-37314761270793486012023-11-21T04:24:00.000-08:002023-11-21T04:25:46.169-08:00List of Occult Terms<p> <span face="sans-serif" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-size: 0.875rem;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div class="mw-content-container" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: pageContent / mainMenu / pageContent / pageContent; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><main class="mw-body" id="content" role="main" style="direction: ltr; display: grid; grid-template-areas: "titlebar-cx ." "titlebar columnEnd" "toolbar columnEnd" "content columnEnd"; grid-template-columns: minmax(0px, 60em) min-content; grid-template-rows: min-content min-content min-content 1fr; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="font-size: var(--font-size-medium); grid-area: content / content / content / content; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 0.875rem; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content" id="mw-content-text" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" dir="ltr" lang="en"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occult">occult</a> is a category of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> beliefs and practices, encompassing such phenomena as those involving <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic (supernatural)">magic</a> in terms of any otherworldly agency. It can also refer to other non-religious supernatural ideas like <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra-sensory_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extra-sensory perception">extra-sensory perception</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The occult (from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a> word <i>occultus</i> "clandestine, hidden, secret") is "knowledge of the hidden".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> In common usage, <i>occult</i> refers to "knowledge of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a>", as opposed to "knowledge of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurable" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Measurable">measurable</a>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> usually referred to as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science">science</a>. The term is sometimes taken to mean knowledge that "is meant only for certain people" or that "must be kept hidden", but for most practicing occultists it is simply the study of a deeper spiritual reality that extends beyond <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_reason" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speculative reason">pure reason</a> and the physical sciences.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> The terms <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esotericism">esoteric</a></i> and <i>arcane</i> can also be used to describe the occult,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> in addition to their meanings unrelated to the supernatural. The term <i>occult sciences</i> was used in the 16th century to refer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alchemy">alchemy</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a>, which today are considered <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosciences" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudosciences">pseudosciences</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The term <i>occultism</i> emerged in 19th-century France, where it came to be associated with various French <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western esotericism">esoteric</a> groups connected to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89liphas_L%C3%A9vi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Éliphas Lévi">Éliphas Lévi</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Papus">Papus</a>, and in 1875 was introduced into the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English language">English language</a> by the esotericist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Blavatsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helena Blavatsky">Helena Blavatsky</a>. Throughout the 20th century, the term was used <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiosyncrasy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Idiosyncrasy">idiosyncratically</a> by a range of different authors, but by the 21st century was commonly employed – including by academic scholars of esotericism – to refer to a range of esoteric currents that developed in the mid-19th century and their descendants. Occultism is thus often used to categorise such esoteric traditions as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetic_Order_of_the_Golden_Dawn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn">Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It also describes a number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_organization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magical organization">magical organizations</a> or orders, the teachings and practices taught by them, and to a large body of current and historical literature and spiritual philosophy related to this subject.</p><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-collapse: collapse; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(51, 102, 204); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 1em 4px 0px; overflow: hidden; width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="620" data-file-width="620" decoding="async" height="20" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="20" /></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">adding missing items</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2008</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="noprint"><div aria-labelledby="tocheading" class="toc plainlinks" id="toc" role="navigation"><div class="hlist"><div class="toctitle" id="toctitle" style="display: inline-block; text-align: center;"><span id="tocheading" style="font-weight: bold;">Contents: </span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; margin: auto;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#top" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Top</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#0%E2%80%939" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">0–9</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#A" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">A</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#B" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">B</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#C" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">C</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">D</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#E" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">E</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#F" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">F</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#G" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">G</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#H" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">H</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#I" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">I</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#J" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">J</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#K" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">K</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#L" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">L</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#M" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">M</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#N" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">N</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#O" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">O</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#P" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">P</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#Q" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Q</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#R" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">R</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#S" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">S</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#T" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">T</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#U" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">U</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#V" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">V</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#W" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">W</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">X</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#Y" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Y</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#Z" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Z</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div data-v-app=""><div class="ext-quick-survey-panel panel panel-inline visible ext-quick-survey-default" style="background-color: #eaecf0; clear: right; float: right; margin-left: 1.4em; overflow-wrap: anywhere; width: 300px;"><div class="message survey-content" style="line-height: 1.42857; padding: 14px 16px;"><div class="survey-header" style="display: flex;"><strong style="flex: 1 1 0%; margin-top: 0.285714em;"><br /></strong></div></div></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="A">A</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: A">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abatur" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abatur">Abatur</a> (Mandaean)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Thelema" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abbey of Thelema">Abbey of Thelema</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abramelin_oil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abramelin oil">Abramelin oil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acupuncture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acupuncture">Acupuncture</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adept" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adept">Adept</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Advent">Advent</a>, (Christ.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon_(Gnosticism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aeon (Gnosticism)">Aeon (Gnosticism)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_theories" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aether theories">Aether</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashic_Records" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhetaten" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akhetaten">Akhetaten</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alomancy">Alomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_of_Desire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alphabet of Desire">Alphabet of Desire</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altar_cruet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Altar cruet">Altar cruet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amulet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Amulet, (Christian) see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Testament_amulet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Testament amulet">New Testament amulet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anachitis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anachitis">Anachitis</a>, a form of divination stone</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anasyrma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anasyrma">Anasyrma</a> (Greek)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchimayen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a> (Mapuche- S. America)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animism">Animism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ankh">Ankh</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anointing">Anointing</a>, see also Holy anointing oil</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthesteria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthesteria">Anthesteria</a>, (Greek)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Apparitions - See <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ghost">Ghost</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteum_Astrum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Argenteum Astrum">Argenteum Astrum</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascended_master" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascended master">Ascended master</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspergillum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aspergillum">Aspergillum</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_projection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astral projection">Astral projection</a>, see also Soul flight</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrological age">Astrological age</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrological_aspect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrological aspect">Astrological aspect</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_alchemy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology and alchemy">Astrology and alchemy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_the_classical_elements" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology and the classical elements">Astrology and the classical elements</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_numerology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology and numerology">Astrology and numerology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotheology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrotheology">Astrotheology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athame" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Athame">Athame</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aura_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aura (paranormal)">Aura</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augury" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augury">Augury</a> (interpreting omens)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_writing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Automatic writing">Automatic writing</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="B">B</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: B">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banishing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Banishing">Banishing</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banshee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baphomet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baphomet">Baphomet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beltane" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Beltane">Beltane</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Benedicaria (Italian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibliomancy">Bibliomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biosophy">Biosophy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorhythm_(pseudoscience)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biorhythm (pseudoscience)">Biorhythm (pseudoscience)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black magic">Black magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Mass" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sun_(occult_symbol)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Black Sun (occult symbol)">Black Sun</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blarney_Stone" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Blue (color paint), see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haint_blue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haint blue">Haint blue</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_light" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boline" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boline">Boline</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_shadows" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Book of shadows">Book of shadows</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="C">C</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: C">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Candle">Candle</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cartomancy">Cartomancy</a> (divination using playing cards)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauldron" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cauldron">Cauldron</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Censer">Censer</a>, see also Thurible</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centiloquium" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Centiloquium">Centiloquium</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalice_(cup)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chalice (cup)">Chalice</a>, see also Ciborium</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmstone" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Charmstone">Charmstone</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese astrology">Chinese astrology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromotherapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_grim" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Church grim">Church grim</a> (Christ.-Eng./Nord.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciborium_(container)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ciborium (container)">Ciborium</a>, see also Chalice</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilice" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cilice">Cilice</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumambulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Circumambulation">Circumambulation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairaudience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clairaudience">Clairaudience</a> (ability to hear voices & sounds super-normally- spirited voices alleging to be those of dead people giving advice or warnings)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairsentience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clairsentience">Clairsentience</a> (supernormal sense perception)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clairvoyance">Clairvoyance</a> (ability to see objects or events spontaneously or supernormally above their normal range of vision- second sight)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleromancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cleromancy">Cleromancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coco_(folklore)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coco (folklore)">Coco (folklore)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_symbolism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Color symbolism">Color symbolism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Color therapy see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromotherapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chromotherapy">Chromotherapy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone_of_power" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cone of power">Cone of power</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjuration_(summoning)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conjuration (summoning)">Conjuration</a> (summoning up a spirit by incantation)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Cosmology, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coven" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coven">Coven</a> (a community of witches)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crossroads_(folklore)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crossroads (folklore)">Crossroads (folklore)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_gazing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Crystal gazing">Crystal gazing</a>, see also Scrying</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cult">Cult</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunning_folk_traditions_and_the_Latter_Day_Saint_movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement">Cunning folk traditions and the Latter Day Saint movement</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Curse">Curse</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="D">D</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: D">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%27at" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Da'at">Da'at</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Deal with the Devil">Deal with the Devil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9j%C3%A0_vu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Déjà vu">Déjà vu</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demiurge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discernment_of_Spirits" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discernment of Spirits">Discernment of Spirits</a> (Christ.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djembe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Djembe">Djembe</a> (West Africa)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Devil">Devil</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divination">Divination</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowsing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dowsing">Dowsing</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dragon">Dragon</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drak_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Drak (mythology)">Drak (mythology)</a> (Germ.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dream interpretation">Dream interpretation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dybbuk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dybbuk">Dybbuk</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="E">E</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: E">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_mysteries" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth mysteries">Earth mysteries</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esbat" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esbat">Esbat</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectenia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ectenia">Ectenia</a> ( E. Orthodox)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ectoplasm_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ectoplasm (paranormal)">Ectoplasm</a> (unknown substance from body of a medium)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eight-circuit_model_of_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eight-circuit model of consciousness">Eight-circuit model of consciousness</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ein_Sof" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemental" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incantation">Enchanting</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_(esotericism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Energy (esotericism)">Energy (esotericism)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Qaballa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="English Qaballa">English Qaballa</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enochian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ephemeris">Ephemeris</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Extrasensory perception">E.S.P.</a> (extra sensory perception)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a>, see also Gnosticism</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esoteric cosmology">Esoteric cosmology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a>, see also Exoteric</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entheogen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evil_eye" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evocation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exorcism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exoteric" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Exoteric">Exoteric</a>, see also <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a> (for Esoteric)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucharist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="F">F</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: F">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fama_Fraternitatis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fama Fraternitatis">Fama Fraternitatis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familiar_spirit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Familiar spirit">Familiar spirit</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasting_in_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fasting in religion">Fasting in religion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feng_shui" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feri_Tradition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Feri Tradition">Feri Tradition</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern_flower" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fern flower">Fern flower</a> (Baltic region & Slavic beliefs)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figs_in_the_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Figs in the Bible">Figs in the Bible</a> (Biblical)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filakto" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Filakto">Filakto</a> (E. Euro.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewalking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Firewalking">Firewalking</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Water" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Florida Water">Florida Water</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ointment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folk belief">Folk belief</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Food- see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_food_as_offering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred food as offering">Sacred food as offering</a>, (see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libation">Libation</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fraternal_order" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fraternal order">Fraternal order</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_fraternities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of general fraternities">List of general fraternities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freemason" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Freemason">Freemason</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="G">G</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: G">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galdr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Galdr">Galdr</a> (Old Norse)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargoyle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gargoyle">Gargoyle</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gematria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gematria">Gematria</a>, see also Numerology</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstones_in_the_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gemstones in the Bible">Gemstones in the Bible</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of plants in the Bible">List of plants in the Bible</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geocentric model">Geocentric model</a>, see also Heliocentrism</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geomancy">Geomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomantic_figures" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geomantic figures">Geomantic figures</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghouls" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ghouls">Ghouls</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_hunting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ghost hunting">Ghost hunting</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Glossolalia, see Speaking in tongues</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosis">Gnosis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosis_(chaos_magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosis (chaos magic)">Gnosis (chaos magic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, see also Esoteric Christianity</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnostic_mass" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnostic mass">Gnostic mass</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goetia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goetia">Goetia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Golem">Golem</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradobranitelj" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gradobranitelj">Gradobranitelj</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Graphology">Graphology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Work_(Hermeticism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Work (Hermeticism)">Great Work (Hermeticism)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Work_(Thelema)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great Work (Thelema)">Great Work (Thelema)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_and_lesser_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greater and lesser magic">Greater and lesser magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_angel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="H">H</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: H">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hadit">Hadit</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haint_blue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haint blue">Haint blue</a> (Hoodoo)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamingja" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a> (Norse)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamsa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hamsa">Hamsa</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_of_Glory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hand of Glory">Hand of Glory</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruspex" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haruspex">Haruspex</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haunted_House" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Haunted House">Haunted</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedgewitch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hedgewitch">Hedgewitch</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocentrism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heliocentrism">Heliocentrism</a> see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geocentric model">Geocentric model</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellfire_club" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellfire club">Hellfire club</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hestia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hestia">Hestia</a> (Greek)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexagram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hexagram">Hexagram</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Curse">Hex</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Holy Guardian Angel, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardian_angel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guardian angel">Guardian angel</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_anointing_oil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy anointing oil">Holy anointing oil</a>, see also Anointing</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_water" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeopathy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homeopathy">Homeopathy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homunculus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homunculus">Homunculus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">Hoodoo</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huaychivo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huaychivo">Huaychivo</a>, (Mayan)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huna_(New_Age)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huna (New Age)">Huna</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="I">I</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: I">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Ching" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ifa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ifa">Ifa</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imbolc" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imbolc">Imbolc</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imp">Imp</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incantation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incense" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incense">Incense</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconoclasm" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incorruptibility" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incorruptibility">Incorruptibility</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>, see also Succubus</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Initiation">Initiation</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invocation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="J">J</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: J">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinx" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumbee" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jumbee">Jumbee</a> (Colombian, Venezuela, Caribbean)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juju" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Juju">Juju</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="K">K</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: K">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a> (Slavik)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia_(magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kia (magic)">Kia (magic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_Photography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kirlian Photography">Kirlian Photography</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumina" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kumina">Kumina</a> (Afro-Jamaican)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundalini_energy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kundalini energy">Kundalini energy</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="L">L</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: L">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamen_(magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lamen (magic)">Lamen (magic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lammas">Lammas</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lampadomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lampadomancy">Lampadomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_contagion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_line" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ley line">Ley line</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesser_banishing_ritual_of_the_pentagram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram">Lesser banishing ritual of the pentagram</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Libation">Libation</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_food_as_offering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred food as offering">Sacred food as offering</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Light, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_use_of_lights" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ceremonial use of lights">Ceremonial use of lights</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liminality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liminality">Liminality</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alchemists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of alchemists">List of alchemists</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_astrologers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of astrologers">List of astrologers</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_channelers_(mediumship)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of channelers (mediumship)">List of channelers (mediumship)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_deities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lists of deities">Lists of deities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_general_fraternities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of general fraternities">List of general fraternities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of lucky symbols">List of good-luck charms</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_legendary_creatures" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lists of legendary creatures">Lists of legendary creatures</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lunar_deities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of lunar deities">List of lunar deities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">List of Mesopotamian deities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of mythological objects">List of mythological objects</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Old_Testament_pseudepigrapha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha">List of Old Testament pseudepigrapha</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_plants_in_the_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of plants in the Bible">List of plants in the Bible</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemstones_in_the_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gemstones in the Bible">Gemstones in the Bible</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solar_deities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of solar deities">List of solar deities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_spirituality-related_topics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of spirituality-related topics">List of spirituality-related topics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Thelemites" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Thelemites">List of Thelemites</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_theological_demons" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of theological demons">List of theological demons</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occultists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of occultists">List of occultists</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_symbols" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of occult symbols">List of occult symbols</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_psychic_abilities" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of psychic abilities">List of psychic abilities</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_vampiric_creatures_in_folklore" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of vampiric creatures in folklore">List of vampiric creatures in folklore</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">List of religion see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Outline of religion">Outline of religion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lithomancy">Lithomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemures" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lemures">Lemures</a> (Roman)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lucifer">Lucifer</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Luciferianism">Luciferianism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lughnasadh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lughnasadh">Lughnasadh</a> (Gaelic)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="M">M</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: M">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic (paranormal)">Magic (paranormal)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_circle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_square" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic square">Magic square</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_word" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic word">Magic word</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_formula" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_thinking" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magick" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magick">Magick</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium (sorcery)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mami_Wata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Martinist">Martinist</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass (liturgy)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathers_table" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathers table">Mathers table</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maypole" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maypole">Maypole</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediumship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melchizedek">Melchizedek</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchizedek_priesthood_(Latter_Day_Saints)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)">Melchizedek priesthood (Latter Day Saints)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mephistopheles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah mysticism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesmerism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mesmerism">Mesmerism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methods_of_divination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Methods of divination">Methods of divination</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metoposcopy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metoposcopy">Metoposcopy</a> see also Phrenology, Physiognomy</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo (African-American culture)</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sachet">Sachet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molybdomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Molybdomancy">Molybdomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mood_ring" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mood ring">Mood ring</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western esotericism">Mystery religion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="N">N</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: N">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagual" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nagual">Nagual</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigium_Isidis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Navigium Isidis">Navigium Isidis</a>, (Roman/Egyptian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necromancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Necronomicon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Necronomicon">Necronomicon</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodruidism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neodruidism">Neodruidism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neopaganism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neopaganism">Neopaganism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotantra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> & <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_shaman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoshamanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thought" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_terror" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Night terror">Night terror</a>, see also Sleep paralysis</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse (folklore)</a> (Scandinavian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noa-name" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noa-name">Noa-name</a> (Polynesian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nominalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nominalism">Nominalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuit">Nuit</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Numen">Numen</a> (Latin)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Numerology">Numerology</a>, see also Gematria</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="O">O</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: O">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah_and_Wanga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obeah and Wanga">Obeah and Wanga</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsession_(Spiritism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Obsession (Spiritism)">Obsession (Spiritism)</a>, see also Spirit possession</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occultism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odic_force" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Odic force">Odic force</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omen">Omen</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneiromancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oneiromancy">Oneiromancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oneironautics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Oneironautics">Oneironautics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onychomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Onychomancy">Onychomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orans" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orans">Orans</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osculum_infame" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Osculum infame">Osculum infame</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otherworld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otherworld">Otherworld</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouija" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouija">Ouija</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboros" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ouroboros">Ouroboros</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="P">P</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: P">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paganism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmistry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Palmistry">Palmistry</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphernalia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paraphernalia">paraphernalia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paten" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paten">Paten</a> (Cath.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peijaiset" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peijaiset">Peijaiset</a> (Finnish)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentacle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pentacle">Pentacle</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penuel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Penuel">Penuel</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosopher's stone">Philosopher's stone</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrenology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phrenology">Phrenology</a>, see also Metoposcopy</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiognomy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physiognomy">Physiognomy</a>, see also Metoposcopy</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planetary_hours" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Planetary hours">Planetary hours</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planchette" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Planchette">Planchette</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_shaman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plastic shaman">Plastic shaman</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_(Gnosticism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pneumatic (Gnosticism)">Pneumatic (Gnosticism)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podea" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Podea">Podea</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltergeist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Potion">Potion</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_Animal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Power Animal">Power Animal</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow-wow_(folk_magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pow-wow (folk magic)">Pow-wow (folk magic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Precognition">Precognition</a>, see also Retrocognition</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psionics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychic">Psychic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic_surgery" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychic surgery">Psychic surgery</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychic_vampire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychic vampire">Psychic vampire</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychopomp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychopomp">Psychopomp</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychonautics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychonautics">Psychonautics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychometry_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychometry (paranormal)">Psychometry</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyramid_power" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pyramid power">Pyramid power</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyx" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pyx">Pyx</a> (Cath.)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Q">Q</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Q">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qabalah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qabalah">Qabalah</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qareen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum mysticism">Quantum mysticism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceremonial_magic#History" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ceremonial magic">Quareia</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="R">R</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: R">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiesthesia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radiesthesia">Radiesthesia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radionics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Radionics">Radionics</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regalia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Regalia">Regalia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiki" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reiki">Reiki</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Retrocognition">Retrocognition</a>, see also Precognition</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhabdomancy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rhabdomancy">Rhabdomancy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicrucianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rougarou" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rougarou">Rougarou</a>, see also Werewolf</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C5%AB%E1%B8%A5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rūḥ">Rūḥ</a> , Islamic</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rumpology">Rumpology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runecasting" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Runecasting">Runecasting</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runic_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Runic magic">Runic magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusalka" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a> (Slavic)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="S">S</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: S">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbath" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sachet">Sachet</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo (African-American culture)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacrament" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Salamander, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Cultural depictions of salamanders</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Salt, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessed_salt" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blessed salt">Blessed salt</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samhain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samhain">Samhain</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satan">Satan</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Devil">Devil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanic_panic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrying" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scrying">Scrying</a>, see also Crystal gazing</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9ance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Séance">Séance</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secret_Chiefs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Secret Chiefs">Secret Chiefs</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seer_stone_(Latter_Day_Saints)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)">Seer stone (Latter Day Saints)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Seeress (Germanic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seidr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seidr">Seidr</a> (Old Norse)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selkie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Selkie">Selkie</a> (Celtic & Norse)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servitor_(chaos_magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Servitor (chaos magic)">Servitor (chaos magic)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Rays" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seven Rays">Seven Rays</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shachihoko" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shachihoko">Shachihoko</a> (Jap.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_person" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shadow person">Shadow person</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_gig" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sheela na gig">Sheela na gig</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhinah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a> (Hebrew)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shem_HaMephorash" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shem HaMephorash">Shem HaMephorash</a> (Hebrew)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrovetide" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shrovetide">Shrovetide</a>, (pre-Lent)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sidereal and tropical astrology">Sidereal and tropical astrology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefirot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a> (Hebrew)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigil_(magic)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigil (magic)">Sigil</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigil_of_Baphomet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigil of Baphomet">Sigil of Baphomet</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigillum_Dei" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigillum Dei">Sigillum Dei</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simiyya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simiyya">Simiyya</a>, (Islamic)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simurgh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simurgh">Simurgh</a> (Persian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin-walker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walker</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sleep_paralysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sleep paralysis">Sleep paralysis</a>, see also Night terror</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smudging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Smudging">Smudging</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Sorcery</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul_flight" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul flight">Soul flight</a>, see also Astral projection</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spell_(paranormal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spell (paranormal)">Spell</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_possession" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirit possession">Spirit possession</a>, see also Obsession (Spiritism)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual warfare">Spiritual warfare</a> (Christian)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_and_Compasses" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Square and Compasses">Square and Compasses</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigmata" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stigmata">Stigmata</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stole_(vestment)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stole (vestment)">Stole (vestment)</a> (Cath.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stregheria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stregheria">Stregheria</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succubus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Succubus">Succubus</a>, see also Incubus</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunwise" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunwise">Sunwise</a> (deosil), see also Widdershins</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylph" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchromysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synchromysticism">Synchromysticism</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="T">T</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: T">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_correspondences" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Table of correspondences">Table of correspondences</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernacle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a> (Hebrew Bibl.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talisman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tantra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tantra">Tantra</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neotantra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neotantra">Neotantra</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_cross" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tau cross">Tau cross</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_(mythology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tau (mythology)">Tau (mythology)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_robe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tau robe">Tau robe</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarot_divination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tarot divination">Tarot divination</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattva_vision" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tattva vision">Tattva vision</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaumaturgy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theurgy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thurible">Thurible</a>, see also Censer</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tithe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tithe">Tithe</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Tools see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_tools_in_Wicca" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magical tools in Wicca">Magical tools in Wicca</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Totem">Totem</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transubstantiation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a> (Cath.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trance">Trance</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tree of life">Tree of life</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of life (biblical)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Will" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="True Will">True Will</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="U">U</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: U">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unclean_spirit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unclean spirit">Unclean spirit</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Underworld">Underworld</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Undine">Undine</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicursal_hexagram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unicursal hexagram">Unicursal hexagram</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukehi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ukehi">Ukehi</a> (Jap.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urim_and_Thummim" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Urim and Thummim">Urim and Thummim</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursa_Major" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="V">V</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: V">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valkyrie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Valkyrie">Valkyrie</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vampire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vampire">Vampire</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vashtu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vashtu">Vashtu</a>, East Indian version of feng shui (geomancy)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_(spirituality)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vision (spirituality)">Vision (spirituality)</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophany" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theophany">Theophany</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vision_quest" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vision quest">Vision quest</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vitalism">Vitalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vlach">Vlach</a> (Balkan)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Votive_offering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Votive offering">Votive offering</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_death" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Voodoo death">Voodoo death</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voodoo_doll" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Vodun- see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_African_Vodun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="West African Vodun">West African Vodun</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vril" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vril">Vril</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="W">W</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: W">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wake_(ceremony)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wake (ceremony)">Wake (ceremony)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wand" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wand">Wand</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_magic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="White magic">White magic</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wicca" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widdershins" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Widdershins">Widdershins</a>, see also Sunwise (deosil)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_ball" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Witch hunt- see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_witch-hunts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modern witch-hunts">Modern witch-hunts</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werewolf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Werewolf">Werewolf</a>, see also Rougarou</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendigo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worship" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Worship">Worship</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="X">X</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: X">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xenoglossy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xenoglossy">Xenoglossy</a>, see also <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Speaking in tongues">Speaking in tongues</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xipe_Totec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xipe Totec">Xipe Totec</a> (Aztec)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xmucane_and_Xpiacoc" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xmucane and Xpiacoc">Xmucane and Xpiacoc</a> (Mayan)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C5%8Dchipilli" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xōchipilli">Xōchipilli</a> (Aztec)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C5%8Dchiquetzal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Xōchiquetzal">Xōchiquetzal</a> (Aztec, classical Nahuatl)</li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Y">Y</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Y">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya_sang" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ya sang">Ya sang</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesod" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yesod">Yesod</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yggdrasil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a> (Old Norse)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yowie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yowie">Yowie</a> (Aust. abor.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Z">Z</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Z">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/skins.vector.styles/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalmoxis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zalmoxis">Zalmoxis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Zamzam water (Islamic) see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamzam_Well" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zamzam Well">Zamzam Well</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zduha%C4%87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zduhać">Zduhać</a> (Serb.)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zener_cards" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zener cards">Zener cards</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zephyrus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zephyrus">Zephyrus</a> (Greek)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> (Greek)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zodiac" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zohar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zombie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zorya">Zorya</a> (Slavic)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zos_Kia_Cultus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zos Kia Cultus">Zos Kia Cultus</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, "Source Serif Pro", serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_occult_terms&action=edit&section=27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Crabb_(writer)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George Crabb (writer)">Crabb, G.</a> (1927). <i>English synonyms explained, in alphabetical order, copious illustrations and examples drawn from the best writers</i>. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyn_Underhill" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evelyn Underhill">Underhill, E.</a> (1911). <i>Mysticism</i>, Meridian, New York.</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.P._Blavatsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H.P. Blavatsky">Blavatsky, H. P.</a> (1888). <i>The Secret Doctrine</i>. Whitefish, MT: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Houghton Mifflin Company. (2004). <i>The American Heritage College Thesaurus</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Page 530.</span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_occult_terms#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wright, C. F. (1895). An outline of the principles of modern theosophy. Boston: New England Theosophical Corp.</span></li></ol></div></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Magical_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Magical terminology">Magical terminology</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Occult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Occult">Occult</a></li></ul></div></div></div></main></div><div class="mw-footer-container" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: footer / footer / footer / footer; padding-bottom: 82px; padding-top: 50px;"><footer class="mw-footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); direction: ltr; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0.75em 0px;"><ul id="footer-info" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li id="footer-info-lastmod" style="font-size: 0.75em; line-height: 1.4; margin: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px;">This page was last edited on 14 September 2023, at 00:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li></ul></footer></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-91642000954152946712023-09-09T06:23:00.000-07:002023-09-09T06:23:05.662-07:00Transpersonal Psychology<p> <b style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Transpersonal psychology</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, or</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">spiritual psychology</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">, is a sub-field or school of psychology that seeks to integrate the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(philosophy)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transcendence (philosophy)">transcendent</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">aspects of the human experience with the framework of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_psychology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modern psychology">modern psychology</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">. The</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><i style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal">transpersonal</a></i><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is defined as "experiences in which the sense of</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity_(social_science)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Identity (social science)">identity</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">or</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_self" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology of self">self</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">extends beyond (trans) the individual or personal to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psyche_(psychology)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psyche (psychology)">psyche</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">or cosmos".</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Walsh_&_Vaughan_1993_1-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Walsh_&_Vaughan_1993-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It has also been defined as "development beyond conventional, personal or individual levels".</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Issues considered in transpersonal psychology include spiritual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Potential Movement">self-development</a>, self beyond the ego, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peak experience">peak experiences</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">mystical experiences</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Trance">systemic trance</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_crisis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual crisis">spiritual crises</a>, spiritual evolution, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_conversion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious conversion">religious conversion</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_states_of_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Altered states of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a>, spiritual practices, and other sublime and/or unusually expanded experiences of living. The discipline attempts to describe and integrate spiritual experience within modern psychological theory and to formulate new theory to encompass such experience. The Transpersonal Psychology Day is celebrated on February 27.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1968 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a> was among the people who announced transpersonal psychology as a "fourth force" in psychology,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> in order to separate it from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a>. Early use of the term "transpersonal" can also be credited to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanislav_Grof" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanislav Grof">Stanislav Grof</a> and <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anthony_Sutich&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthony Sutich (page does not exist)">Anthony Sutich</a>. At this time, in 1967–68, Maslow was in close dialogue with both Grof and Sutich regarding the name and orientation of the new field.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vich_1988_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Vich_1988-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> According to Powers<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Powers_2005_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Powers_2005-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> the term "transpersonal" starts to show up in academic journals from 1970 onwards.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Both Humanistic and Transpersonal psychology have been associated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Potential_Movement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Potential Movement">Human Potential Movement</a>, a growth center for alternative therapies and philosophies that grew out of the counter-culture of the 1960s at places such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esalen_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esalen Institute">Esalen</a>, California.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Leonard_1992_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Leonard_1992-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Tarnas_2001_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Tarnas_2001-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1999_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1999-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Greyson_1993_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Greyson_1993-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Formative_period">Formative period</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Formative period">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Gradually, during the 1960s, the term "transpersonal" was associated with a distinct school of psychology within the humanistic psychology movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> In 1969, Maslow, Grof and Sutich were among the initiators behind the publication of the first issue of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Transpersonal_Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journal of Transpersonal Psychology">Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Judy_1994_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Judy_1994-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> The Association for Transpersonal Psychology was established in 1972,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> the International Transpersonal Psychology Association in 1973,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> and the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology in 1975 .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-SF_Chronicle_2014-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> The institute was founded by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frager" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Frager">Robert Frager</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Fadiman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Fadiman">James Fadiman</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-SF_Chronicle_2014-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PRWEB_2012_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-PRWEB_2012-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> in response to the academic climate that was hostile to such ideas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-SF_Chronicle_2014-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Soon other institutions begain offering curricula in transpersonal psychology including <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saybrook_Graduate_School" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saybrook Graduate School">Saybrook Graduate School</a>, the California Institute of Asian Studies (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Integral_Studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California Institute of Integral Studies">California Institute of Integral Studies</a>), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JFK_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JFK University">JFK University</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naropa_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Naropa University">Naropa</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_2005-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> Other proponents of transpersonal psychology included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Dass" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ram Dass">Ram Dass</a>, a popular Guru; Elmer and Alyce Green who were affiliated with the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menninger_Foundation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Menninger Foundation">Menninger Foundation</a>;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Adams_2002-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Miller_1998_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Miller_1998-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">An early preoccupation of those interested in transpersonal psychology was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Meditation">meditation</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altered_states_of_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Altered states of consciousness">altered states of consciousness</a> including those induced from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychedelic drug">psychedelic drugs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fadiman_et_al_2018_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Fadiman_et_al_2018-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman_2006_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Freeman_2006-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the early 1980s a group within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Psychological Association">APA</a> division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) argued in favor of establishing transpersonal psychology as a separate division within the framework of the <i>American Psychological Association</i>. A petition was presented to the APA Council in 1984, but was turned down. A new initiative was made in 1985, but it failed to win the majority of votes in the council. In 1986 the petition was presented for a third and final time, but was withdrawn by the executive board of Division 32.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> The interest group later re-formed as the Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), and continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Ken Wilber and Michael Washburn delivered the main transpersonal models of development of this period, Wilber in 1977 and Washburn in 1988.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Smith_1995_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Smith_1995-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Ken Wilber has been distancing himself from the label of "transpersonal", in favour of the label of "integral", since the mid-1990s. In 1998 he formed <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Integral Institute">Integral Institute</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_developments">Later developments</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Later developments">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Proponents of transpersonal psychology were behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>. The category was called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem" and was approved by the Task Force on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-IV" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="DSM-IV">DSM-IV</a> in 1993, after changing its name to <i>Religious or spiritual problem</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lukoff,_Lu_&_Turner_1992_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Lukoff,_Lu_&_Turner_1992-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Steinfels_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Steinfels-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Turner_et_al.,_1995_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Turner_et_al.,_1995-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_Turner_1995_27-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_Turner_1995-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fadiman_et_al_2018_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Fadiman_et_al_2018-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Concurrently, there was an increase in membership for the <i>Association for Transpersonal Psychology</i>, stabilizing at approximately 3000 members in the early nineties.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> In 1996, the <i>British Psychological Society</i> established a Transpersonal Psychology Section.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Fontana_Slack_Treacy_2005_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Fontana_Slack_Treacy_2005-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Daniels_&_McNutt_1997_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Daniels_&_McNutt_1997-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2007 the <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i> and the <i>International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</i> were accepted for indexing in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PsycINFO" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PsycINFO">PsycINFO</a>, the journal database of the American Psychological Association. However, that same year, Ruzek,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ruzek_2007_30-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Ruzek_2007-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> who conducted interviews with founders of Transpersonal Psychology, as well as historians of American psychology, noted that the "American Psychological Association (APA) and most academic institutions have not yet recognized transpersonal psychology as an approved area of study; transpersonal psychology is rarely mentioned in mainstream academic journals or textbooks; and relatively few American academicians identify themselves as practitioners of transpersonal psychology. Furthermore, transpersonal psychology is scarcely mentioned, if at all, in history or introductory psychology texts".</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2012 the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology announced that it was changing its name to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Transpersonal_Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Institute of Transpersonal Psychology">Sofia University</a> with an expanded graduate program featuring computer science and business.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-PRweb_2012_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-PRweb_2012-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> In 2016, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Institute_of_Integral_Studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="California Institute of Integral Studies">California Institute of Integral Studies</a> launched an online PhD degree in Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, founded and chaired by Glenn Hartelius, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Ferrer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jorge Ferrer">Jorge Ferrer</a> on its faculty, and sponsoring publication of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Transpersonal_Studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Journal of Transpersonal Studies">International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</a>.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Branches_and_related_fields">Branches and related fields</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Branches and related fields">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Other transpersonal disciplines, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal anthropology">transpersonal anthropology</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_business_studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal business studies">transpersonal business studies</a>, are listed as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_disciplines" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal disciplines">transpersonal disciplines</a>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Other fields of study that are related to transpersonal psychology, include <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Near-death studies">near-death studies</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapsychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A few commentators<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Friedman_2000-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friedman_2002_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Friedman_2002-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies. According to Friedman<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friedman_2002_33-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Friedman_2002-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> this category might include several approaches to the transpersonal that lie outside the frames of science. However, according to Ferrer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> the field of transpersonal psychology is "situated within the wider umbrella of transpersonal studies".</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Transpersonal psychology may also be associated with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a> beliefs and pop psychology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Friedman_2000-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sutcliffe_2003_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Sutcliffe_2003-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Vermont_Business_Magazine_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Vermont_Business_Magazine-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> However, leading authors in the field, among those Sovatsky,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sovatsky,_Stuart_1998_37-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Sovatsky,_Stuart_1998-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> Rowan,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rowan_2005_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Rowan_2005-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> and Hartelius<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> have criticized the nature of "New Age"-philosophy and discourse. Rowan<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rowan_2005_38-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Rowan_2005-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> even states that "The Transpersonal is not the New Age".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Evans_1997_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Evans_1997-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Other commentators, such as Wade,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Wade_41-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Wade-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> notes that the field remains part of the New Age, despite the fact that transpersonal psychologists may want no such association.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although some consider that the distinction between transpersonal psychology and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology of religion">psychology of religion</a> is fading (e.g. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality), there is still generally considered to be a clear distinction between the two.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Much of the focus of psychology of religion is concerned with issues that would not be considered 'transcendent' within transpersonal psychology, so the two disciplines have quite distinct focuses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Organizations.2C_publications_and_locations"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Organizations,_publications_and_locations">Organizations, publications and locations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Organizations, publications and locations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although the perspective of transpersonal psychology has spread to a number of interest groups across the US and Europe, its origins were in California, and the field has always been strongly associated with institutions on the west coast of the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> Both the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_Transpersonal_Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Association for Transpersonal Psychology">Association for Transpersonal Psychology</a> and the forerunner to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Transpersonal_Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Institute of Transpersonal Psychology">Sofia University</a> were founded in the state of California, and a number of the fields leading theorists come from this area of the US.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> A European counterpart to the American institution, the European Transpersonal Psychology Association (ETPA), was founded much later.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Leading publications include the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Transpersonal_Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Journal of Transpersonal Psychology">Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</a></i> and the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Transpersonal_Studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Journal of Transpersonal Studies">International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</a></i>. Smaller publications include the <i>Transpersonal Psychology Review</i>, the journal of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a>.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span id="Reception.2C_recognition_and_criticism"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception,_recognition_and_criticism">Reception, recognition and criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Reception, recognition and criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Reception of Transpersonal psychology in the surrounding culture reflects a wide range of views and opinions, including severe skepticism. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Hilgard" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ernest Hilgard">Ernest Hilgard</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hilgard_1980_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Hilgard_1980-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> representing the contemporary psychology of the early 1980s, regarded transpersonal psychology as a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fringe_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fringe science">fringe movement</a> that attracted the more extreme followers of Humanistic psychology. He did however remark that such movements might enrich the topics that psychologists study, even though most psychologists choose not to join the movement. Adams<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Adams_2002-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> also regarded Transpersonal psychology as a fringe discipline. He also observed its status as a controversial field of study.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Taylor_(psychologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eugene Taylor (psychologist)">Eugene Taylor</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> representing the field of Humanistic Psychology, presented a balanced review of transpersonal psychology in the early nineties. On the negative side he mentioned transpersonal Psychology's tendency toward being "philosophically naive, poorly financed, at times almost anti-intellectual, and frequently overrated as far as its influences". On the positive side he noted the field's "integrated approach to understanding the phenomenology of scientific method"; the "centrality of qualitative research"; and the "importance of interdisciplinary communication". In conclusion he suggested that the virtues of transpersonal psychology may, in the end, "outweigh its defects". In a later article Taylor<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Taylor_1999_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Taylor_1999-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> regarded transpersonal psychology as a visionary American folk-psychology with little historical relation to American academic psychology, except through its association with Humanistic psychology and the categories of transcendence and consciousness.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although transpersonal psychology has experienced some minor recognition from the surrounding culture,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> it faces a fair amount of skepticism and criticism from the same surroundings. Freeman<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Freeman_2006_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Freeman_2006-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> mentions that the early field of transpersonal psychology was aware of the possibility that it would be rejected by the scientific community. Its method of inner empiricism, "based on disciplined introspection", was to be a target of skepticism from outsiders in the years to come. Several commentators have mentioned the controversial aspects of transpersonal psychology. Zdenek<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Zdenek_1986_46-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Zdenek_1986-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> noted that the field was regarded as "controversial since its inception". Other commentators, such as Friedman,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Friedman_2000-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> and Adams,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Adams_2002-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> also mention the controversial status of the field. Adams<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Adams_2003_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Adams_2003-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> also remarked that the field has struggled for "recognition as a legitimate field of study" in academia. This aspect was also noticed by Parsons,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Parsons_2003_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Parsons_2003-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> who observed that Transpersonal psychology's "naive perennialism, misreading of religious texts, lack of methodological sophistication, weak epistemology, and, some would claim, promotion of narcissistic self-absorption" had not been well received by the majority of academics. Commenting on the state of the field in the mid-nineties Chinen<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> noted that professional publications, until then, had been hesitant to publish articles that dealt with transpersonal subjects.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1998 the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> reported on the holistic studies program at the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University</a></i> in Orinda, which included a transpersonal psychology department. The program was considered to be unique at the time, but also controversial. Commentators presented their skepticism towards the program.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-McManis_1998_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-McManis_1998-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Another contentious aspect concerns the topic of psychedelic substances. Commenting upon the controversial status of psychedelic and entheogenic substances in contemporary culture, authors Elmer, MacDonald & Friedman<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman_44-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> observe that these drugs have been used for therapeutic effect in the transpersonal movement, but - the authors add - this is not the most "common form of transpersonal intervention" in contemporary therapy. However, Bravo and Grob<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bravo_and_Grob_1996_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Bravo_and_Grob_1996-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> note that "the place of psychedelics in spiritual practice remains controversial".</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Ruzek,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Ruzek_2004_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Ruzek_2004-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> who interviewed founders of transpersonal psychology, as well as historians of American psychology, found that the field of Transpersonal psychology had made little impact on the larger field of psychology in America. Among the factors that contributed to this situation was mainstream psychology's "resistance to spiritual and philosophical ideas", and the tendency of Transpersonal psychologists to isolate themselves from the larger context.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">One of the earliest criticisms of transpersonal psychology was leveled by the humanistic psychologist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollo_May" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rollo May">Rollo May</a>, who "disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> May also criticized the field for neglecting the personal dimension of the psyche by elevating the pursuit of the transcendental,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> and for neglecting the "dark side of human nature".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_2005-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Abzug_2021_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Abzug_2021-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Lukoff and Lu<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_2005-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> the <i>American Psychological Association</i> expressed some concerns about the "unscientific" nature of transpersonal psychology at the time of the petition to the APA (see above). Rowan<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rowan_2014_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Rowan_2014-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> notes that the Association had serious reservations about opening up a Transpersonal Psychology Division. The petitions for divisional status failed to win the majority of votes in the APA council, and the division was never established.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> Commentators also mention that transpersonal psychology's association with the ideas of religion was one of the concerns that prohibited it from becoming a separate division of the APA at the time of the petition in 1984.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor. In a review of criticisms of the field, Cunningham writes, "philosophers have criticized transpersonal psychology because its metaphysics is naive and epistemology is undeveloped. Multiplicity of definitions and lack of operationalization of many of its concepts has led to a conceptual confusion about the nature of transpersonal psychology itself (i.e., the concept is used differently by different theorists and means different things to different people). Biologists have criticized transpersonal psychology for its lack of attention to biological foundations of behavior and experience. Physicists have criticized transpersonal psychology for inappropriately accommodating physic concepts as explanations of consciousness."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Cunningham_2011_53_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-Cunningham_2011_53-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Ellis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albert Ellis">Albert Ellis</a>, a cognitive psychologist and humanist, has questioned the results of transpersonal psychotherapy. In 1989 he cooperated with Raymond Yeager for the release of <i>Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology</i>, where the authors compared the results of transpersonal psychology with the effects of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational-emotive_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rational-emotive therapy">Rational-Emotive Therapy</a>, noting the dangers of the transpersonal approach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> Ellis has also questioned the scientific status of transpersonal psychology, and its relationship to religion, mysticism and authoritarian belief systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Naranjo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Claudio Naranjo">Claudio Naranjo</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian psychology">Indian psychology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Near-death_studies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Near-death studies">Near-death studies</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotheology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurotheology">Neurotheology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal anthropology">Transpersonal anthropology</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; column-width: 30em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-Walsh_&_Vaughan_1993-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Walsh_&_Vaughan_1993_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walsh, R. & Vaughan, F. "On transpersonal definitions". <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 25 (2) 125-182, 1993</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scotton, Bruce W. "Introduction and Definition of Transpersonal Psychiatry". In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) <i>Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology</i>. New York: Basic Books</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://conferenceindex.org/event/transpersonal-psychology-day-2022-february-palo-alto-us/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Transpersonal Psychology Day"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-11-28</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transpersonal+Psychology+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconferenceindex.org%2Fevent%2Ftranspersonal-psychology-day-2022-february-palo-alto-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Chinen_1996-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Chinen_1996_4-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinen, Allan B. "The emergence of Transpersonal psychiatry". In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) <i>Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology</i>. New York: Basic Books</span></li><li id="cite_note-Vich_1988-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Vich_1988_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vich, M.A. (1988) "Some historical sources of the term "transpersonal". <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 20 (2) 107-110</span></li><li id="cite_note-Powers_2005-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Powers_2005_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, Robin. Counseling and Spirituality: A Historical Review. <i>Counseling and Values</i>, Apr 2005, Vol.49(3), pp.217-225</span></li><li id="cite_note-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Aanstoos,_Serlin_&_Greening_2000_7-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aanstoos, C., Serlin, I., & Greening, T. (2000). <i>History of Division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) of the American Psychological Association</i>. In D. Dewsbury (Ed.), "Unification through Division: Histories of the divisions of the American Psychological Association", Vol. V. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Leonard_1992-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Leonard_1992_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonard, G. How to Have an Extraordinary Life. <i>Psychology Today</i>, May 01, 1992 (reviewed June 20, 2012)</span></li><li id="cite_note-Tarnas_2001-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Tarnas_2001_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarnas, Richard. A New Birth In Freedom. A Review of Jorge Ferrer's Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality. <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 2001, Vol. 33, No. I</span></li><li id="cite_note-Taylor_1999-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1999_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1999_10-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Eugene. An Intellectual Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology.<i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>, Vol. 39, No. 2, Spring 1999 p.p 7-25</span></li><li id="cite_note-Greyson_1993-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Greyson_1993_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greyson, Bruce. (Book review) The Future of the Body: Explorations into the Further Evolution of Human Nature. <i>The New England Journal of Medicine</i>, Volume 328:216, Number 3, 1993</span></li><li id="cite_note-Judy_1994-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Judy_1994_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judy, Dwight. "Transpersonal psychology: Coming of age." <i>ReVision</i>. Winter 94, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p99. 2p.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Taylor_1992-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Taylor_1992_13-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, Eugene. Transpersonal Psychology: Its several Virtues. <i>The Humanistic Psychologist</i>, Vol. 20, Nos. 2 and 3, pp. 285-300, 1992.</span></li><li id="cite_note-SF_Chronicle_2014-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-SF_Chronicle_2014_14-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">PRWeb (Press release). Founder Bob Frager Returns to Sofia University. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, published online Tuesday, July 15, 2014.</span></li><li id="cite_note-PRWEB_2012-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-PRWEB_2012_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PRWEB Press release. <i>Sofia University Announces Inauguration of First President, Neal King Ph.D.</i> Palo Alto, CA (PRWEB) September 18, 2012</span></li><li id="cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_2005-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_2005_16-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukoff, David; Lu, Francis. <i>A transpersonal-integrative approach to spiritually oriented psychotherapy</i>. In Sperry, Len (Ed); Shafranske, Edward P. (Ed), (2005). Spiritually oriented psychotherapy., (pp. 177-205). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, ix, 368 pp.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Adams_2002-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Adams_2002_17-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, George (2002) A Theistic Perspective on Ken Wilber's Transpersonal Psychology, <i>Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>, 17:2, 165-179, DOI:10.1080/13537900220125163</span></li><li id="cite_note-Miller_1998-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Miller_1998_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John J. "Book review: Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology." <i>Psychiatric Services</i> April 01, 1998</span></li><li id="cite_note-Fadiman_et_al_2018-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Fadiman_et_al_2018_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Fadiman_et_al_2018_19-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fadiman, James; Judy, Dwight; Lukoff, David and Sovatsky, Stuart. 50TH Anniversary Reflections From (a few) of the Past Presidents of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology. <i>The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 2018, Vol. 50, No. 1</span></li><li id="cite_note-Freeman_2006-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Freeman_2006_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Freeman_2006_20-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, Anthony. A Daniel Come To Judgement? Dennett and the Revisioning of Transpersonal Theory. <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>, 13, No. 3, 2006, pp. 95–109</span></li><li id="cite_note-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Hartelius_Caplan_Rardin_2007_21-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartelius, Glenn; Caplan, Mariana; Rardin, Mary Anne. "Transpersonal Psychology: Defining the Past, Divining the Future". <i>The Humanistic Psychologist</i>, 35(2), 1–26, 2007</span></li><li id="cite_note-Smith_1995-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Smith_1995_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Elizabeth D. Addressing the Psychospiritual Distress of Death as Reality: A Transpersonal Approach. <i>Social Work</i>. May95, Vol. 40 Issue 3, p402-413.</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://integralinstitute.org/history.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"History"</a>. <i>Integral Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Integral+Institute&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintegralinstitute.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lukoff,_Lu_&_Turner_1992-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Lukoff,_Lu_&_Turner_1992_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukoff D, Lu F, Turner R. Toward a more culturally sensitive DSM-IV. Psychoreligious and psychospiritual problems. <i>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i>, 1992;180(11):673–682.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Steinfels-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Steinfels_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinfels, P. "Psychiatrists' Manual Shifts Stance On Religious and Spiritual Problems". New York Times, February 10, 1994.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Turner_et_al.,_1995-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Turner_et_al.,_1995_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, Robert P.; Lukoff, David; Barnhouse, Ruth Tiffany & Lu Francis G. "Religious or spiritual problem. A culturally sensitive diagnostic category in the DSM-IV". <i>Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease</i>, Jul;183(7):435-44, 1995</span></li><li id="cite_note-Lukoff_Lu_Turner_1995-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Lukoff_Lu_Turner_1995_27-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lukoff D, Lu FG, Turner R. Cultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of religious and spiritual problems. <i>Psychiatric Clinics of North America</i>, 1995 Sep;18(3):467-85.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Fontana_Slack_Treacy_2005-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Fontana_Slack_Treacy_2005_28-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fontana, David; Slack, Ingrid & Treacy, Martin, Eds. (2005) <i>Transpersonal Psychology: Meaning and Developments</i>. <i>Transpersonal Psychology Review</i>(Special Issue). Leicester: British Psychological Society</span></li><li id="cite_note-Daniels_&_McNutt_1997-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Daniels_&_McNutt_1997_29-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniels, Michael & McNutt, Brendan. "Questioning the Role of Transpersonal Psychology". <i>Transpersonal Psychology Review</i>, Vol. 1, No. 4, 4-9. (1997) [Preprint Version]</span></li><li id="cite_note-Ruzek_2007-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Ruzek_2007_30-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruzek, Nicole. Transpersonal Psychology in Context: Perspectives from its founders and Historians of American Psychology. <i>The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 2007, Vol. 39, No. 2</span></li><li id="cite_note-PRweb_2012-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-PRweb_2012_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Press release: "Institute of Transpersonal Psychology Becomes Sofia University. New Name Brings Broader Mission, Expanded Campus and New Programs". Palo Alto, CA (PRWEB), published online July 16, 2012</span></li><li id="cite_note-Friedman_2000-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Friedman_2000_32-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Harris (2000) Toward Developing Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field. Paper presented at Old Saybrook 2 conference, May 11–14, 2000, State University of West Georgia</span></li><li id="cite_note-Friedman_2002-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Friedman_2002_33-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Friedman_2002_33-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Harris. Transpersonal Psychology as a Scientific Field. <i>The International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</i>, 2002, Vol. 21, 175-187.</span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caplan, Hartelius & Rardin. Contemporary viewpoints on Transpersonal Psychology. <i>The Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 2003, Vol. 35, No. 2.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Sutcliffe_2003-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Sutcliffe_2003_35-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sutcliffe, Steven (2003). Category Formation and the History of 'New Age'. <i>Culture and Religion: An Interdisciplinary Journal</i>, 4:1, 5-29</span></li><li id="cite_note-Vermont_Business_Magazine-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Vermont_Business_Magazine_36-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Casey retiring from Burlington College. <i>Vermont Business Magazine</i> 29.14 (Dec 01, 2001): 27.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Sovatsky,_Stuart_1998-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Sovatsky,_Stuart_1998_37-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sovatsky, Stuart (1998) <i>Words from the Soul : Time, East/West Spirituality, and Psychotherapeutic Narrative</i>. New York: State University of New York Press (SUNY Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology)</span></li><li id="cite_note-Rowan_2005-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Rowan_2005_38-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Rowan_2005_38-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowan, John (1993) The transpersonal: psychotherapy and counselling. London: Routledge (Second edition)</span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHartelius2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hartelius, Glenn (2017). <a class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.ciis.edu/ijts-transpersonalstudies/vol36/iss2/12/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Circular reasoning is not the uroboros: Rejecting perennialism as a psychological theory"</a>. <i>International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</i>. <b>36</b> (2): 121–135. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.24972%2Fijts.2017.36.2.121" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.24972/ijts.2017.36.2.121</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Transpersonal+Studies&rft.atitle=Circular+reasoning+is+not+the+uroboros%3A+Rejecting+perennialism+as+a+psychological+theory&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=121-135&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.24972%2Fijts.2017.36.2.121&rft.aulast=Hartelius&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.ciis.edu%2Fijts-transpersonalstudies%2Fvol36%2Fiss2%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Evans_1997-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Evans_1997_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, Joan. "The Transpersonal - Psychotherapy and Counselling" (Book review). <i>International Journal of Psychotherapy</i> 2.2 (Nov 1997): 237-240.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Wade-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Wade_41-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wade, Jenny. Transcending "Transpersonal": Time to join the world. <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>, 2019, Vol. 51, No. 1</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hartelius, G., Friedman, H. L., & Pappas, J. (2013). The calling to a spiritual psychology: Should transpersonal psychology convert? <i>The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of transpersonal psychology</i>. Malden, MA: John Wiley & Sons. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118591277.ch3" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1002/9781118591277.ch3</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMiller,_L._J.2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Miller, L. J., ed. (2012) [2012]. "Models of Spiritual Development". <i>The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality</i> (1 ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 216. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972992-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-972992-0"><bdi>978-0-19-972992-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Models+of+Spiritual+Development&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Psychology+and+Spirituality&rft.pages=216&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-972992-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman_44-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Elmer,_MacDonald_&_Friedman_44-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elmer, Lori D., MacDonald, Douglas A. & Friedman, Harris L. "Transpersonal psychology, physical health, and mental health: Theory, research, and practice". <i>The Humanistic Psychologist</i>, 31:2-3, 159-181, 2003</span></li><li id="cite_note-Hilgard_1980-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Hilgard_1980_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilgard, Ernest R. Consciousness in Contemporary Psychology. <i>Annual Review of Psychology</i> 1980, 31:1-26</span></li><li id="cite_note-Zdenek_1986-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Zdenek_1986_46-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zdenek, Marilee. "Transformations of Consciousness" (Book review). <i>L.A Times,</i> September 14, 1986</span></li><li id="cite_note-Adams_2003-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Adams_2003_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, George. "Book Reviews: Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality." <i>Journal of Contemporary Religion</i>, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2003 pp. 403–435</span></li><li id="cite_note-Parsons_2003-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Parsons_2003_48-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, William B. Book Reviews: Revisioning Transpersonal Theory. A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality (Book). <i>Journal of Religion</i>, 00224189, Oct. 2003, Vol.83, Issue 4.</span></li><li id="cite_note-McManis_1998-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-McManis_1998_49-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McManis, Sam. University with a Vision. JFK's holistic studies program attracts devoted students - and strong critics. <i>San Francisco Chronicle</i>, Friday, October 9, 1998</span></li><li id="cite_note-Bravo_and_Grob_1996-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Bravo_and_Grob_1996_50-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bravo, Gary and Grob, Charles. Psychedelics and Transpersonal psychiatry. In Scotton, Bruce W., Chinen, Allan B. and Battista, John R., Eds. (1996) Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology. New York: Basic Books</span></li><li id="cite_note-Ruzek_2004-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Ruzek_2004_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruzek, Nicole Amity. Transpersonal Psychology's Historical Relationship to Mainstream American Psychology. Cited in <i>Diss. Abstr. Int.</i> B 65/04 (2004): 2081. UMI pub. no. 3129589.2</span></li><li id="cite_note-Abzug_2021-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Abzug_2021_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abzug, Robert H (2021) Psyche and Soul in America : The Spiritual Odyssey of Rollo May. Oxford University Press. Published to Oxford Scholarship Online: December 2020</span></li><li id="cite_note-Rowan_2014-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Rowan_2014_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowan, John. "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology" (Book Review). <i>ACPNL Magazine</i>, Issue 75 March 2014. The Association of Counsellors and Psychotherapists in North London</span></li><li id="cite_note-Cunningham_2011_53-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-Cunningham_2011_53_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCunningham2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cunningham, Paul F. (2011). <i>A Primer on Transpersonal Psychology</i>. Nashua NH 03060-5086: Rivier College. p. 53.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Primer+on+Transpersonal+Psychology&rft.place=Nashua+NH+03060-5086&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Rivier+College&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Albert; Yeager, Raymond J. (1989) Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology. Amherst, NY, US: Prometheus Books.</span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Albert. "Fanaticism that may lead to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>: The contributions of scientific counseling and psychotherapy". <i>Journal of Counseling & Development</i>, Nov 1986, Vol. 65, pp. 146-151</span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ellis, Albert. "Dangers of Transpersonal Psychology: A Reply To Ken Wilber". <i>Journal of Counseling & Development</i>, Feb89, Vol. 67 Issue 6, p336, 2p;</span></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Davis, John V. (2003). <i>Transpersonal psychology</i> in Taylor, B. and Kaplan, J., Eds. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Nature. Bristol, England: Thoemmes Continuum.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Gripentrog, Stephanie (2018). Mapping the Boundaries between Science and Religion: Psychology, Psychiatry, and Near-Death Experiences. In: Lüddeckens, D., & Schrimpf, M. (2018). <a class="external text" href="https://www.transcript-verlag.de/en/detail/index/sArticle/4316" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Medicine - religion - spirituality: Global perspectives on traditional, complementary, and alternative healing</a>. Bielefeld: transcript Verlag. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4582-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8376-4582-8">978-3-8376-4582-8</a>, pp. 241–272.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rowan_(psychologist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Rowan (psychologist)">Rowan, John</a>. (1993) <i>The Transpersonal: Psychotherapy and Counselling</i>. London: Routledge</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchneider1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirk_J._Schneider" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kirk J. Schneider">Schneider, Kirk</a> (1987). "The Deified Self: A Centaur Response to Wilber and the Transpersonal Movement". <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>. <b>27</b>: 196–216. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022167887272006" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/0022167887272006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145608686" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">145608686</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Deified+Self%3A+A+Centaur+Response+to+Wilber+and+the+Transpersonal+Movement&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=196-216&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022167887272006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145608686%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranspersonal+psychology"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Taylor, Steve. (2015, September 15). "<a class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/out-the-darkness/201509/transpersonal-psychology" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Transpersonal Psychology: Exploring the Farther Reaches of Human Nature</a>". <i>Psychology Today</i>.</li></ul><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transpersonal_psychology&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.atpweb.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Association for Transpersonal Psychology (ATP)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.transpersonalstudies.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">International Journal of Transpersonal Studies</a> Organ of the International Transpersonal Association</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sofia.edu/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Sofia University (formerly the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.transpersonaljournal.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Journal of Transpersonal Research</a> Organ of the European Transpersonal Association</li></ul>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-8426550290707276462023-09-09T06:20:00.000-07:002023-09-09T06:20:05.587-07:00Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><table class="infobox vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 15.4px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.2em;">Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Consciousness%3A+A+Study+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.author=%5B%5BRichard+Maurice+Bucke%5D%5D"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cosmic_Consciousness_(first_edition_title_page).jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="225" data-file-width="168" decoding="async" height="268" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Cosmic_Consciousness_%28first_edition_title_page%29.jpg" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The title page</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Author</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maurice_Bucke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Maurice Bucke">Richard Maurice Bucke</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">English</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Published</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">1901</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">Print</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i><b>Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind</b></i> is a 1901 book by the psychiatrist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Maurice_Bucke" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Maurice Bucke">Richard Maurice Bucke</a>, in which the author explores the concept of cosmic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a>, which he defines as "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man".</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Forms_of_consciousness">Forms of consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Forms of consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <i>Cosmic Consciousness</i>, Bucke stated that he discerned three forms, or degrees, of consciousness:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-3_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Simple consciousness</i>, possessed by both animals and mankind</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-awareness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-awareness">Self-consciousness</a></i>, possessed by mankind, encompassing thought, reason, and imagination</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Cosmic consciousness</i>, which is "a higher form of consciousness than that possessed by the ordinary man" <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke20091_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Bucke,</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">This consciousness shows the cosmos to consist not of dead matter governed by unconscious, rigid, and unintending law; it shows it on the contrary as entirely immaterial, entirely spiritual and entirely alive; it shows that death is an absurdity, that everyone and everything has eternal life; it shows that the universe is God and that God is the universe, and that no evil ever did or ever will enter into it; a great deal of this is, of course, from the point of view of self consciousness, absurd; it is nevertheless undoubtedly true.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke200917–18_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke200917%E2%80%9318-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Moores said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness is an interconnected way of seeing things "which is more of an intuitive knowing than it is a factual understanding".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200633_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoores200633-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Moores pointed out that, for scholars of the purist camp, the experience of cosmic consciousness is incomplete without the element of love, "which is the foundation of mystical consciousness".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200633_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoores200633-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Mysticism, then, is the perception of the universe and all of its seemingly disparate entities existing in a unified whole bound together by love.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200634_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoores200634-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Juan A. Herrero Brasas said that Bucke's cosmic consciousness refers to the evolution of the intellect, and not to "the ineffable revelation of hidden truths".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> According to Brasas, it was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William James">William James</a> who equated Bucke's cosmic consciousness with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_approaches_to_mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scholarly approaches to mysticism">mystical experience</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">mystical</a> consciousness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Lachman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gary Lachman">Gary Lachman</a> notes that today Bucke's experience would most likely be "explained" by the so-called "God spot", or more generally as a case of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a>, but he is skeptical of these and other "organic" explanations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman20037_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman20037-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">He regarded <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Whitman" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a> as "the climax of religious evolution and the harbinger of humanity's future".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010135_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2010135-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Similar_concepts">Similar concepts</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Similar concepts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="William_James">William James</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: William James">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michael_Robertson_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Robertson (philosopher) (page does not exist)">Michael Robertson</a>, <i>Cosmic Consciousness</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William James">William James</a>'s 1902 book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i> have much in common:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Both Bucke and James argue that all religions, no matter how seemingly different, have a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Perennial philosophy">common core</a>; both believe that it is possible to identify this core by stripping away institutional accretions of dogma and ritual and focusing on individual experience; and both identify mystical illumination as the foundation of all religious experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">James popularized the concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[note 1]</a></sup> which he explored in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> He saw mysticism as a distinctive experience which supplies knowledge of the transcendental.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmless200710–17_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmless200710%E2%80%9317-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> He considered the "personal religion"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames198230_15-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames198230-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> to be "more fundamental than either theology or ecclesiasticism",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames198230_15-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames198230-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> and states:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">In mystic states we both become one with the Absolute and we become aware of our oneness. This is the everlasting and triumphant mystical tradition, hardly altered by differences of clime or creed. In Hinduism, in Neoplatonism, in Sufism, in Christian mysticism, in Whitmanism, we find the same recurring note, so that there is about mystical utterances an eternal unanimity which ought to make a critic stop and think, and which bring it about that the mystical classics have, has been said, neither birthday nor native land.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmless200714_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmless200714-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Regarding cosmic consciousness, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_James" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William James">William James</a>, in his essay <i>The Confidences of a "Psychical Researcher",</i> wrote:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">What again, are the relations between the cosmic consciousness and matter? ... So that our ordinary human experience, on its material as well as on its mental side, would appear to be only an extract from the larger psycho-physical world?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1987b1264_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1987b1264-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p></blockquote><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Collective_consciousness">Collective consciousness</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Collective consciousness">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%B6sphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noösphere">Noösphere</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective consciousness">Collective consciousness</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">James understood "cosmic consciousness" to be a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective consciousness">collective consciousness</a></i>, a "larger reservoir of consciousness",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> which manifests itself in the minds of men and remains intact after the dissolution of the individual. It may "retain traces of the life history of its individual emanation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Friedrich_Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Friedrich Schleiermacher">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A classification similar to that proposed by Bucke was used by the influential <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theology">theologian</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a> (1768–1834), <i>viz</i>.:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196468_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196468-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Animal, brutish self-awareness</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sensual consciousness</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Higher self-consciousness</li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In Schleiermacher's theology, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Higher consciousness">higher consciousness</a> "is the part of the human being that is capable of transcending animal instincts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> It is the "point of contact with God" and the essence of being human.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">When higher consciousness is present, people are not alienated from God by their instincts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> The relation between higher and lower consciousness is akin to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul the Apostle">St. Paul</a>'s "struggle of the spirit to overcome the flesh".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Higher consciousness establishes a distinction between the natural and the spiritual sides of human beings.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199367_21-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199367-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The concept of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious experience">religious experience</a> was used by Schleiermacher and by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_Ritschl" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Albrecht Ritschl">Albert Ritschl</a> to defend religion against scientific and secular criticism and to defend the belief that moral and religious experiences justify <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious belief">religious beliefs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_writers">Other writers</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other writers">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Cosmic consciousness bears similarity to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Phenomenology_of_Spirit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Phenomenology of Spirit"><i>Geist</i></a>:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003569_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003569-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2001_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2001-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">All this seems to force upon us an interpretation of Hegel that would understand his term "mind" as some kind of cosmic consciousness; not, of course, a traditional conception of God as a being separate from the universe, but rather as something more akin to those eastern philosophies that insist that All is One.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2001_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2001-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1913, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_J._McIvor-Tyndall" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall">Alexander J. McIvor-Tyndall</a> authored <i>Cosmic Consciousness: The Man-God Whom We Await</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Teilhard de Chardin</a>'s concept of the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%B6sphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noösphere">noösphere</a> also bears similarity to Bucke's ideas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Marshall_(philosopher)&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Marshall (philosopher) (page does not exist)">Paul Marshall</a>, a philosopher of religion, cosmic consciousness bears resemblances to some traditional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pantheism">pantheist beliefs</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ervin_L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ervin László">Ervin László</a>, cosmic consciousness corresponds to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser#The_integral_structure" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">integral consciousness</a> and to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Edward_Beck" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Don Edward Beck">Don Edward Beck</a> and <a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Cowan&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #d73333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christopher Cowan (page does not exist)">Christopher Cowan</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Dynamics#Turquoise" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiral Dynamics">turquoise state of cosmic spirituality</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>, integral philosopher and mystic, identifies four state/stages of cosmic consciousness (mystical experience) above both Gebser's integral level and Beck and Cowan's turquoise level.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Paramahansa Yogananda</a> wrote extensively about Cosmic Consciousness in the Self Realization Fellowship Lessons.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div><table class="multicol" role="presentation" style="background: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: 0px; font-size: 14px; padding: 0px; width: 960px;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Concepts</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_unconscious" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective unconscious">Collective unconscious</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_point" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omega point">Omega point</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peak experience">Peak experience</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_enlightenment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual enlightenment">Spiritual enlightenment</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Models</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axial_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axial Age">Axial Age</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fowler%27s_stages_of_faith_development" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fowler's stages of faith development">Fowler's stages of faith development</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great chain of being">Great chain of being</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_Dynamics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiral Dynamics">Spiral Dynamics</a></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Persons</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Watts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alan Watts">Alan Watts</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurobindo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Movements</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Thought" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal psychology">Transpersonal psychology</a></li></ul></td><td style="vertical-align: top;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Related topics</b></p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materialism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Materialism">Materialism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpsychism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Panpsychism">Panpsychism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physicalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physicalism">Physicalism</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p></td></tr></tbody></table></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-3-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-3_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBucke2009" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bucke 2009</a>, p. 1-3.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke20091-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke20091_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBucke2009" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bucke 2009</a>, p. 1.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBucke200917–18-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBucke200917%E2%80%9318_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBucke2009" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bucke 2009</a>, p. 17–18.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoores200633-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200633_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200633_4-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFMoores2006" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Moores 2006</a>, p. 33.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoores200634-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoores200634_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFMoores2006" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Moores 2006</a>, p. 34.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrasas201053_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBrasas2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Brasas 2010</a>, p. 53.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachman20037-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachman20037_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFLachman2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Lachman 2003</a>, p. 7.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2010135-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010135_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFRobertson2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Robertson 2010</a>, p. 135.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobertson2010133_9-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFRobertson2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Robertson 2010</a>, p. 133.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFSamy1998" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Samy 1998</a>, p. 80.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHori199947-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHori199947_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFHori1999" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Hori 1999</a>, p. 47.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESharf2000-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESharf2000_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFSharf2000" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Sharf 2000</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmless200710–17-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmless200710%E2%80%9317_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFHarmless2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Harmless 2007</a>, pp. 10–17.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames198230-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames198230_15-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames198230_15-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFJames1982" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">James 1982</a>, p. 30.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarmless200714-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarmless200714_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFHarmless2007" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Harmless 2007</a>, p. 14.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJames1987b1264-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJames1987b1264_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFJames1987b" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">James 1987b</a>, p. 1264.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBridgers200527_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBridgers2005" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bridgers 2005</a>, p. 27.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson196468-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson196468_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFJohnson1964" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Johnson 1964</a>, p. 68.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunge2001341_20-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFBunge2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Bunge 2001</a>, p. 341.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199367-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMerklinger199367_21-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFMerklinger1993" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Merklinger 1993</a>, p. 67.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003569-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003569_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Wentzel Van Huyssteen 2003</a>, p. 569.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESinger2001-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2001_23-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESinger2001_23-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#CITEREFSinger2001" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Singer 2001</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stavig, Gopal; Shuddhidananda, Swami. (2010). <i>Western Admirers of Ramakrishna and His Disciples</i>. Advaita Ashrama. p. 128. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8175053342" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-8175053342">978-8175053342</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMarshall2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marshall, Paul (2005). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalencounte00mars" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mystical Encounters with the Natural World: Experiences and Explanations</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysticalencounte00mars/page/n138" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">126</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199279432" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780199279432"><bdi>9780199279432</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Encounters+with+the+Natural+World%3A+Experiences+and+Explanations&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780199279432&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysticalencounte00mars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLaszlo2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Laszlo, Ervin (2008). <i>Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientific Reality Can Change Us and Our World</i>. Rochester, Vermont: Inner Traditions. p. 123. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594772337" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781594772337"><bdi>9781594772337</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Shift+in+the+Global+Brain%3A+How+the+New+Scientific+Reality+Can+Change+Us+and+Our+World&rft.place=Rochester%2C+Vermont&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781594772337&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWilber2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wilber, Ken (2006). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integralspiritua00wilb_137" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Integral Spirituality</i></a></span>. London: Integral Books. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/integralspiritua00wilb_137/page/n39" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">68</a>–69.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Integral+Spirituality&rft.place=London&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Integral+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Wilber&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fintegralspiritua00wilb_137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "religious experience" has become synonymous with the terms "mystical experience", "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirituality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirituality">spiritual</a> experience", and "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacred">sacred</a> experience".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESamy199880_10-0" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_Consciousness#cite_note-FOOTNOTESamy199880-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBrasas2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brasas, Juan A. Hererro (2010), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ca4FuDfH-cMC&q=%22cosmic+consciousness%22+%22mystical+experience%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Walt Whitman's Mystical Ethics of Comradeship: Homosexuality and the Marginality of Friendship at the Crossroads of Modernity (Google eBoek)</i></a>, SUNY Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438430126" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781438430126"><bdi>9781438430126</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walt+Whitman%27s+Mystical+Ethics+of+Comradeship%3A+Homosexuality+and+the+Marginality+of+Friendship+at+the+Crossroads+of+Modernity+%28Google+eBoek%29&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781438430126&rft.aulast=Brasas&rft.aufirst=Juan+A.+Hererro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dca4FuDfH-cMC%26q%3D%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522%2B%2522mystical%2Bexperience%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBridgers2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bridgers, Lynn (2005), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sL0i8rVXMNoC&q=%22religious+experience%22+%22cosmic+consciousness%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Contemporary Varieties of Religious Experience: James's Classic Study in Light of Resiliency, Temperament, and Trauma</i></a>, Rowman & Littlefield, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742544321" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780742544321"><bdi>9780742544321</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Varieties+of+Religious+Experience%3A+James%27s+Classic+Study+in+Light+of+Resiliency%2C+Temperament%2C+and+Trauma&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780742544321&rft.aulast=Bridgers&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsL0i8rVXMNoC%26q%3D%2522religious%2Bexperience%2522%2B%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBucke2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bucke, Richard Maurice (2000). <i>Cosmic Consciousness:A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind</i>. Carlisle, Massachusetts: Applewood Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55709-499-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55709-499-5"><bdi>978-1-55709-499-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Consciousness%3AA+Study+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.place=Carlisle%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Applewood+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-55709-499-5&rft.aulast=Bucke&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBucke2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bucke, Richard Maurice (2009). <i>Cosmic Consciousness: A Study in the Evolution of the Human Mind</i>. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47190-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-47190-7"><bdi>978-0-486-47190-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosmic+Consciousness%3A+A+Study+in+the+Evolution+of+the+Human+Mind&rft.place=Mineola%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-486-47190-7&rft.aulast=Bucke&rft.aufirst=Richard+Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBunge2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Bunge" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marcia Bunge">Bunge, Marcia JoAnn</a>, ed. (2001), <i>The Child in Christian Thought</i>, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Child+in+Christian+Thought&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFHarmless2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harmless, William (2007), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8pBmFhnrVfUC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mystics</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198041108" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780198041108"><bdi>9780198041108</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780198041108&rft.aulast=Harmless&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8pBmFhnrVfUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHori1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hori, G. Victor Sogen (Winter 1994). "Teaching and Learning in the Rinzai Zen Monastery". <i>Journal of Japanese Studies</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 5–35. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F132782" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/132782</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/132782" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">132782</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Japanese+Studies&rft.atitle=Teaching+and+Learning+in+the+Rinzai+Zen+Monastery&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-35&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F132782&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F132782%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=G.+Victor+Sogen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFHori1999" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hori, Victor Sogen (1999), <a class="external text" href="http://www.thezensite.com/ZenEssays/HistoricalZen/translating_zen_phrasebook.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Translating the Zen Phrase Book. In: Nanzan Bulletin 23 (1999)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+the+Zen+Phrase+Book.+In%3A+Nanzan+Bulletin+23+%281999%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hori&rft.aufirst=Victor+Sogen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thezensite.com%2FZenEssays%2FHistoricalZen%2Ftranslating_zen_phrasebook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFJames1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">James, William (1982) [1902], <i>The Varieties of Religious Experience</i>, Penguin classics</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Religious+Experience&rft.pub=Penguin+classics&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFJames1987" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">James, William (1987), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Varieties_of_Religious_Experience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Varieties of Religious Experience">The Varieties of Religious Experience</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Library of America">Library of America</a>, pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writings190219100000jame/page/1" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1–477</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-38-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-38-7"><bdi>978-0-940450-38-7</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Varieties+of+Religious+Experience&rft.pages=1-477&rft.pub=Library+of+America&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-940450-38-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFJames1987b" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">James, William (1987b), <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writings190219100000jame" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>William James: Writings 1902 – 1910</i></a></span>, New York: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Library_of_America" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Library of America">The Library of America</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-38-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940450-38-7"><bdi>978-0-940450-38-7</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=William+James%3A+Writings+1902+%E2%80%93+1910&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+Library+of+America&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-940450-38-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritings190219100000jame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFJohnson1964" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Johnson, William Alexander (1964), <i>On Religion: A study of the theological method in Schleiermacher and Nygren</i>, Brill Archive</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Religion%3A+A+study+of+the+theological+method+in+Schleiermacher+and+Nygren&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=William+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFKrishna2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Krishna, G. (2004), <i>What is Cosmic Consciousness?</i>, Bethel Publishers</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Cosmic+Consciousness%3F&rft.pub=Bethel+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFLachman2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lachman, Gary (2003), <i>A Secret History of Consciousness</i>, SteinerBooks</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Secret+History+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=SteinerBooks&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Lachman&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFLaszlo2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Laszlo, Ervin (2008), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-3k05MgEBVUC&q=gebser+%22cosmic+consciousness%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Quantum Shift in the Global Brain: How the New Scientific Reality Can Change Us and Our World</i></a>, Inner Traditions / Bear & Co, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594779893" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781594779893"><bdi>9781594779893</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Shift+in+the+Global+Brain%3A+How+the+New+Scientific+Reality+Can+Change+Us+and+Our+World&rft.pub=Inner+Traditions+%2F+Bear+%26+Co&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781594779893&rft.aulast=Laszlo&rft.aufirst=Ervin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-3k05MgEBVUC%26q%3Dgebser%2B%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMarshall2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marshall, Marshall (2005), <i>Mystical Encounters with the Natural World</i>, Oxford University Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927943-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927943-2"><bdi>978-0-19-927943-2</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Encounters+with+the+Natural+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927943-2&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMerklinger1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Merklinger, Philip M. (1993), <i>Philosophy, Theology, and Hegel's Berlin Philosophy of Religion, 1821-1827</i>, SUNY Press</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%2C+Theology%2C+and+Hegel%27s+Berlin+Philosophy+of+Religion%2C+1821-1827&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Merklinger&rft.aufirst=Philip+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMoores2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moores, D.J. (2006), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9NmNkQTctQC&q=%22cosmic+consciousness%22+%22mystical+experience%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mystical Discourse in Wordsworth and Whitman: A Transatlantic Bridge</i></a>, Peeters Publishers, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042918092" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789042918092"><bdi>9789042918092</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mystical+Discourse+in+Wordsworth+and+Whitman%3A+A+Transatlantic+Bridge&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789042918092&rft.aulast=Moores&rft.aufirst=D.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9NmNkQTctQC%26q%3D%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522%2B%2522mystical%2Bexperience%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFOuspensky1968" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ouspensky, P. D. (1968), <i>Tertium Organum</i>, Alfred A. Knopf, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-3796-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4382-3796-1"><bdi>978-1-4382-3796-1</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tertium+Organum&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-4382-3796-1&rft.aulast=Ouspensky&rft.aufirst=P.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFRobertson2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Robertson, Michael (2010), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5eAJjICu0WwC&q=%22cosmic+consciousness%22+%22religious+experience%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Worshipping Walt: The Whitman Disciples</i></a>, Princeton University Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691146317" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691146317"><bdi>978-0691146317</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Worshipping+Walt%3A+The+Whitman+Disciples&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0691146317&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5eAJjICu0WwC%26q%3D%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522%2B%2522religious%2Bexperience%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSamy1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Samy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ama Samy">Samy, AMA</a> (1998), <i>Waarom kwam Bodhidharma naar het Westen? De ontmoeting van Zen met het Westen</i>, Asoka: Asoka</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Waarom+kwam+Bodhidharma+naar+het+Westen%3F+De+ontmoeting+van+Zen+met+het+Westen&rft.place=Asoka&rft.pub=Asoka&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Samy&rft.aufirst=AMA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSemple2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Semple, J. J. (2008), <i>The Backward-Flowing Method</i>, Life Force Books, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9795331-2-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9795331-2-9"><bdi>978-0-9795331-2-9</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Backward-Flowing+Method&rft.pub=Life+Force+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-9795331-2-9&rft.aulast=Semple&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSharf2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sharf, Robert H. (2000), <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104227/http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Rhetoric of Experience and the Study of Religion. In: Journal of Consciousness Studies, 7, No. 11-12, 2000, pp. 267-87</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, archived from <a class="external text" href="http://buddhiststudies.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/sharf/documents/Sharf1998,%20Religious%20Experience.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 2013-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-03-22</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhetoric+of+Experience+and+the+Study+of+Religion.+In%3A+Journal+of+Consciousness+Studies%2C+7%2C+No.+11-12%2C+2000%2C+pp.+267-87&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Sharf&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhiststudies.berkeley.edu%2Fpeople%2Ffaculty%2Fsharf%2Fdocuments%2FSharf1998%2C%2520Religious%2520Experience.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFSinger2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Singer, Peter (2001), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IteQWZVcrfsC&q=%22cosmic+consciousness%22+hegel" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Hegel: A Very Short Introduction (Google eBoek)</i></a>, Oxford University Press, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191604416" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780191604416"><bdi>9780191604416</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hegel%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction+%28Google+eBoek%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780191604416&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIteQWZVcrfsC%26q%3D%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522%2Bhegel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFWalker1974" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Walker, Benjamin (1974), <i>Beyond the Body</i>, Routledge, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7808-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-7808-7"><bdi>978-0-7100-7808-7</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Body&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-7808-7&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFWentzel_Van_Huyssteen2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wentzel Van Huyssteen (2003), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzQOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22cosmic+consciousness%22+hegel++%22geist%22" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Encyclopedia of science and religion, Volume 2</i></a>, Macmillan Reference USA, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028657066" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780028657066"><bdi>9780028657066</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+science+and+religion%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780028657066&rft.au=Wentzel+Van+Huyssteen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzQOAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522cosmic%2Bconsciousness%2522%2Bhegel%2B%2B%2522geist%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACosmic+Consciousness"></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmic_Consciousness&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/eso/cc/index.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Richard M. Bucke, <i>Cosmic Consciousness</i></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Paglia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Camille Paglia">Paglia, Camille</a>. (Winter 2003). <a class="external text" href="http://www.bu.edu/arion/files/2010/03/paglia_cults-1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">Cults and Cosmic Consciousness: Religious Vision in the American 1960s</a>. <i>Arion</i>. 10 (3), 57–111.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Citations of the masters : <a class="external text" href="http://www.universal-path.org/yogana.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Cosmic consciousness</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Cosmic Tome : <a class="external text" href="http://www.cosmictome.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Universal Cosmogony and Cosmic Consciousness</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Relative Modality : <a class="external text" href="http://www.relativemodality.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A new map of the evolution of mind toward Cosmic Consciousness</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-54810666215066436992023-09-09T06:16:00.002-07:002023-09-09T06:16:08.168-07:00Listings on Religious belief and doctrine<p> </p><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-category-generated" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div id="mw-subcategories" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Subcategories</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This category has the following 32 subcategories, out of 32 total.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns" style="columns: 24em 3;"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> </h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_belief_and_doctrine_by_religion" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_belief_and_doctrine_by_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious belief and doctrine by religion">Religious belief and doctrine by religion</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 12 subcategories, 0 pages, and 0 files">(12 C)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_views_by_individual" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_views_by_individual" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious views by individual">Religious views by individual</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 28 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 28 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">A</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Aniconism" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aniconism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Aniconism">Aniconism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 17 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 17 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Animism" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Animism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Animism">Animism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 12 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 12 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Atonement" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Atonement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Atonement">Atonement</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 5 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 5 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">C</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Commandments" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commandments" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Commandments">Commandments</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 15 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 15 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_cosmologies" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_cosmologies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious cosmologies">Religious cosmologies</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 20 subcategories, 64 pages, and 0 files">(20 C, 64 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">D</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Deities_and_spirits" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deities_and_spirits" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Deities and spirits">Deities and spirits</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 12 subcategories, 18 pages, and 0 files">(12 C, 18 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Destiny" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Destiny" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Destiny">Destiny</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 20 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 20 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Dogma" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Dogma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Dogma">Dogma</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 9 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 9 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">E</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Eschatology" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Eschatology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Eschatology">Eschatology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 18 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 18 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Esotericism" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Esotericism">Esotericism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 18 subcategories, 67 pages, and 0 files">(18 C, 67 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_ethics" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_ethics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious ethics">Religious ethics</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 8 subcategories, 39 pages, and 0 files">(8 C, 39 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">F</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Faith" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Faith">Faith</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 9 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 9 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">G</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Good_and_evil" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Good_and_evil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Good and evil">Good and evil</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 19 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 19 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">H</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Heresy" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Heresy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Heresy">Heresy</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 7 subcategories, 8 pages, and 0 files">(7 C, 8 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Historicity_of_religion" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Historicity_of_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Historicity of religion">Historicity of religion</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 3 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 3 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Holiness" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Holiness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Holiness">Holiness</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 6 subcategories, 15 pages, and 0 files">(6 C, 15 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">K</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Karma" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Karma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Karma">Karma</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 3 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 3 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">L</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_law" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious law">Religious law</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 8 subcategories, 42 pages, and 0 files">(8 C, 42 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">M</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Messianism" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Messianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Messianism">Messianism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 32 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 32 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Miracles" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Miracles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Miracles">Miracles</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 5 subcategories, 16 pages, and 0 files">(5 C, 16 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Mythology" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mythology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Mythology">Mythology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 28 subcategories, 48 pages, and 0 files">(28 C, 48 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">R</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_concepts_related_with_Adam_and_Eve" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious concepts related with Adam and Eve">Religious concepts related with Adam and Eve</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 16 pages, and 0 files">(16 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 11 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 11 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Resurrection" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Resurrection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Resurrection">Resurrection</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 3 subcategories, 17 pages, and 0 files">(3 C, 17 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Revelation" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Revelation">Revelation</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 7 subcategories, 25 pages, and 0 files">(7 C, 25 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Sainthood" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sainthood" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Sainthood">Sainthood</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 13 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 13 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Sin" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Sin">Sin</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 4 subcategories, 27 pages, and 0 files">(4 C, 27 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Spiritualism" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiritualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 12 subcategories, 41 pages, and 0 files">(12 C, 41 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Statements_of_faith" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Statements_of_faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Statements of faith">Statements of faith</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 4 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 4 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">T</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Theology" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Theology">Theology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 25 subcategories, 43 pages, and 0 files">(25 C, 43 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="mw-pages" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="anchor" id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "Religious belief and doctrine"</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following 54 pages are in this category, out of 54 total. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">This list may not reflect recent changes</a>.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns" style="columns: 24em 3;"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"> </h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belief">Belief</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">A</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acceptance_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Acceptance of evolution by religious groups">Acceptance of evolution by religious groups</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animatism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animatism">Animatism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apotheosis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Apotheosis">Apotheosis</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">B</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belief_in_God" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Belief in God">Belief in God</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilocation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bilocation">Bilocation</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">C</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chosen_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chosen people">Chosen people</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_responsibility" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective responsibility">Collective responsibility</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant (religion)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">D</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_of_faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Declaration of faith">Declaration of faith</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desecration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_revelation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Direct revelation">Direct revelation</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disputationes_de_Controversiis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Disputationes de Controversiis">Disputationes de Controversiis</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_apathy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_inspiration" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine inspiration">Divine inspiration</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divinity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divinity">Divinity</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">E</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_ethics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Economic ethics">Economic ethics</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Entering heaven alive">Entering heaven alive</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_creation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolutionary creation">Evolutionary creation</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">F</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Faith">Faith</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faith_and_rationality" style="background: none; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); overflow-wrap: break-word;" title="">Faith and rationality</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_prophet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="False prophet">False prophet</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_future_in_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Far future in religion">Far future in religion</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear_of_God" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fear of God">Fear of God</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">G</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Is_Back" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God Is Back">God Is Back</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">H</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterodoxy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heterodoxy">Heterodoxy</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisbah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hisbah">Hisbah</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">I</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incarnation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Incarnation">Incarnation</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Innocence">Innocence</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_yoga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(esotericism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Involution (esotericism)">Involution (esotericism)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_(dialogue)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ion (dialogue)">Ion (dialogue)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">J</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_perspectives_on_Jesus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious perspectives on Jesus">Religious perspectives on Jesus</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judgement_(afterlife)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judgement (afterlife)">Judgement (afterlife)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">K</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_of_faith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Knight of faith">Knight of faith</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">M</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miraculous_births" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Miraculous births">Miraculous births</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">N</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Normative religion">Normative religion</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">O</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">P</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prophet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Prophet">Prophet</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">R</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_geography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion and geography">Religion and geography</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_liberalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious liberalism">Religious liberalism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_offense" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious offense">Religious offense</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious views on truth">Religious views on truth</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resurrection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Rule of Three (Wicca)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacredness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sacredness">Sacredness</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sin">Sin</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">Soul</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soulcatcher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soulcatcher">Soulcatcher</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">T</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theistic_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theistic evolution">Theistic evolution</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence (religion)</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Belief">Belief</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Doctrines" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Doctrines">Doctrines</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-43212002626807868602023-09-09T06:13:00.000-07:002023-09-09T06:13:01.682-07:00Religious Cosmology<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">rom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">For other approaches to the study of the universe in its totality, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a>. For other approaches to the origin of the Universe, see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogony" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a>.</div><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1781" data-file-width="2126" decoding="async" height="184" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png/220px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png/330px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png/440px-Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld_Bibel_in_Bildern_1860_007.png 2x" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 12.376px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">God rests with his creation. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Schnorr_von_Carolsfeld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld">Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld</a> 1860</figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Religious cosmology</b> is an explanation of the origin, evolution, and eventual fate of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Universe">universe</a> from a religious perspective. This may include beliefs on origin in the form of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creation myth">creation myth</a>, subsequent evolution, current organizational form and nature, and eventual fate or destiny. There are various traditions in religion or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religion and mythology">religious mythology</a> asserting how and why everything is the way it is and the significance of it all. Religious cosmologies describe the spatial lay-out of the universe in terms of the world in which people typically dwell as well as other dimensions, such as the seven dimensions of religion; these are ritual, experiential and emotional, narrative and mythical, doctrinal, ethical, social, and material.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Religious mythologies may include descriptions of an act or process of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creation_myth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creation myth">creation</a> by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creator_deity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creator deity">creator deity</a> or a larger <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> of deities, explanations of the transformation of chaos into order, or the assertion that existence is a matter of endless cyclical transformations. Religious cosmology differs from a strictly scientific <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> informed by contemporary <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physics">physics</a>, and similar fields, and may differ in conceptualizations of the world's physical structure and place in the universe, its creation, and forecasts or predictions on its future.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The scope of religious cosmology is more inclusive than a strictly <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_method" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific method">scientific</a> cosmology (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical cosmology">physical cosmology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum cosmology">quantum cosmology</a>) in that religious cosmology is not limited to experiential observation, testing of hypotheses, and proposals of theories; for example, religious cosmology may explain why everything is the way it is or seems to be the way it is and prescribing what humans should do in context. Variations in religious cosmology include those such as from India <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhist">Buddhism</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jain">Jain</a>; the religious beliefs of China, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, Japan's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinto" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shinto">Shintoisim</a> and the beliefs of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic faiths</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Religious cosmologies have often developed into the formal logics of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical systems</a>, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platonism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Platonism">Platonism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daoism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Daoism">Taoism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a> or the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great chain of being">great chain of being</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Abrahamic">Abrahamic</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Abrahamic">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Judaism_and_Christianity">Judaism and Christianity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Judaism and Christianity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblical_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biblical cosmology">Biblical cosmology</a></div><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biblical_cosmology">Biblical cosmology</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Biblical cosmology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The universe of the ancient Israelites was made up of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Flat Earth">flat disc-shaped Earth</a> floating on water, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heaven" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heaven">heaven</a> above, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underworld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Underworld">underworld</a> below.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aune2003p119_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Aune2003p119-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> Humans inhabited Earth during life and the underworld after death, and the underworld was morally neutral;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> only in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> times (after c.330 BC) did Jews begin to adopt the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hades" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hades">Greek idea</a> that it would be a place of punishment for misdeeds, and that the righteous would enjoy an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afterlife" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a> in heaven.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lee_2010_77–78_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Lee_2010_77%E2%80%9378-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> In this period too the older three-level cosmology was widely replaced by the Greek concept of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherical_Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spherical Earth">spherical Earth</a> suspended in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Space">space</a> at the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Geocentric">centre</a> of a number of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celestial_spheres" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Celestial spheres">concentric heavens</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Aune2003p119_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Aune2003p119-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><h4 style="color: black; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ex_nihilo">Ex nihilo</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ex nihilo">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_nihilo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ex nihilo">Ex nihilo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creationism">Creationism</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The belief that God created matter is called <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatio_ex_nihilo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creatio ex nihilo">creatio ex nihilo</a></i>. It is the accepted orthodoxy of most denominations of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Most denominations of Christianity and Judaism believe that a single, uncreated God was responsible for the creation of the cosmos.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Islam">Islam</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic cosmology">Islamic cosmology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-bottom-color: initial; border-bottom-style: initial; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-top-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 0px; clear: right; display: table; float: right; line-height: 0; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; min-width: 100px; text-align: center;" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Islamic_cosmology.jpg" style="background: none; border: 0px; color: #3366cc; display: block; overflow-wrap: break-word; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="687" data-file-width="476" decoding="async" height="318" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Islamic_cosmology.jpg/220px-Islamic_cosmology.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Islamic_cosmology.jpg/330px-Islamic_cosmology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Islamic_cosmology.jpg/440px-Islamic_cosmology.jpg 2x" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); margin: 3px; vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><figcaption style="border-bottom-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-bottom-style: solid; border-image: initial; border-left-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-left-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(200, 204, 209); border-right-style: solid; border-top-color: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 1px 1px; caption-side: bottom; display: table-caption; font-size: 12.376px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 0px 6px 6px; text-align: left; word-break: break-word;">Cosmology according to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakariya_al-Qazwini" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zakariya al-Qazwini">Zakariya al-Qazwini</a>. The Earth is considered flat and surrounded by a series of mountains—including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Qaf" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a>. Earth is supported by an ox that stands on Bahamut dwelling in a cosmic ocean; the ocean is inside a bowl that sits on top of an angel or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinn" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jinn">jinn</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 9.9008px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></figcaption></figure><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Islam teaches that God created the universe, including Earth's physical environment and human beings. The highest goal is to visualize the cosmos as a book of symbols for meditation and contemplation for spiritual upliftment or as a prison from which the human soul must escape to attain true freedom in the spiritual journey to God.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Several citations from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quran">Quran</a> cosmologically note:</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"And the heavens We constructed with strength, and indeed, We are [its] expander." (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q51:47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Q51:47">51:47</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_International" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sahih International">Sahih International</a></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"Do not the unbelievers see that the heavens and the earth were joined together (as one unit of creation), before We clove them asunder? We made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?" (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q21:30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Q21:30">21:30</a>) Yusuf Ali translation</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">"The day that We roll up the heavens like a scroll rolled up for books (completed),- even as We produced the first creation, so shall We produce a new one: a promise We have undertaken: truly shall We fulfil it." (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q21:104" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Q21:104">21:104</a>) Yusuf Ali translation</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Indian">Indian</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Indian">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Buddhism">Buddhism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhist cosmology">Buddhist cosmology</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, like other Indian religions, there is no ultimate beginning nor final end to the universe. It considers all existence as eternal, and believes there is no creator god.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Buddhism views the universe as impermanent and always in flux. This cosmology is the foundation of its <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samsara">Samsara</a> theory, that evolved over time the mechanistic details on how the wheel of mundane existence works over the endless cycles of rebirth and redeath.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> In early Buddhist traditions, <i>Saṃsāra</i> cosmology consisted of five realms through which wheel of existence recycled.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> This included hells (<i>niraya</i>), hungry ghosts (<i>pretas</i>), animals (<i>tiryak</i>), humans (<i>manushya</i>), and gods (<i>devas</i>, heavenly).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> In latter traditions, this list grew to a list of six realms of rebirth, adding demi-gods (<i>asuras</i>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> The "hungry ghost, heavenly, hellish realms" respectively formulate the ritual, literary and moral spheres of many contemporary Buddhist traditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Akira Sadakata, the Buddhist cosmology is far more complex and uses extraordinarily larger numbers than those found in Vedic and post-Vedic Hindu traditions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> It also shares many ideas and concepts, such as those about Mount Meru.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> The Buddhist thought holds that the six cosmological realms are interconnected, and everyone cycles life after life, through these realms, because of a combination of ignorance, desires and purposeful <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karma">karma</a>, or ethical and unethical actions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Trainor2004p63-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Hindu">Hindu</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Hindu">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Hindu cosmology, like the Buddhist and Jain cosmology, considers all existence as cyclic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MichellDavies1989p37_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-MichellDavies1989p37-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> With its ancient roots, Hindu texts propose and discuss numerous cosmological theories. Hindu culture accepts this diversity in cosmological ideas and has lacked a single mandatory view point even in its oldest known Vedic scripture, the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigveda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p156_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p156-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Alternate theories include a universe cyclically created and destroyed by god, or goddess, or no creator at all, or a golden egg or womb (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a>), or self-created multitude of universes with enormous lengths and time scales.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p156_18-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p156-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> The Vedic literature includes a number of cosmology speculations, one of which questions the origin of the cosmos and is called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasadiya_sukta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nasadiya sukta">Nasadiya sukta</a>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><div class="poem" style="margin-top: 0px;"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i>Neither being (sat) nor non-being was as yet. What was concealed?<br /></i>And where? And in whose protection?…Who really knows?<br />Who can declare it? Whence was it born, and whence came this creation?<br />The devas (gods) were born later than this world's creation,<br />so who knows from where it came into existence? None can know from where<br />creation has arisen, and whether he has or has not produced it.<br />He who surveys it in the highest heavens,<br />He alone knows or perhaps He does not know."</p></div><div class="templatequotecite" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding-left: 1.6em;">— <cite style="font-style: inherit;"><i>Rig Veda 10. 129</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Time is conceptualized as a cyclic <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yuga">Yuga</a> with trillions of years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Chapman2002p8_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Chapman2002p8-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> In some models, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Meru" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> plays a central role.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Rocher1986p124_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Rocher1986p124-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Beyond its creation, Hindu cosmology posits divergent theories on the structure of the universe, from being 3 lokas to 12 lokas (worlds) which play a part in its theories about rebirth, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsara" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samsara">samsara</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Karma">karma</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The complex cosmological speculations found in Hinduism and other <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, states Bolton, is not unique and are also found in Greek, Roman, Irish and Babylonian mythologies, where each age becomes more sinful and of suffering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Jain">Jain</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Jain">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jain cosmology">Jain cosmology</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Jain cosmology considers the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Loka">loka</a></i>, or universe, as an uncreated entity, existing since infinity, having no beginning or an end.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Jain_texts" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Jain texts">Jain texts</a> describe the shape of the universe as similar to a man standing with legs apart and arm resting on his waist. This Universe, according to Jainism, is narrow at the top, broad at the middle and once again becomes broad at the bottom.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahapurana_(Jainism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mahapurana (Jainism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Mahāpurāṇa</i></span></a> of Ācārya <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinasena" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jinasena">Jinasena</a> is famous for this quote:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Some foolish men declare that a creator made the world. The doctrine that the world was created is ill advised and should be rejected. If God created the world, where was he before the creation? If you say he was transcendent then and needed no support, where is he now? How could God have made this world without any raw material? If you say that he made this first, and then the world, you are faced with an endless regression.</p></blockquote><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chinese">Chinese</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Chinese">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_mythology#Cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology § Cosmology</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tian">Tian</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There is a "primordial universe" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuji_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wuji (philosophy)">Wuji (philosophy)</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a>, water or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qi">qi</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> It transformed into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a> then multiplied into everything known as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangu" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pangu">Pangu</a> legend tells a formless <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaos_(cosmogony)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chaos (cosmogony)">chaos</a> coalesced into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_egg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World egg">cosmic egg</a>. Pangu emerged (or woke up) and separated Yin from Yang with a swing of his giant axe, creating the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth">Earth</a> (murky <i>Yin</i>) and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sky">Sky</a> (clear <i>Yang</i>). To keep them separated, Pangu stood between them and pushed up the Sky. After Pangu died, he became everything.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Gnosticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> teachings were contemporary with those of Neoplatonism. Gnosticism is an imprecise label, covering monistic as well as dualistic conceptions. Usually the higher worlds of Light, called the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleroma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleroma">Pleroma</a> or "fullness", are radically distinct from the lower world of Matter. The emanation of the Pleroma and its godheads (called <i>Aeons</i>) is described in detail in the various Gnostic tracts, as is the pre-creation crisis (a cosmic equivalent to the "fall" in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christianity">Christian</a> thought) from which the material world comes about, and the way that the divine spark can attain salvation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Serer_religion">Serer religion</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Serer religion">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main articles: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer religion">Serer religion</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltigue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saltigue">Saltigue</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Serer religion posits that, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roog_(Serer_deity)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roog (Serer deity)">Roog</a>, the creator deity, is the point of departure and conclusion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_39-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> As farming people, trees play an important role in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_religion#Cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer religion">Serer religious cosmology</a> and creation mythology. The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer people">Serer</a> high priests and priestesses (the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltigue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Saltigue">Saltigues</a>) chart the star <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>, known as "Yoonir" in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer language">Serer language</a> and some of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangin_languages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cangin languages">Cangin languages</a>. This star enables them to give accurate information as to when Serer farmers should start planting seeds among other things relevant to Serer lives and Serer country. "Yoonir" is the symbol of the universe in Serer cosmology and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_creation_myth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer creation myth">creation mythology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Gravrand_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Gravrand-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_39-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dogon religion">similar set of beliefs</a> related also to Sirius has been observed among <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a> of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mali">Mali</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotheology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrotheology">Astrotheology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_mundi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axis mundi">Axis mundi</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baháʼí cosmology">Baháʼí cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Urantia_Book#Cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Urantia Book">Cosmology of <i>The Urantia Book</i></a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese creation myths">Chinese creation myth</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people#Dogon_astronomical_beliefs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dogon people">Dogon people#Dogon astronomical beliefs</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology#Origins_of_the_world_and_the_gods" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology#Origins of the world and the gods</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of the center of the Universe">History of the center of the Universe</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_creation_myth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Japanese creation myth">Japanese creation myth</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandaean_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlian_beliefs_and_practices#Structure_of_the_Universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Raëlian beliefs and practices">Raëlian beliefs and practices#Structure of the Universe</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_(Theosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Round (Theosophy)">Round (Theosophy)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnium_Scipionis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Somnium Scipionis">Somnium Scipionis</a></i></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism#Cosmology:_Creation_of_the_universe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian cosmology</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTucker1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tucker, Mary Evelyn (1998). <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399924" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Religious Dimensions of Confucianism: Cosmology and Cultivation"</a>. <i>Philosophy East and West</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 5–45. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1399924" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/1399924</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8221" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-8221</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1399924" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1399924</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+East+and+West&rft.atitle=Religious+Dimensions+of+Confucianism%3A+Cosmology+and+Cultivation&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-45&rft.date=1998&rft.issn=0031-8221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1399924&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Mary+Evelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1399924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Aune2003p119-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Aune2003p119_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Aune2003p119_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#CITEREFAune2003" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Aune 2003</a>, p. 119</span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#CITEREFWright2002" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Wright 2002</a>, pp. 117, 124–125</span></li><li id="cite_note-Lee_2010_77–78-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Lee_2010_77%E2%80%9378_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#CITEREFLee2010" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Lee 2010</a>, pp. 77–78</span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zakariya al-Qazwini. <i>ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt</i> (The Wonders of Creation). Original published in 1553 AD</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e459?_hi=10&_pos=2" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cosmology"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cosmology&rft.pub=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe459%3F_hi%3D10%26_pos%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBlackburnSamuels2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Blackburn, Anne M.; Samuels, Jeffrey (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ktWAQAk7XPkC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Approaching the Dhamma: Buddhist Texts and Practices in South and Southeast Asia</i></a>. Pariyatti. pp. 128–146. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-928706-19-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-928706-19-9"><bdi>978-1-928706-19-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Dhamma%3A+Buddhist+Texts+and+Practices+in+South+and+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=128-146&rft.pub=Pariyatti&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-928706-19-9&rft.aulast=Blackburn&rft.aufirst=Anne+M.&rft.au=Samuels%2C+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DktWAQAk7XPkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFHarvey2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harvey, Peter (2013), <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u0sg9LV_rEgC&q=buddhism%20introduction&pg=PA5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices</i></a> (2nd ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–38, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521676748" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521676748"><bdi>978-0521676748</bdi></a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Buddhism%3A+Teachings%2C+History+and+Practices&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pages=36-38&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0521676748&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du0sg9LV_rEgC%26q%3Dbuddhism%2520introduction%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Trainor2004p63-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Trainor2004p63_9-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKevin_Trainor2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kevin Trainor (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_PrloTKuAjwC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Buddhism: The Illustrated Guide</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 62–63. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-517398-7"><bdi>978-0-19-517398-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhism%3A+The+Illustrated+Guide&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-517398-7&rft.au=Kevin+Trainor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_PrloTKuAjwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-jeffwilsonbudsam-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-jeffwilsonbudsam_10-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJeff_Wilson2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jeff Wilson (2010). <i>Saṃsāra and Rebirth, in Buddhism</i>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1093/obo/9780195393521-0141</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195393521" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195393521"><bdi>978-0195393521</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra+and+Rebirth%2C+in+Buddhism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fobo%2F9780195393521-0141&rft.isbn=978-0195393521&rft.au=Jeff+Wilson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRobert_DeCaroli2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Robert DeCaroli (2004). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q_2XtkSRyTYC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Haunting the Buddha: Indian Popular Religions and the Formation of Buddhism</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 94–103. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-803765-1"><bdi>978-0-19-803765-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Haunting+the+Buddha%3A+Indian+Popular+Religions+and+the+Formation+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=94-103&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-803765-1&rft.au=Robert+DeCaroli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq_2XtkSRyTYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Akira Sadakata (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcYGAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins</i></a>. Kōsei Publishing 佼成出版社, Tokyo. pp. 68–70. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=68-70&rft.pub=K%C5%8Dsei+Publishing+%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE%2C+Tokyo&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Akira Sadakata (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcYGAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins</i></a>. 佼成出版社. pp. 9–12. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=9-12&rft.pub=%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAkira_Sadakata1997" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Akira Sadakata (1997). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bcYGAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Buddhist Cosmology: Philosophy and Origins</i></a>. 佼成出版社. pp. 27–29. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-333-01682-2"><bdi>978-4-333-01682-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+Philosophy+and+Origins&rft.pages=27-29&rft.pub=%E4%BD%BC%E6%88%90%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-4-333-01682-2&rft.au=Akira+Sadakata&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbcYGAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRandy_Kloetzli1983" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Randy Kloetzli (1983). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6QbvIDk3cJQC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Buddhist Cosmology: From Single World System to Pure Land : Science and Theology in the Images of Motion and Light</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 13, 23–31. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-955-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89581-955-0"><bdi>978-0-89581-955-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Cosmology%3A+From+Single+World+System+to+Pure+Land+%3A+Science+and+Theology+in+the+Images+of+Motion+and+Light&rft.pages=13%2C+23-31&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-89581-955-0&rft.au=Randy+Kloetzli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6QbvIDk3cJQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-MichellDavies1989p37-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-MichellDavies1989p37_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGeorge_MichellPhilip_H._Davies1989" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">George Michell; Philip H. Davies (1989). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eqtNAAAAYAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu</i></a>. Penguin. p. 37. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0140081442" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0140081442"><bdi>978-0140081442</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Guide+to+the+Monuments+of+India%3A+Buddhist%2C+Jain%2C+Hindu&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0140081442&rft.au=George+Michell&rft.au=Philip+H.+Davies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeqtNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sushil Mittal, Gene Thursby (2012). <i>Hindu World</i>. Routledge. p. 284. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134608751" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134608751"><bdi>978-1134608751</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+World&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1134608751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Lochtefeld2002p156-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p156_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Lochtefeld2002p156_18-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJames_G._Lochtefeld2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">James G. Lochtefeld (2002). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/illustratedencyc0000loch" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: A-M</i></a></span>. The Rosen Publishing Group. pp. 156–157. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3179-8"><bdi>978-0-8239-3179-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+A-M&rft.pages=156-157&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3179-8&rft.au=James+G.+Lochtefeld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fillustratedencyc0000loch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRandall_L._Nadeau2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Randall L. Nadeau (2014). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T0WcAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT137" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Asian Religions: A Cultural Perspective</i></a>. Wiley. pp. 133–137. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47195-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47195-1"><bdi>978-1-118-47195-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Religions%3A+A+Cultural+Perspective&rft.pages=133-137&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47195-1&rft.au=Randall+L.+Nadeau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT0WcAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charles Lanman, <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/sacredbooksearly09hornuoft#page/48/mode/2up" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">To the unknown god</a>, Book X, Hymn 121, Rigveda, The Sacred Books of the East Volume IX: India and Brahmanism, Editor: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Muller" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Muller">Max Muller</a>, Oxford, pages 46–50</span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKenneth_Kramer1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kenneth Kramer (January 1986). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RzUAu-43W5oC&pg=PA34" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>World Scriptures: An Introduction to Comparative Religions</i></a>. Paulist Press. pp. 34–. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-2781-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-2781-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Scriptures%3A+An+Introduction+to+Comparative+Religions&rft.pages=34-&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1986-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-2781-8&rft.au=Kenneth+Kramer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRzUAu-43W5oC%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDavid_Christian2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">David Christian (1 September 2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7RdVmDjwTtQC&pg=PA18" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Maps of Time: An Introduction to Big History</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 18–. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95067-2"><bdi>978-0-520-95067-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maps+of+Time%3A+An+Introduction+to+Big+History&rft.pages=18-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95067-2&rft.au=David+Christian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7RdVmDjwTtQC%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRobert_N._Bellah2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Robert N. Bellah (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qTDKxrLRzp8C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Religion in Human Evolution</i></a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 510–511. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06309-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-06309-9"><bdi>978-0-674-06309-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+Human+Evolution&rft.pages=510-511&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06309-9&rft.au=Robert+N.+Bellah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqTDKxrLRzp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Chapman2002p8-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Chapman2002p8_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGraham_ChapmanThackwray_Driver2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Graham Chapman; Thackwray Driver (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=__2EAgAAQBAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Timescales and Environmental Change</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 7–8. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78754-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-78754-8"><bdi>978-1-134-78754-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timescales+and+Environmental+Change&rft.pages=7-8&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-134-78754-8&rft.au=Graham+Chapman&rft.au=Thackwray+Driver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D__2EAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Rocher1986p124-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Rocher1986p124_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLudo_Rocher1986" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ludo Rocher (1986). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n0-4RJh5FgoC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Purāṇas</i></a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 123–125, 130–132. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-02522-5"><bdi>978-3-447-02522-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pur%C4%81%E1%B9%87as&rft.pages=123-125%2C+130-132&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3-447-02522-5&rft.au=Ludo+Rocher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn0-4RJh5FgoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJohn_E._Mitchiner2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">John E. Mitchiner (2000). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=phGzVwTTp_gC" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Traditions Of The Seven Rsis</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 141–144. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1324-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1324-3"><bdi>978-81-208-1324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditions+Of+The+Seven+Rsis&rft.pages=141-144&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1324-3&rft.au=John+E.+Mitchiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DphGzVwTTp_gC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDeborah_A._Soifer1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Deborah A. Soifer (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OoFDK_sDGHwC&pg=PA51" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Myths of Narasimha and Vamana: Two Avatars in Cosmological Perspective</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 51. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0799-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0799-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-0799-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myths+of+Narasimha+and+Vamana%3A+Two+Avatars+in+Cosmological+Perspective&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0799-8&rft.au=Deborah+A.+Soifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOoFDK_sDGHwC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRoshen_Dalal2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Roshen Dalal (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC&pg=PA83" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</i></a>. Penguin Books. p. 83. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-341421-6"><bdi>978-0-14-341421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-14-341421-6&rft.au=Roshen+Dalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJohn_A._Grimes1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">John A. Grimes (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qcoUFYOX0bEC&pg=PA95" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Concise Dictionary of Indian Philosophy: Sanskrit Terms Defined in English</i></a>. State University of New York Press. p. 95. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3067-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-3067-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-3067-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+Dictionary+of+Indian+Philosophy%3A+Sanskrit+Terms+Defined+in+English&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-3067-5&rft.au=John+A.+Grimes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqcoUFYOX0bEC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRobert_Bolton2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Robert Bolton (2001). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=72ksMogzRvMC&pg=PA64" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Order of the Ages: World History in the Light of a Universal Cosmogony</i></a>. Sophia Perennis. pp. 64–78. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900588-31-0"><bdi>978-0-900588-31-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Order+of+the+Ages%3A+World+History+in+the+Light+of+a+Universal+Cosmogony&rft.pages=64-78&rft.pub=Sophia+Perennis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-900588-31-0&rft.au=Robert+Bolton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D72ksMogzRvMC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFDonald_Alexander_Mackenzie1915" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Donald Alexander Mackenzie (1915). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HTrXAAAAMAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Mythology of the Babylonian People</i></a>. Bracken Books. pp. 310–314. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-09-185145-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-09-185145-3"><bdi>978-0-09-185145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythology+of+the+Babylonian+People&rft.pages=310-314&rft.pub=Bracken+Books&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=978-0-09-185145-3&rft.au=Donald+Alexander+Mackenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHTrXAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“This universe is not created nor sustained by anyone; It is self sustaining, without any base or support” “Nishpaadito Na Kenaapi Na Dhritah Kenachichch Sah Swayamsiddho Niradhaaro Gagane Kimtvavasthitah” [Yogaśāstra of Ācārya Hemacandra 4.106] Tr by Dr. A. S. Gopani</span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Hemacandras description of universe in Yogaśāstra “…Think of this loka as similar to man standing akimbo…”4.103-6</span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.jianbo.org/Wssf/2002/chenzhongxing01.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">《太一生水》之混沌神話</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.chinese.ncku.edu.tw/getfile/P_20070914162002_1.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">道教五方三界諸天「氣數」說探源</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.riccibase.com/docfile/rel-ta06.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">太一與三一</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.yihching.org.tw/dragon1-10.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">太極初探</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFGuiley2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Guiley, Rosemary Ellen (2001). <span class="cs1-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsa00guil" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Encyclopedia of Saints</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Facts on File. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofsa00guil/page/396" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">396</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1438130260" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1438130260"><bdi>1438130260</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Saints&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=396&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1438130260&rft.aulast=Guiley&rft.aufirst=Rosemary+Ellen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofsa00guil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Museum_of_Civilization-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_39-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Museum_of_Civilization_39-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Clémentine Faïk-Nzuji Madiya, Canadian Museum of Civilization, Canadian Centre for Folk Culture Studies, International Centre for African Language, Literature and Tradition (Louvain, Belgium). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15965-1">0-660-15965-1</a>. pp 5, 27, 115</span></li><li id="cite_note-Gravrand-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-Gravrand_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Gravrand" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Gravrand">Gravrand, Henry</a>, "La civilisation <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serer_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serer people">sereer</a> : <i>Pangool</i>", vol. 2, Les Nouvelles Editions <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Africa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Africa">Africaines</a> du <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Senegal">Senegal</a>, (1990) pp 20–21, 149–155, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1">2-7236-1055-1</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a>, <i>Sigui</i> : "Longest religious ceremony."<a class="external autonumber" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/longest-religious-ceremony/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a>(retrieved March 13, 2020)</span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_cosmology&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAune2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aune, David E. (2003). "Cosmology". <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nhhdJ-fkywYC&q=Dictionary+New+Testament" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Westminster Dictionary of the New Testament and Early Christian Literature</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0664219178" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0664219178"><bdi>978-0664219178</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmology&rft.btitle=Westminster+Dictionary+of+the+New+Testament+and+Early+Christian+Literature&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0664219178&rft.aulast=Aune&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnhhdJ-fkywYC%26q%3DDictionary%2BNew%2BTestament&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBernstein1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bernstein, Alan E. (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8wAdna_YY0C&q=The+formation+of+Hell" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Formation of Hell: Death and Retribution in the Ancient and Early Christian Worlds</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801481317" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0801481317"><bdi>0801481317</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Hell%3A+Death+and+Retribution+in+the+Ancient+and+Early+Christian+Worlds&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0801481317&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8wAdna_YY0C%26q%3DThe%2Bformation%2Bof%2BHell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBerlin2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Berlin, Adele (2011). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&q=Bible+Cosmology&pg=PA189" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Cosmology and creation"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Grossman, Maxine (eds.). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion</i>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199730049" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199730049"><bdi>978-0199730049</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cosmology+and+creation&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Jewish+Religion&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0199730049&rft.aulast=Berlin&rft.aufirst=Adele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhKAaJXvUaUoC%26q%3DBible%2BCosmology%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLee2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lee, Sang Meyng (2010). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=64p8Dmw8f-cC&q=New+Testament+cosmology&pg=PA65" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Cosmic Drama of Salvation</i></a>. Mohr Siebeck. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3161503160" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3161503160"><bdi>978-3161503160</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cosmic+Drama+of+Salvation&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3161503160&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sang+Meyng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D64p8Dmw8f-cC%26q%3DNew%2BTestament%2Bcosmology%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+cosmology"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWright2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wright, J. Edward (2002). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&q=Mesopotamian&pg=PA42" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Early History of Heaven</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195348491" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195348491"><bdi>978-0195348491</bdi></a>.</cite></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-34567805037489634902023-09-09T06:10:00.005-07:002023-09-09T06:10:45.974-07:00Some Links on Esoteric cosmology<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Esoteric cosmology</b> is a subset of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious cosmology">mythological cosmology</a> that is an intrinsic part of philosophies which have an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occult">occult</a> system of thought, based on <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esotericism">esoteric knowledge</a>, dealing with some of the following themes: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emanationism">emanation</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(metaphysics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Involution (metaphysics)">involution</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual evolution">evolution</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">epigenesis</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plane (cosmology)">planes of existence</a> (and their emanation and the connections between them). They are either ancient (as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surat_Shabda_Yoga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Surat Shabda Yoga">Surat Shabda Yoga</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufism">Sufism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabbalah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alchemy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology">Astrology</a>, etc.) or more recent philosophies which root themselves in the development of those ancient philosophical systems (as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disambiguation/Fixing_links" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Disambiguation/Fixing links"><span title="Link needs disambiguation (April 2018)">disambiguation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicrucianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rosicrucianism">Rosicrucianism</a>, etc.).</p><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></span></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;"><a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Esoteric_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Category:Esoteric cosmology">Esoteric cosmology</a></span>.</div></div></div><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">The main article for this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Categories" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Categories">category</a> is <b><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esoteric cosmology">Esoteric cosmology</a></b>.</div></div><div class="mw-category-generated" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div id="mw-subcategories" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;">Subcategories</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This category has the following 8 subcategories, out of 8 total.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns" style="columns: 24em 3;"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">A</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Astrology" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Astrology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Astrology">Astrology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 15 subcategories, 43 pages, and 0 files">(15 C, 43 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">C</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Consciousness%E2%80%93matter_dualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Consciousness–matter dualism">Consciousness–matter dualism</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 8 pages, and 0 files">(8 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">F</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Four_Worlds" style="background: none; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); overflow-wrap: break-word;" title="Category:Four Worlds">Four Worlds</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 5 pages, and 0 files">(5 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">M</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Mandaean_cosmology" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Mandaean_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Mandaean cosmology">Mandaean cosmology</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 1 subcategory, 16 pages, and 0 files">(1 C, 16 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 12 pages, and 0 files">(12 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Sacred_geometry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Sacred geometry">Sacred geometry</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 25 pages, and 0 files">(25 P)</span></div></div></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet" style="cursor: default; user-select: none;"><span class="CategoryTreeToggle CategoryTreeToggleHandlerAttached" data-ct-state="collapsed" data-ct-title="Spiritual_evolution" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: #0645ad; cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; height: 0px; width: 0px;" title="expand"></span> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spiritual_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 2 subcategories, 19 pages, and 0 files">(2 C, 19 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">T</h3><ul style="list-style: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeEmptyBullet" style="border-bottom-color: transparent; border-left-color: initial; border-right-color: initial; border-style: solid none solid solid; border-top-color: transparent; border-width: 5px 0px 5px 10px; color: silver; cursor: default; display: inline-block; height: 0px; user-select: none; width: 0px;"></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Max_Th%C3%A9on" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Max Théon">Max Théon</a> <span dir="ltr" title="Contains 0 subcategories, 7 pages, and 0 files">(7 P)</span></div></div></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div id="mw-pages" style="clear: both;"><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="anchor" id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "Esoteric cosmology"</h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following 42 pages are in this category, out of 42 total. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">This list may not reflect recent changes</a>.</p><div class="mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" lang="en"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns" style="columns: 24em 3;"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">A</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aether_(classical_element)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aether (classical element)">Aether (classical element)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_(classical_element)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air (classical element)">Air (classical element)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashic_records" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Akashic records">Akashic records</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascended_master" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascended master">Ascended master</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astral body">Astral body</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astral_plane" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrology_and_the_classical_elements" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrology and the classical elements">Astrology and the classical elements</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotheology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Astrotheology">Astrotheology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_mundi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axis mundi">Axis mundi</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">B</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagua" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body_of_light" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Body of light">Body of light</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_P._H._Bromwell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry P. H. Bromwell">Henry P. H. Bromwell</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">C</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Causal body">Causal body</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Causal_plane" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Causal plane">Causal plane</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_creation_myths" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese creation myths">Chinese creation myths</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_element" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Classical element">Classical element</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmogram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmogram">Cosmogram</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">D</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmuta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dmuta">Dmuta</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">E</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_(classical_element)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Earth (classical element)">Earth (classical element)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emanationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etheric_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Etheric body">Etheric body</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etheric_plane" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Etheric plane">Etheric plane</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">F</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_(classical_element)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fire (classical element)">Fire (classical element)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">I</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(esotericism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Involution (esotericism)">Involution (esotericism)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">J</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jambudv%C4%ABpa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jambudvīpa">Jambudvīpa</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">M</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">Masters of the Ancient Wisdom</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mental body">Mental body</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcosm%E2%80%93macrocosm_analogy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Microcosm–macrocosm analogy">Microcosm–macrocosm analogy</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mshunia_Kushta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mshunia Kushta">Mshunia Kushta</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_universalis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Musica universalis">Musica universalis</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">O</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dd%C5%8D" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Onmyōdō">Onmyōdō</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onmy%C5%8Dji" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Onmyōji">Onmyōji</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">P</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(esotericism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plane (esotericism)">Plane (esotericism)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primum_Mobile" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Primum Mobile">Primum Mobile</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">R</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_of_Creation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray of Creation">Ray of Creation</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_(Theosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Round (Theosophy)">Round (Theosophy)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">S</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scroll_of_the_Rivers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scroll of the Rivers">Scroll of the Rivers</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subtle_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subtle body">Subtle body</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sufi cosmology">Sufi cosmology</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">T</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_of_life_(biblical)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tree of life (biblical)">Tree of life (biblical)</a></li></ul></div><div class="mw-category-group"><h3 style="break-after: avoid-column; color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;">W</h3><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_(classical_element)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Water (classical element)">Water (classical element)</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-25769609578578810202023-09-09T06:07:00.000-07:002023-09-09T06:07:03.030-07:00Spiritual Evolution<p> T<span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">heories of spiritual evolution are important in many</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occult" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Occult">Occult</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esotericism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esotericism">Esoteric</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">teachings, which emphasise the progression and development of the individual either after death (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritualism">spiritualism</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">) or through successive</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reincarnation">reincarnations</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(</span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermeticism" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">).</span></p><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="The_great_chain_of_being">The great chain of being</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: The great chain of being">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The concept of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_chain_of_being" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Great chain of being">great chain of being</a> developed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plato">Plato</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> whose ideas were taken up and synthesised by Plotinus. Plotinus in turn heavily influenced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>'s theology, and from there <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquinas" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aquinas">Aquinas</a> and the Scholastics. The Great Chain of Being was an important theme in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabethan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Elizabethan">Elizabethan</a> thought, had an under-acknowledged influence on the shaping of the ideas of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Enlightenment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Enlightenment">the Enlightenment</a> and played a large part in the worldview of 18th century Europe. And while essentially a static worldview, by the 18th and early 19th century it had been "temporalized" by the concept of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">soul</a> ascending or progressing spiritually through the successive rungs or stages, and thus growing or evolving closer to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="God">God</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> It also had at this time an impact on theories of biological evolution.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a>, author of <i>Small is Beautiful</i>, has recently proposed a sort of simplified Great Chain of Being, based on the idea of four "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_(biology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom (biology)">kingdoms</a>" (mineral, vegetable, animal, human).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Schumacher rejects modernist and scientific themes, his approach recalling the universalist orientation of writers like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huston_Smith" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Huston Smith">Huston Smith</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> and likely contributing to Ken Wilber's "holonomic" hierarchy or "Great Nest of Being".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Spiritualism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Further information: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritualism">Spiritualism</a></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Spiritualists reacted with uncertainty to the theories of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolution">evolution</a> in the late 19th and early 20th century. Broadly speaking, the concept of evolution fit the spiritualist thought of the progressive development of humanity. At the same time, however, a belief in the animal origins of man threatened the foundation of the immortality of the spirit, for if man had not been created, it was scarcely plausible that he would be specially endowed with a spirit. This led to spiritualists embracing spiritual evolution.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the 19th century, Anglo-American <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualist</a> ideas emphasized the progression of the soul after death to higher states of existence, in contrast to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritism">Spiritism</a> which admits to reincarnation.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Spiritualism taught that after death, spirits progressed to new spheres of existence. According to this idea, evolution occurred in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a> “at a rate more rapid and under conditions more favorable to growth” than encountered on earth.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Janet_Oppenheim_1914,_p._270_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-Janet_Oppenheim_1914,_p._270-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biologist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biologist">biologist</a> and spiritualist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1823–1913) believed that qualitative novelties could arise through the process of spiritual evolution, in particular, the phenomena of life and mind. Wallace attributed these novelties to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernatural" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> agency.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> Later in his life, Wallace was an advocate of spiritualism and believed in an <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immaterial" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikt:immaterial">immaterial</a> origin for the higher mental faculties of humans. He believed that evolution suggested the universe had a purpose, and that certain aspects of living organisms are not explainable in terms of purely materialistic processes. In a 1909 magazine article entitled <i>The World of Life</i>, which he later expanded into a book of the same name<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Wallace argued in his 1911 book <i>World of life</i> for a spiritual approach to evolution and described evolution as “creative power, directive mind and ultimate purpose”. Wallace believed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> could not explain <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Intelligence">intelligence</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Morality">morality</a> in the human being so suggested that non-material spiritual forces accounted for these. Wallace believed the spiritual nature of man could not have come about by natural selection alone, the origins of the spiritual nature must originate “in the unseen universe of spirit”.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Broom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robert Broom">Robert Broom</a> in his book <i>The Coming of Man: Was it Accident or Design?</i> (1933) claimed that "spiritual agencies" had guided <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolution">evolution</a> as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animals">animals</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plants">plants</a> were too complex to have arisen by chance. According to Broom there were at least two different kinds of spiritual forces, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychics">psychics</a> are capable of seeing them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Broom claimed there was a plan and purpose in evolution and that the origin of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_sapiens" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a> is the ultimate purpose behind evolution. According to Broom "Much of evolution looks as if it had been planned to result in man, and in other animals and plants to make the world a suitable place for him to dwell in.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Anglo-American position recalls (and is presumably inspired by) 18th century concepts regarding the temporalization of The Great Chain of Being. Spiritual evolution, rather than being a physical (or physico-spiritual) process is based on the idea of realms or stages through which the soul or spirit passes in a non-temporal, qualitative way. This is still an important part of some spiritualist ideas today, and is similar to some mainline (as opposed to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamentalist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christian</a> beliefs, according to which after death the person goes to "summerland" (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">Spirit world</a>)</p><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Theosophical_conceptions">Theosophical conceptions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Theosophical conceptions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agni_Yoga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">Theosophy</a> presents a more sophisticated and complex cosmology than Spiritualism, although coming out of the same general milieu. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Blavatsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="H. P. Blavatsky">H. P. Blavatsky</a> developed a highly original cosmology, according to which the human race (both collectively and through the succession of individual reincarnation and spiritual evolution) passes through a number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_Race" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Root Race">Root Races</a>, beginning with the huge ethereal and mindless Polarian or First Root Race, through the Lemurian (3rd), Atlantean (4th) and our present "Aryan" 5th Race. This will give rise to a future, Post-Aryan 6th Root Race of highly spiritual and enlightened beings that will arise in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baja_California" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Baja California">Baja California</a> in the 28th century, and an even more sublime 7th Root Race, before ascending to totally superhuman and cosmic states of existence.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Blavatsky's ideas were further developed by her successors, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.W._Leadbeater" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C.W. Leadbeater">C.W. Leadbeater</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Bailey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alice Bailey">Alice Bailey</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Creme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Benjamin Creme">Benjamin Creme</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Skumin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victor Skumin">Victor Skumin</a> each of whom went into huge detail in constructing baroque cycles of rounds, races, and sub-races. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Skumin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victor Skumin">Skumin</a> elaborated on the theosophical conceptions of spiritual evolution and proposed (1990) a classification of <i><b>Homo spiritalis</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i>spiritual man</i>), the sixth root race, consisting of eight subraces: HS0 Anabiosis spiritalis, HS1 Scientella spiritalis, HS2 Aurora spiritalis, HS3 Ascensus spiritalis, HS4 Vocatus spiritalis, HS5 Illuminatio spiritalis, НS6 Creatio spiritalis, and HS7 Servitus spiritalis. According to Skumin:</p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Anabiosis spiritalis</i> is spirituality in the potential of unmanifest accumulations of personality, the charge of the fires of spiritual creation;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Scientella spiritalis</i> is the cordial presentiment of the presence and demands of the spirit, spiritualization of the fire of centers, glimpses of self-consciousness of a spiritual person;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Aurora spiritalis</i> is the imperative of the spirit, the action of the spiritual fire of the centers in the heart, the kindling of the fire of the spirit, the formation of the orientation of the personality to the spiritual improvement of life;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Ascensus spiritalis</i> is the dawn of spiritual aspirations, the action of the fire of the spirit in the heart, searching spiritual work, aspiration of self-consciousness to merge with the One Spirit;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Vocatus spiritalis</i> is the maturation of spiritual accumulations, the purposeful spiritual creation, self-awareness and realization of a person as a warrior of the spirit;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>IIluminatio spiritalis</i> is the beginning of the fiery transmutation, the lighting of the achievement fire; revealing the identity of man - the earthly carrier of the Thoughts of the One Spirit;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Creatio Spiritalis</i> is the beginning of fiery creation, the action of the fire of achievement in the heart, the revealing self-consciousness of man as the earthly carrier of the Light of the One Spirit;</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Servitus Spiritalis</i> is the carrying a consciously accepted duty-commission, the synthesis of spirituality in the clarity of knowledge of a <i>fiery man</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Although including elements of the science of her day as well as both eastern and western esoteric thought, Blavatsky rejected the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwinism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Darwinism">Darwinian</a> idea that man evolved from apes, and most subsequent esotericists followed this lead. Darwinism, with its explanation of evolution through material factors like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_selection" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> and random mutation, does not sit well with many spiritual evolutionists, for whom evolution is initiated or guided by metaphysical principles or is tending towards a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Teleology">final spiritual or divine state</a>. It is believed by Theosophists that humans are evolving <i>spiritually</i> through a series of esoteric <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiation_(Theosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Initiation (Theosophy)">initiations</a> and in the future humans will become esoteric <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masters_of_the_Ancient_Wisdom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Masters of the Ancient Wisdom">masters</a> themselves as their <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Soul">souls</a> gradually rise upward through the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_Hierarchy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiritual Hierarchy">spiritual hierarchy</a> over the course of eons as they reincarnate.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Despite this, recent Theosophists and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthroposophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophists</a> have tried to incorporate the facts of geology and paleontology into their cosmology and spiritual evolution (in Anthroposophy <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Poppelbaum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hermann Poppelbaum">Hermann Poppelbaum</a> is a particularly creative thinker in this regard). Some have attempted to equate <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuria_(continent)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Lemuria (continent)">Lemuria</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondwana" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gondwana">Gondwanaland</a>, for example. Today all these ideas have little influence outside their specialised followings, but for a time Theosophical concepts were immensely influential. Theosophy-like teachings also continue today in a group of religions based on Theosophy called the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascended_Master_Teachings" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ascended Master Teachings">Ascended Master Teachings</a>.</p><h4 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Rosicrucians">Rosicrucians</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Rosicrucians">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h4><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosicrucian" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rosicrucian">Rosicrucians</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (July 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> view the world as a training school, which posits that while mistakes are made in life, humans often learn more from mistakes than successes. Suffering is considered as merely the result of error, and the impact of suffering on the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> causes humans to be active along other lines which are found to be <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodness_and_value_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Goodness and value theory">good</a>, in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmony" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harmony">harmony</a> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature">nature</a>. Humans are seen<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as spirits attending the school of life for the purpose of unfolding latent spiritual power, developing themselves from <i>impotence</i> to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omnipotence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omnipotence">omnipotence</a> (related also to development from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innocence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Innocence">innocence</a> into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virtue">virtue</a>), reaching the stage of creative gods at the end of mankind's present evolution: <i>Great Day of Manifestation</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">This view has been compared<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2022)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epigenesis_(biology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Epigenesis (biology)">epigenesis</a>, which views the development of plants, animals and fungi as a process in which plants, animals and fungi develop from a seed, spore or egg through a sequence of steps in which <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cellular_differentiation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cellular differentiation">cells differentiate</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Heard_2012_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-Heard_2012-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> This conception stands in contrast to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preformationism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Preformationism">preformationism</a>, <b>neoformationism</b>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In esoteric spirituality epigenesis it is the idea that since the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind">mind</a> was given to the human being, it is the original creative impulse which has been the cause of all of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human">mankind</a>'s development. According to this approach, humans build upon that which has already been created, but add new elements because of the activity of the spirit. Humans have the capacity, therefore, to become creative intelligences—<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creativity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Creativity">creators</a>. For a human to fulfill this promise, his training should allow for the exercise of originality, which distinguishes creation from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imitation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Imitation">imitation</a>. When epigenesis becomes inactive, in the individual or even in a race, evolution ceases and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devolution_(biology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Devolution (biology)">degeneration</a> commences.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Neo-Vedanta">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to Gosling, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> based most of his cosmological and biological ideas on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosling2011345–347-348–353_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosling2011345%E2%80%93347-348%E2%80%93353-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Influenced by western thought and esotericism,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020175_18-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020175-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Vivekananda and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> developed a view on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> in which an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(esoterism)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Involution (esoterism)">involution</a> of the Divine into matter takes place, and the person has to evolve over multiple lives until the Divine gains recognition of its true nature and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moksha" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moksha">liberation</a> is attained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020124_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020124-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosling2011_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosling2011-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samkhya" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> is one of the six systems of Hindu philosophy; proto-Samkhya ideas can be found in the Upanishads, Jainism, and Buddhism. Samkhya posits two ontological entities, <i>Purusha</i> (witness-consciousness) and <i>prakriti</i> ('nature'), which includes mind, congnition, and the perceived objects). According to Samkhya, when <i>purusha</i> comes into proximity with <i>prakriti</i> it disturbs the equilibrium of <i>prakriti</i>. As a result, a number of successive essences called <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tattva" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tattva">tattvas</a></i> evolve from <i>prakriti</i>. The most subtle tattwas emerge first, then progressively grosser ones, each in a particular order, and finally the elements and the organs of sense. Adherents of samkhya-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> adhere to the release of purusha from <i>prakriti</i>, and the return of <i>prakriti</i> to the unmanifest condition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> both describe a progression from inanimate matter to a future state of Divine consciousness. Teilhard de Chardin refers to this as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Point" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Omega Point">Omega Point</a>, and Sri Aurobindo as the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermind_(Integral_thought)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Supermind (Integral thought)">Supermind</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Teilhard, who was a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleontology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paleontology">Paleontologist</a> who played an important role in the discovery of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_Man" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a>, presented a teleological view of planetary and cosmic evolution, according to which the formation of atoms, molecules and inanimate matter is followed by the development of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a> and organic evolution, then the appearance of man and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noosphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Noosphere">noosphere</a> as the total envelope of human thought. According to Teilhard evolution does not cease here but continues on to its culmination and unification in the Omega Point, which he identifies with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christ">Christ</a>.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="New_Age">New Age</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: New Age">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Age">New Age</a> thought is strongly syncretic. A common theme is the evolution or the transcendence of the human or collective planetary consciousness in a higher state or higher "vibratory" (a metaphor taken from <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._I._Gurdjieff" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="G. I. Gurdjieff">G. I. Gurdjieff</a>) level.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">David Spangler's communications speak of a "New Heaven and a new Earth", while <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hills" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christopher Hills">Christopher Hills</a> refers (perhaps influenced by Sri Aurobindo) to the divinization of man.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Livingston_Seagull" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Livingston Seagull">Jonathan Livingston Seagull</a></i> narrated the idea of evolution in a fascinating fashion. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Redfield" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Redfield">James Redfield</a> in his novel <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celestine_Prophecy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Celestine Prophecy">The Celestine Prophecy</a></i> suggested that through experiencing a series of personal spiritual insights, humanity is becoming aware of the connection between our evolution and the Divine. More recently in his book <i>God and the Evolving Universe: The Next Step in Personal Evolution</i> (2002) co-written with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Murphy_(author)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michael Murphy (author)">Michael Murphy</a>, he claims that humanity is on the verge of undergoing a change in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Higher consciousness">consciousness</a>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">It is also known as the path of Ascension.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Stage_theory">Stage theory</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Stage theory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The idea of a spiritual evolution finds contemporary expression in a number of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stage theory">stage theories</a>, inspired by Sri Aurobindo, Jean Gebser, and Piaget, among others. In these models, human development, both individual and collectively, is conceptualized as going through a number of structural stages, from the primitive psychophysical genesis to the full-grown rational, cognitive and moral abilities, and beyond to transpersonal stages in which unconscious drives are fully recognized and integrated, and the sense of a separate identity is loosened or abandoned.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Jean_Gebser">Jean Gebser</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Jean Gebser">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a></div><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Spiral_dynamics">Spiral dynamics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Spiral dynamics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;"><br />An interpretation of social and psychological development that could also be considered a theory of spiritual evolution is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiral_dynamics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiral dynamics">spiral dynamics</a>, based on the work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_W._Graves" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clare W. Graves">Clare W. Graves</a>. Spiral Dynamics posits a series of stages through which human's cultural development progresses – from a survival-based hunter-gatherer stage to a magical-tribal-agrarian stage to a city-building-invading stage to a mythic-religious-empire stage to a rational-scientific-capitalist stage to a green-holistic-inclusive stage and then ascending to a second tier where all the previous stages are contemplated and integrated and a third transpersonal tier where a spiritual unity or Omega point is eventually reached, which all the other stages are struggling to embody. He feels that individuals in each of the meme-plexes/stages can ascend to the peak of consciousness – these being the prophets, visionaries and leaders of any region/age.See also: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_W._Fowler" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James W. Fowler">James W. Fowler</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a></div><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ken_Wilber">Ken Wilber</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ken Wilber">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">More recently the concept of spiritual evolution has been given a sort of respectability it has not had since the early 19th century through the work of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_theory_(Ken_Wilber)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Integral theory (Ken Wilber)">integral theorist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a>, in whose writings both the cosmological and the personal dimensions are described. In this integral philosophy (inspired in part by the works of Plotinus, Hegel, Sri Aurobindo, Eric Jantsch, and many others) reality is said to consist of several realms or stages, including more than one of the following: the physical, the vital, the psychic, (after the Greek <i>psyche</i>, "soul"), the causal (referring to "that which causes, or gives rise to, the manifest world"), and the ultimate (or non-dual), through which the individual progressively evolves. Although this schema is derived in large part from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>, Wilber argues (and uses many tables of diagrams to show) that these same levels of being are common to all wisdom teachings. Described simplistically, Wilber sees humans developing through several stages, including <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magic_and_religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magic and religion">magic</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mythology">mythic</a>, pluralistic, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holism">holistic</a> mentalities. But he also sees cultures as developing through these stages. And, much like Hegel, he sees this development of individuals and cultures <i>as</i> the evolution of existence itself. Wilber has also teamed up with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Beck_(management_consultant)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Don Beck (management consultant)">Don Beck</a> to integrate Spiral Dynamics into his own Integral philosophy, and vice versa.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; column-width: 20em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 0.3em;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Concepts</dt></dl><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology_(metaphysics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmology (metaphysics)">Metaphysical cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esoteric cosmology">Esoteric cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Evolution (philosophy)">Evolution (philosophy)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_idealism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hindu idealism">Hindu idealism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ietsism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ietsism">Ietsism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Involution_(metaphysics)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Involution (metaphysics)">Involution (metaphysics)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plane (cosmology)">Plane (cosmology)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_cosmology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Religious cosmology">Religious cosmology</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Celestine_Prophecy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Celestine Prophecy">The Celestine Prophecy</a></i></li></ul><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0px;"><dt style="font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Persons</dt></dl><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a> (1775-1854)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> (1770-1831)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> (1875-1961)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Th%C3%A9on" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Théon">Max Théon</a> (1848-1927)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Petrovna_Blavatsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Helena Petrovna Blavatsky">Helena Petrovna Blavatsky</a> (1831-1891)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henri Bergson">Henri Bergson</a> (1859-1941)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Steiner" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rudolf Steiner">Rudolf Steiner</a> (1861-1925)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sri Aurobindo">Sri Aurobindo</a> (1872-1950)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolai_Berdyaev" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nikolai Berdyaev">Nikolai Berdyaev</a> (1874-1948)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Gebser" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a> (1905-1973)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Teilhard_de_Chardin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pierre Teilhard de Chardin">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin</a> (1881-1955)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owen_Barfield" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Owen Barfield">Owen Barfield</a> (1898-1997)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_M._Young" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arthur M. Young">Arthur M. Young</a> (1905-1995)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Haskell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edward Haskell">Edward Haskell</a> (1906-1986)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._F._Schumacher" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="E. F. Schumacher">E. F. Schumacher</a> (1911-1977)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erich_Jantsch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Erich Jantsch">Erich Jantsch</a> (1929-1980)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clare_W._Graves" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clare W. Graves">Clare W. Graves</a> (1914-1986)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_North_Whitehead" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Alfred North Whitehead">Alfred North Whitehead</a> (1861-1947)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence_McKenna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Terence McKenna">Terence McKenna</a> (1946-2000)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._R._Sarkar" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="P. R. Sarkar">P. R. Sarkar</a> (1921-1990).</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Irwin_Thompson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Irwin Thompson">William Irwin Thompson</a> (born 1938)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Skumin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Victor Skumin">Victor Skumin</a> (born 1948)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Wilber" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ken Wilber">Ken Wilber</a> (born 1949)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Swimme" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brian Swimme">Brian Swimme</a> (born 1950)</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Alexander Zelitchenko (born 1956)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></li></ul></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; column-width: 35em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiyasīlo1991130-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiyas%C4%ABlo1991130_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiyas%C4%ABlo1991130_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiyas%C4%ABlo1991130_1-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiyas%C4%ABlo1991130_1-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#CITEREFPiyas%C4%ABlo1991" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Piyasīlo 1991</a>, p. 130.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur O. Lovejoy (1936), <i>The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea</i>, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936, 1961, 1970). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-36153-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-36153-9">0-674-36153-9</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. F. Schumacher (1977), <i>A Guide for the Perplexed</i>, (New York:Harper & Row) <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090611-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090611-1">0-06-090611-1</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huston Smith (1976), <i>Forgotten Truth: The Common Vision of the World's Religions</i>, (New York: Harper & Row), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-250787-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-250787-7">0-06-250787-7</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Wilber (1996) <i>A Brief History of Everything</i>, (Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, 2nd edition, 2000), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57062-740-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-57062-740-1">1-57062-740-1</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Oppenheim, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914, 1988, p. 267</span></li><li id="cite_note-Janet_Oppenheim_1914,_p._270-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-Janet_Oppenheim_1914,_p._270_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Oppenheim, The Other World: Spiritualism and Psychical Research in England, 1850–1914, 1988, p. 270</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Debora Hammond, The Science of Synthesis: Exploring the Social Implications of General Systems Theory, 2003, p. 39</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFWallace" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wallace, Alfred Russel. <a class="external text" href="http://people.wku.edu/charles.smith/wallace/S669.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"World of Life"</a>. The Alfred Russel Wallace Page hosted by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Kentucky_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Western Kentucky University">Western Kentucky University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2011-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+of+Life&rft.pub=The+Alfred+Russel+Wallace+Page+hosted+by+Western+Kentucky+University&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Alfred+Russel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.wku.edu%2Fcharles.smith%2Fwallace%2FS669.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Fichman, An elusive Victorian: the evolution of Alfred Russel Wallace, 2004, p. 159</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward Clodd, Question: A Brief History and Examination of Modern Spiritualism, p. 300</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reconciling science and religion: the debate in the early-twentieth-century Britain, Peter J. Bowler, 2001, pp. 133–134</span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bones of contention: controversies in the search for human origins, Roger Lewin, 1997, p. 311</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFSkumin1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Skumin, V. A. (1996). <a class="external text" href="https://biblmdkz.ru/hs.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><bdi lang="ru">Человек духовный: роль культуры духовного здоровья в утверждении новой человеческой расы на планете</bdi></a> [<i>Spiritual man: The role of the Culture of spiritual health for approval of the new human race on the planet</i>] (in Russian). <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novocheboksarsk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Novocheboksarsk">Novocheboksarsk</a>: Teros. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-88167-012-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-88167-012-2"><bdi>978-5-88167-012-2</bdi></a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309182123/https://biblmdkz.ru/hs.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">8 May</span>2021</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9%3A+%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.place=Novocheboksarsk&rft.pub=Teros&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-5-88167-012-2&rft.aulast=Skumin&rft.aufirst=V.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblmdkz.ru%2Fhs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Heindel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Max Heindel">Max Heindel</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rosicrucian_Cosmo-Conception" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception">The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception</a>: Involution, Evolution and Epigenesis</i>, November 1909, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911274-34-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-911274-34-0">0-911274-34-0</a> <a class="external text" href="http://www.rosicrucian.com/rcc/rcceng14.htm#par67" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">www</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-Heard_2012-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-Heard_2012_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFHeard2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Heard, Edith (December 13, 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://books.openedition.org/cdf/2257?lang=en" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Épigénétique et mémoire cellulaire: Leçon inaugurale prononcée le jeudi 13 décembre 2012"</a>. <i>Épigénétique et mémoire cellulaire</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782722602328" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9782722602328"><bdi>9782722602328</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">June 10,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C3%89pig%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+et+m%C3%A9moire+cellulaire%3A+Le%C3%A7on+inaugurale+prononc%C3%A9e+le+jeudi+13+d%C3%A9cembre+2012&rft.btitle=%C3%89pig%C3%A9n%C3%A9tique+et+m%C3%A9moire+cellulaire&rft.series=Le%C3%A7ons+inaugurales&rft.pub=Coll%C3%A8ge+de+France&rft.date=2012-12-13&rft.isbn=9782722602328&rft.aulast=Heard&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.openedition.org%2Fcdf%2F2257%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: inherit;">{{<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment" style="color: #dd3333;"><code class="cs1-code" style="background: inherit; border-radius: 2px; border: none; color: inherit; font-family: monospace, monospace; padding: inherit;">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosling2011345–347-348–353-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosling2011345%E2%80%93347-348%E2%80%93353_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#CITEREFGosling2011" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Gosling 2011</a>, p. 345–347-348–353.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020175-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020175_18-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#CITEREFMackenzie_Brown2020" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Mackenzie Brown 2020</a>, p. 175.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020124-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie_Brown2020124_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#CITEREFMackenzie_Brown2020" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Mackenzie Brown 2020</a>, p. 124.</span></li><li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGosling2011-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGosling2011_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#CITEREFGosling2011" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Gosling 2011</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard J. Larson, (1979) <i>Classical Samkhya</i> (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2nd. Ed.</span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sri Aurobindo (1977) <i>The Life Divine</i>, (Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941524-62-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-941524-62-0">0-941524-62-0</a> (hardcover), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-941524-61-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-941524-61-2">0-941524-61-2</a> (paperback)</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1955), <i>The Phenomenon of Man</i>, (New York:Harper & Row), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-090495-X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-090495-X">0-06-090495-X</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Hills (1977) <i>Nuclear Evolution – Discovery of the Rainbow Body</i> (university of Trees Press, Boulder Creek, CA) 2nd ed. p.30</span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Zelitchenko (2006) <i>Свет Жизни (Light of Life)</i>, in Russian, (Открытый мир), <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-9743-0046-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/5-9743-0046-7">5-9743-0046-7</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander Zelitchenko (2009) <i>Psychology-XXI. Or XXII?..</i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449563202" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781449563202">9781449563202</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiritual_evolution#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Institute for Higher Psychology|url=<a class="external free" href="http://www.higher-psychology.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://www.higher-psychology.org</a></span></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Sources">Sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="refbegin" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGosling2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gosling, David (June 2011). "Darwin and the Hindu Tradition: Does What Goes Around Come Around?". <i>Zygon</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 345–347–348–353. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2010.01177.x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1111/j.1467-9744.2010.01177.x</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon&rft.atitle=Darwin+and+the+Hindu+Tradition%3A+Does+What+Goes+Around+Come+Around%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=345-347-348-353&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.2010.01177.x&rft.aulast=Gosling&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFMackenzie_Brown2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mackenzie Brown, C., ed. (2020), <i>Asian Religious Responses to Darwinism: Evolutionary Theories in Middle Eastern, South Asian, and East Asian Cultural Contexts</i>, Springer Nature</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Religious+Responses+to+Darwinism%3A+Evolutionary+Theories+in+Middle+Eastern%2C+South+Asian%2C+and+East+Asian+Cultural+Contexts&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFPiyasīlo1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Piyasīlo, Piya Tan (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKMEAQAAIAAJ" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Buddha's teachings: a study of comparative Buddhism in truth, tradition & transformation</i></a>. Dharmafarer integrated syllabus series (2 ed.). Dharmafarer Enterprises. p. 130. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789839030013" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789839030013"><bdi>9789839030013</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2015-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Buddha%27s+teachings%3A+a+study+of+comparative+Buddhism+in+truth%2C+tradition+%26+transformation&rft.series=Dharmafarer+integrated+syllabus+series&rft.pages=130&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Dharmafarer+Enterprises&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789839030013&rft.aulast=Piyas%C4%ABlo&rft.aufirst=Piya+Tan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKMEAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpiritual+evolution"></span></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Video">Video</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spiritual_evolution&action=edit&section=19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Video">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvHnSvKTzx0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Periods of Humanity (Part 4/4 - Krauncha & Beyond)"</a>. youtube.com. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708113257/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UvHnSvKTzx0&t=11s" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">21 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite></li></ul></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-65196180060516985982023-09-09T06:00:00.004-07:002023-09-09T06:00:44.564-07:00Psychosynthesis<p> <b style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Psychosynthesis</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">is an approach to</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology">psychology</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">that expands the boundaries of the field by identifying a deeper center of identity, which is the postulate of the Self.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-:0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">It considers each individual unique in terms of purpose in life, and places value on the exploration of human potential.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-:0-1" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">The approach combines spiritual development with psychological healing by including the life journey of an individual or their unique path to self-realization.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-2" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The integrative framework of psychosynthesis is based on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>'s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unconscious mind">theory of the unconscious</a> and addresses psychological distress and intra-psychic and interpersonal conflicts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-:1-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Development">Development</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis was developed by Italian psychiatrist, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Assagioli" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roberto Assagioli">Roberto Assagioli</a>, who was a student of Freud and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Bleuler" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eugen Bleuler">Bleuler</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-:1-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> He compared psychosynthesis to the prevailing thinking of the day, contrasting psychosynthesis for example with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Existential psychology">existential psychology</a>, but unlike the latter considered loneliness not to be "either ultimate or essential".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli asserted that "the direct experience of the self, of pure <i>self-awareness</i>...—is true."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Spiritual goals of "self-realization" and the "interindividual psychosynthesis"—of "social integration...the harmonious integration of the individual into ever larger groups up to the 'one humanity'"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup>—were central to Assagioli's theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> Psychosynthesis was not intended to be a school of thought or an exclusive method.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> However, many conferences and publications had it as a central theme, and centres were formed in Italy and the United States in the 1960s.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis departed from the empirical foundations of psychology because it studied a person as a personality and a soul,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> but Assagioli continued to insist that it was scientific. He developed therapeutic methods beyond those in psychoanalysis. Although the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unconscious mind">unconscious</a> is an important part of his theory, Assagioli was careful to maintain a balance with rational, conscious therapeutical work.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli was not the first to use the term "psychosynthesis". The earliest use was by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Jackson_Putnam" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="James Jackson Putnam">James Jackson Putnam</a>, who used it as the name of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a>. The term was also used by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._G._Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C. G. Jung">C. G. Jung</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._R._Orage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="A. R. Orage">A. R. Orage</a>, who were both more aligned with Assagioli's use of the term than Putnam's use. C. G. Jung, in comparing his goals to those of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, wrote, "If there is a 'psychoanalysis' there must also be a 'psychosynthesis which creates future events according to the same laws'."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> A. R. Orage, who was the publisher of the influential journal, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New Age">The New Age</a>, used the term as well, but hyphenated it (psycho-synthesis). Orage formed an early psychology study group (which included <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Nicoll" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Maurice Nicoll">Maurice Nicoll</a> who later studied with Carl Jung) and concluded that what humanity needed was not psychoanalysis, but psycho-synthesis.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> The term was also used by Bezzoli.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> Freud, however, was opposed to what he saw as the directive element in Jung's approach to psychosynthesis,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> and Freud argued for a spontaneous synthesis on the patient's part: "As we analyse...the great unity which we call his ego fits into itself all the instinctual impulses which before had been split off and held apart from it. The psycho-synthesis is thus achieved in analytic treatment without our intervention, automatically and inevitably."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Origins">Origins</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Origins">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1909, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.G._Jung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="C.G. Jung">C.G. Jung</a> wrote to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a> of "a very pleasant and perhaps valuable acquaintance, our first Italian, a Dr. Assagioli from the psychiatric clinic in Florence".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Later however, this same <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberto_Assagioli" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Roberto Assagioli">Roberto Assagioli</a> (1888 – 1974) wrote a doctoral dissertation, "La Psicosintesi," in which he began to move away from Freud's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoanalysis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> toward what he called psychosynthesis:</p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">A beginning of my conception of psychosynthesis was contained in my doctoral thesis on Psychoanalysis (1910), in which I pointed out what I considered to be some of the limitations of Freud's views.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In developing psychosynthesis, Assagioli agreed with Freud that healing childhood trauma and developing a healthy ego were necessary aims of psychotherapy, but Assagioli believed that human growth could not be limited to this alone. A student of philosophical and spiritual traditions of both East and West, Assagioli sought to address human growth as it proceeded beyond the norm of the well-functioning ego; he wished to support the fruition of human potential—what <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Maslow" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abraham Maslow">Abraham Maslow</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> later termed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-actualization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>—into the spiritual or transpersonal dimensions of human experience as well.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli envisioned an approach to the human being that could address both the process of personal growth—of personality integration and self-actualization—as well as transpersonal development—that dimension glimpsed for example in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_experiences" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peak experiences">peak experiences</a> (Maslow) of inspired creativity, spiritual insight, and unitive states of consciousness. Psychosynthesis recognizes the process of self-realization, of contact and response with one's deepest callings and directions in life, which can involve either or both personal and transpersonal development.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis is therefore one of the earliest forerunners of both <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanistic psychology">humanistic psychology</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transpersonal_psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transpersonal psychology">transpersonal psychology</a>, even preceding Jung's break with Freud by several years. Assagioli's conception has an affinity with existential-humanistic psychology and other approaches that attempt to understand the nature of the healthy personality, personal responsibility, and choice, and the actualization of the personal self. Similarly, his conception is related to the field of transpersonal psychology (with its focus on higher states of consciousness), spirituality, and human experience beyond the individual self. Assagioli served on the board of editors for both the <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i> and the <i>Journal of Transpersonal Psychology</i>.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli presents two major theoretical models in his seminal book, <i>Psychosynthesis</i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> models that have remained fundamental to psychosynthesis theory and practice:</p><ol style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A diagram and description of the human person</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A stage theory of the process of psychosynthesis (see below).</li></ol><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Aims">Aims</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Aims">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <i>Psychosomatic Medicine and Bio-psychosynthesis</i>, Assagioli states that the principal aims and tasks of psychosynthesis are:</p><ol style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">the elimination of the conflicts and obstacles, conscious and unconscious, that block [the complete and harmonious development of the human personality]</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">the use of active techniques to stimulate the psychic functions still weak and immature.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></li></ol><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In his major book, <i>Psychosynthesis: A Collection of Basic Writings</i> (1965), Assagioli writes of three aims of psychosynthesis:</p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Let us examine whether and how it is possible to solve this central problem of human life, to heal this fundamental infirmity of man. Let us see how he may free himself from this enslavement and achieve an harmonious inner integration, true Self-realization, and right relationships with others. (p. 21)</p></blockquote><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Model_of_the_person">Model of the person</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Model of the person">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-size: 13.16px; max-width: 304px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 304px;"><div class="trow" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; width: 304px;"><div class="theader" style="align-self: center; background-color: transparent; clear: both; font-weight: bold; width: 304px;">Psychosynthesis Egg Diagram</div></div><div class="trow" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; width: 304px;"><div class="tsingle" style="float: left; margin: 1px; max-width: 302px; width: 302px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="1578" data-file-width="1200" decoding="async" height="395" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png/300px-Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png/450px-Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png/600px-Psychosynthesis-egg-diagram_color.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"> <dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;"><dl style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.2em;"><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">1: Lower <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unconscious_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unconscious mind">Unconscious</a></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">2: Middle Unconscious</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">3: Higher Unconscious</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">4: Field of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">5: Conscious Self or "I"</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">6: Higher Self</dd><dd style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 1.6em; margin-right: 0px;">7: <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_Unconscious" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collective Unconscious">Collective Unconscious</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></div></div></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">At the core of psychosynthesis theory is the Egg Diagram, which maps the human psyche into different distinct and interconnected levels.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Lower_unconscious">Lower unconscious</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Lower unconscious">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">For Assagioli, 'the lower unconscious, which contains one's personal psychological past in the form of repressed complexes, long-forgotten memories and dreams and imaginations',<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> stood at the base of the diagram of the mind.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The lower unconscious is that realm of the person to which is relegated the experiences of shame, fear, pain, despair, and rage associated with primal wounding suffered in life. One way to think of the lower unconscious is that it is a particular bandwidth of one's experiential range that has been broken away from consciousness. It comprises that range of experience related to the threat of personal annihilation, of destruction of self, of nonbeing, and more generally, of the painful side of the human condition. As long as this range of experience remains unconscious, the person will have a limited ability to be empathic with self or others in the more painful aspects of human life.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">At the same time, 'the lower unconscious merely represents the most primitive part of ourselves...It is not <i>bad</i>, it is just <i>earlier</i> '.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Indeed, 'the "lower" side has many attractions and great vitality', and – as with Freud's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">id</a>, or Jung's <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shadow_(psychology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shadow (psychology)">shadow</a> – the conscious goal must be to 'achieve a creative tension'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> with the lower unconscious.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Middle_unconscious">Middle unconscious</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Middle unconscious">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The middle unconscious is a sector of the person whose contents, although unconscious, nevertheless support normal conscious functioning in an ongoing way (thus it is illustrated as most immediate to "I"). It is the capacity to form patterns of skills, behaviors, feelings, attitudes, and abilities that can function without conscious attention, thereby forming the infrastructure of one's conscious life.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The function of the middle unconscious can be seen in all spheres of human development, from learning to walk and talk, to acquiring languages, to mastering a trade or profession, to developing social roles. Anticipating today's neuroscience, Assagioli even referred to "developing new neuromuscular patterns".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> All such elaborate syntheses of thought, feeling, and behavior are built upon learnings and abilities that must eventually operate unconsciously.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">For Assagioli, 'Human healing and growth that involves work with either the middle or the lower unconscious is known as <i>personal psychosynthesis</i> '.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Higher_unconscious">Higher unconscious</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Higher unconscious">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli termed 'the sphere of aesthetic experience, creative inspiration, and higher states of consciousness...the <i>higher unconscious</i> '.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> The higher unconscious (or superconscious) denotes "our higher potentialities which seek to express themselves, but which we often repel and repress" (Assagioli). As with the lower unconscious, this area is by definition not available to consciousness, so its existence is inferred from moments in which contents from that level affect consciousness. Contact with the higher unconscious can be seen in those moments, termed peak experiences by Maslow, which are often difficult to put into words, experiences in which one senses deeper meaning in life, a profound serenity and peace, a universality within the particulars of existence, or perhaps a unity between oneself and the cosmos. This level of the unconscious represents an area of the personality that contains the "heights" overarching the "depths" of the lower unconscious. As long as this range of experience remains unconscious – in what Desoille termed '"repression of the sublime"'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> – the person will have a limited ability to be empathic with self or other in the more sublime aspects of human life.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The higher unconscious thus represents 'an autonomous realm, from where we receive our higher intuitions and inspirations – altruistic love and will, humanitarian action, artistic and scientific inspiration, philosophic and spiritual insight, and the drive towards purpose and meaning in life'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> It may be compared to Freud's <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Id,_ego,_and_super-ego" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Id, ego, and super-ego">superego</a>, seen as 'the higher, moral, supra-personal side of human nature...a higher nature in man',<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> incorporating 'Religion, morality, and a social sense – the chief elements in the higher side of man...putting science and art to one side'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Subpersonalities">Subpersonalities</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Subpersonalities">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subpersonality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subpersonality">Subpersonalities</a> based in the personal unconscious form a central strand in psychosynthesis thinking. 'One of the first people to have started really making use of subpersonalities for therapy and personal growth was Roberto Assagioli', psychosynthesis reckoning that 'subpersonalities exist at various levels of organization, complexity, and refinement'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> throughout the mind. A five-fold process of recognition, acceptance, co-ordination, integration, and synthesis 'leads to the discovery of the Transpersonal Self, and the realization that that is the final truth of the person, not the subpersonalities'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some subpersonalities may be seen 'as psychological contents striving to emulate an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archetype" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Archetype">archetype</a>...<i>degraded expressions of the archetypes of higher qualities</i> '.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Others will resist the process of integration; will 'take the line that it is difficult being alive, and it is far easier – and safer – to stay in an undifferentiated state'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".22I.22"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""I"">"I"</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: "I"">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tmulti tright" style="background-color: white; clear: right; color: #202122; float: right; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); display: flex; flex-direction: column; font-size: 13.16px; max-width: 304px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 304px;"><div class="trow" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; width: 304px;"><div class="theader" style="align-self: center; background-color: transparent; clear: both; font-weight: bold; width: 304px;">Psychosynthesis Star Diagram</div></div><div class="trow" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; width: 304px;"><div class="tsingle" style="float: left; margin: 1px; max-width: 302px; width: 302px;"><div class="thumbimage" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a class="mw-file-description" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Star-diagram.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="" class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="935" data-file-width="805" decoding="async" height="348" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Star-diagram.png/300px-Star-diagram.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Star-diagram.png/450px-Star-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Star-diagram.png/600px-Star-diagram.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="300" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="box-sizing: border-box; clear: left; display: flow-root; flex-flow: row wrap; width: 304px;"><div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color: transparent; border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px;">Psychosynthesis Star Diagram<br />formulated by Roberto Assagioli</div></div></div></div><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">"I" is the direct "reflection" or "projection" of Self (Assagioli) and the essential being of the person, distinct but not separate from all contents of experience. "I" possesses the two functions of consciousness, or awareness, and will, whose field of operation is represented by the concentric circle around "I" in the oval diagram – Personal Will.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis suggests that "we can experience the will as having four stages. The first stage could be described as 'having no will<span style="padding-right: 0.15em;">'</span>",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> and might perhaps be linked with the hegemony of the lower unconscious. "The next stage of the will is understanding that 'will exists'. We might still feel that we cannot actually do it, but we know...it is possible".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> "Once we have developed our will, at least to some degree, we pass to the next stage which is called 'having a will<span style="padding-right: 0.15em;">'</span>", and thereafter "in psychosynthesis we call the fourth and final stage of the evolution of the will in the individual 'being will<span style="padding-right: 0.15em;">'</span>" – which then "relates to the 'I' or self...draws energy from the transpersonal self".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The "I" is placed at the center of the field of awareness and will in order to indicate that "I" is the one who has consciousness and will. It is "I" who is aware of the psyche-soma contents as they pass in and out of awareness; the contents come and go, while "I" may remain present to each experience as it arises. But "I" is dynamic as well as receptive: "I" has the ability to affect awareness, in addition to the contents of awareness, by choosing to focus awareness (as in many types of meditation), expand it, or contract it.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Since "I" is distinct from any and all contents and structures of experience, "I" can be thought of as not a "self" at all but as "noself". That is, "I" is never the object of experience. "I" is who can experience, for example, the ego disintegrating and reforming, who can encounter emptiness and fullness, who can experience utter isolation or cosmic unity, who can engage any and all arising experiences. "I" is not any particular experience but the experiencer, not object but subject, and thus cannot be seen or grasped as an object of consciousness. This "noself" view of "I" can be seen in Assagioli's discussion of "I" as a reflection of Self: "The reflection appears to be self-existent but has, in reality, no autonomous substantiality. It is, in other words, not a new and different light but a projection of its luminous source".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20_36-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> The next section describes this "luminous source", Self.</p><h3 style="background-color: white; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Self">Self</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Self">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Pervading all the areas mapped by the oval diagram, distinct but not separate from all of them, is Self (which has also been called Higher Self or Transpersonal Self). The concept of Self points towards a source of wisdom and guidance within the person, a source which can operate quite beyond the control of the conscious personality. Since Self pervades all levels, an ongoing lived relationship with Self—Self-realization—may lead anywhere on the diagram as one's direction unfolds (this is one reason for not illustrating Self at the top of the diagram, a representation that tends to give the impression that Self-realization leads only into the higher unconscious). Relating to Self may lead for example to engagement with addictions and compulsions, to the heights of creative and religious experience, to the mysteries of unitive experience, to issues of meaning and mortality, to grappling with early childhood wounding, to discerning a sense of purpose and meaning in life.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The relationship of "I" and Self is paradoxical. Assagioli was clear that "I" and Self were from one point of view, one. He wrote, "There are not really two selves, two independent and separate entities. The Self is one".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20_36-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> Such a nondual unity is a fundamental aspect of this level of experience. But Assagioli also understood that there could be a meaningful relationship between the person and Self as well:</p><blockquote style="background-color: white; border-left: none; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Accounts of religious experiences often speak of a "call" from God, or a "pull" from some Higher Power; this sometimes starts a "dialogue" between the man [or woman] and this "higher Source"...<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Assagioli did not of course limit this relationship and dialogue to those dramatic experiences of "call" seen in the lives of great men and women throughout history. Rather, the potential for a conscious relationship with Self exists for every person at all times and may be assumed to be implicit in every moment of every day and in every phase of life, even when one does not recognize this. Whether within one's private inner world of feelings, thoughts, and dreams, or within one's relationships with other people and the natural world, a meaningful ongoing relationship with Self may be lived.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Stages">Stages</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Stages">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Writing about the model of the person presented above, Assagioli states that it is a "structural, static, almost 'anatomical' representation of our inner constitution, while it leaves out its dynamic aspect, which is the most important and essential one".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Thus he follows this model immediately with a stage theory outlining the process of psychosynthesis. This scheme can be called the "stages of psychosynthesis", and is presented here.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">It is important to note that although the linear progression of the following stages does make logical sense, these stages may not in fact be experienced in this sequence; they are not a ladder up which one climbs, but aspects of a single process. Further, one never outgrows these stages; any stage can be present at any moment throughout the process of Psychosynthesis, Assaglioli acknowledging 'persisting traits belonging to preceding psychological ages' and the perennial possibility of 'retrogression to primitive stages'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">The stages of Psychosynthesis may be tabulated as follows:</p><ol style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Thorough knowledge of one's personality.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Control of its various elements.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Realization of one's true Self—the discovery or creation of a unifying center.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Psychosynthesis: the formation or reconstruction of the personality around a new center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup></li></ol><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Methods">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis was regarded by Assagioli as more of an orientation and a general approach to the whole human being, and as existing apart from any of its particular concrete applications. This approach allows for a wide variety of techniques and methods to be used within the psychosynthesis context. 'Dialogue, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestalt_therapy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gestalt therapy">Gestalt</a> techniques, dream work, guided imagery, affirmations, and meditation are all powerful tools for integration', but 'the attitude and presence of the guide are of far greater importance than the particular methods used'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Sand tray, art therapy, journaling, drama therapy, and body work; cognitive-behavioral techniques; object relations, self psychology, and family systems approaches, may all be used in different contexts, from individual and group psychotherapy, to meditation and self-help groups. Psychosynthesis offers an overall view which can help orient oneself within the vast array of different modalities available today, and be applied either for therapy or for self-actualization.</p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Recently, two psychosynthesis techniques were shown to help student sojourners in their acculturation process. First, the self-identification exercise eased anxiety, an aspect of culture shock. Secondly, the subpersonality model aided students in their ability to integrate a new social identity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> In another recent study, the subpersonality model was shown to be an effective intervention for aiding creative expression, helping people connect to different levels of their unconscious creativity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup> Most recently, psychosynthesis psychotherapy has proven to activate personal and spiritual growth in self-identified atheists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">One broad classification of the techniques used involves the following headings: ' <b>Analytical</b>: To help identify blocks and enable the exploration of the unconscious'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Stewart,_p._392-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> Psychosynthesis stresses 'the importance of using obstacles as steps to growth'<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> – 'blessing the obstacle...blocks are our helpers'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> ' <b>Mastery</b>...the eight psychological functions need to be gradually retrained to produce permanent positive change'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Stewart,_p._392-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> ' <b>Transformation</b>...the refashioning of the personality around a new centre'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Stewart,_p._392-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> ' <b>Grounding</b>...into the concrete terms of daily life.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-Stewart,_p._392-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> ' <b>Relational</b>...to cultivate qualities such as love, openness and empathy'.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis allows practitioners the recognition and validation of an extensive range of human experience: the vicissitudes of developmental difficulties and early trauma; the struggle with compulsions, addictions, and the trance of daily life; the confrontation with existential identity, choice, and responsibility; levels of creativity, peak performance, and spiritual experience; and the search for meaning and direction in life. None of these important spheres of human existence need be reduced to the other, and each can find its right place in the whole. This means that no matter what type of experience is engaged, and no matter what phase of growth is negotiated, the complexity and uniqueness of the person may be respected—a fundamental principle in any application of psychosynthesis.</p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Criticism">Criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the December 1974 issue of <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology_Today" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i>, Assagioli was interviewed by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Keen" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sam Keen">Sam Keen</a> and was asked to comment on the limits of psychosynthesis. He answered paradoxically: "The limit of psychosynthesis is that it has no limits. It is too extensive, too comprehensive. Its weakness is that it accepts too much. It sees too many sides at the same time and that is a drawback."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Psychosynthesis "has always been on the fringes of the 'official' therapy world" and it "is only recently that the concepts and methods of psychoanalysis and group analysis have been introduced into the training and practice of psychosynthesis psychotherapy".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">As a result, the movement has been at times exposed to the dangers of fossilisation and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cult">cultism</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="The word "cult" is usually considered a pejorative should be highly qualified. The citation in the previous paragraph (to which this paragraph is linked) refers to ‘recently’ and yet itself is over 30 years old. The citation in this paragraph refers to events from the Esalen institute in the 1960s, over 50 years ago. The criticism does not put into context Psychosynthesis’s recent maturity and movement into the mainstream evidenced by University accredited degree programs such as the one offered by The Psychosynthesis institute and Middlesex University (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, so that on occasion, having "started out reflecting the high-minded spiritual philosophy of its founder, [it] became more and more authoritarian, more and more strident in its conviction that psychosynthesis was the One Truth".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup></p><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">A more technical danger is that premature concern with the transpersonal may hamper dealing with personal psychosynthesis: for example, "evoking serenity ... might produce a false sense of well-being and security".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> Practitioners have noted how "inability to ... integrate the superconscious contact with everyday experience easily leads to inflation", and have spoken of "an 'Icarus complex', the tendency whereby spiritual ambition fails to take personality limitations into account and causes all sorts of psychological difficulties".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Fictional_analogies">Fictional analogies</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Fictional analogies">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Potter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Potter">Stephen Potter</a>'s "Lifemanship Psycho-Synthesis Clinic", where you may "find the psycho-synthesist lying relaxed on the couch while the patient will be encouraged to walk up and down"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> would seem a genuine case of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_evolution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>", since its clear targets, as "the natural antagonists...of the lifeplay, are the psychoanalysts".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_note-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></p><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; column-width: 33em; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-:0-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-:0_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-:0_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWhitmore2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Whitmore, Diana (2014). <i>Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. p. 4. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5292-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4462-5292-5"><bdi>978-1-4462-5292-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychosynthesis+Counselling+in+Action&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4462-5292-5&rft.aulast=Whitmore&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFirmanGila2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Firman, John; Gila, Ann (2002). <i>Psychosynthesis: A Psychology of the Spirit</i>. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. p. 225. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5533-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5533-5"><bdi>0-7914-5533-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychosynthesis%3A+A+Psychology+of+the+Spirit&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pages=225&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7914-5533-5&rft.aulast=Firman&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Gila%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:1-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-:1_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-:1_3-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFelthamHorton2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Feltham, Colin; Horton, Ian (2012). <i>The SAGE Handbook of Counselling and Psychotherapy</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. p. 330. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857023254" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780857023254"><bdi>9780857023254</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Handbook+of+Counselling+and+Psychotherapy&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857023254&rft.aulast=Feltham&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=Horton%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.5_4-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis, p.5.</span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaglioli, R. (1993). Psychosynthesis, p. 7 and p.5</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Psychology with a Soul: Psychosynthesis in Evolutionary Context</i> by Jean Hardy, p. 20.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A Psychology with a Soul: Psychosynthesis in Evolutionary Context</i> by Jean Hardy, p.21.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung quoted in J. Kerr, <i>A Dangerous Method</i> (2012) pp. 214-5.</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. R. Orage: On Love/Psychological Exercises: With Some Aphorisms & Other Essays, p.126</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psykosyntese.dk/a-146/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Roberto Assagioli - his life and work</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211081619/http://www.psykosyntese.dk/a-146/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2012-02-11 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> A biography from Kentaur Institute in Denmark</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Kerr, <i>A Dangerous Method</i> (2012) p. 489.</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, "Lines of Advance in Psycho-Analytic Therapy" [1918] in Neville Symington, <i>Narcissism: A New Theory</i> (London 2003) p. 110.</span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McGuire, William, ed. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters. Vol. XCIV, Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 241</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis, p.280</span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maslow, Abraham. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). <i>Psychosynthesis</i>. New York: The Viking Press.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span><span class="reference-text"><a class="external free" href="http://two.not2.org/psychosynthesis/articles/PsychosomaticMedicine.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://two.not2.org/psychosynthesis/articles/PsychosomaticMedicine.pdf</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs"><span title="A full citation of this PDF document is required to prevent link rot. (March 2022)">bare URL PDF</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">dead link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFNeukrug2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Neukrug, Edward S. (2015). <i>The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Counseling and Psychotherapy</i>. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. p. 838. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-7412-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-7412-6"><bdi>978-1-4522-7412-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+SAGE+Encyclopedia+of+Theory+in+Counseling+and+Psychotherapy&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=838&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-7412-6&rft.aulast=Neukrug&rft.aufirst=Edward+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Stewart, <i>An A-Z of Counselling Theory and Practice</i> (2005) p. 386</span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierro Ferrucci, <i>What We May Be: The Vision and Techniques of Psychosynthesis</i> (London 1990) p. 44</span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrucci, p. 204</span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1973). The Act of Will. New York: Penguin Books. p.191</span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Firman/Ann Gila, <i>Psychosynthesis: a psychology of the spirit</i> (2002) p. 177</span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Firman/Gila, p. 2</span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrucci, p. 156</span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, p. 386</span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sigmund Freud, <i>On Metapsychology</i> (P. F. L. 11) p. 375</span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freud, <i>Metapsychology</i> p. 377</span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Rowan, <i>Discover Your Subpersonalities</i> (1993) p. 131</span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rowan, p. 132</span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrucci, p. 54-5</span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parfitt, p. 88</span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Will Parfitt, <i>The Elements of Psychosynthesis</i> (Dorset 1996) p. 57</span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parfitt, p. 58</span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parfitt, p. 59-60 and p. 34</span></li><li id="cite_note-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20_36-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Assagioli,_R._1965_p.20_36-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis. New York: The Viking Press. p.20</span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1973). The Act of Will. New York: Penguin Books. p.114</span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis. New York: The Viking Press. p.16</span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaglioli, <i>Psychosynthesis</i> p. 77 and p. 98</span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis. New York: The Viking Press. p.21</span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Molly Young Brown, <i>Unfolding Self</i> (2004) p. 146</span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLombard2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lombard, Catherine Ann (2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/KmPD4Cfz6NhcyXEsdraS/fullaccess-date=2016-07-11" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Coping with anxiety and rebuilding identity: A psychosynthesis approach to culture shock"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Coping+with+anxiety+and+rebuilding+identity%3A+A+psychosynthesis+approach+to+culture+shock&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Feprint%2FKmPD4Cfz6NhcyXEsdraS%2Ffullaccess-date%3D2016-07-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLombardMüller2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lombard, Catherine Ann; Müller, Barbara C. N. (2016-06-30). "Opening the Door to Creativity A Psychosynthesis Approach". <i>Journal of Humanistic Psychology</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 659–688. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022167816653224" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1177/0022167816653224</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-1678" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0022-1678</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148279821" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">148279821</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Humanistic+Psychology&rft.atitle=Opening+the+Door+to+Creativity+A+Psychosynthesis+Approach&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=659-688&rft.date=2016-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148279821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0022-1678&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022167816653224&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ann&rft.au=M%C3%BCller%2C+Barbara+C.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLombard2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Lombard, Catherine Ann (2017-01-27). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493721" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Psychosynthesis: A Foundational Bridge Between Psychology and Spirituality"</a>. <i>Pastoral Psychology</i>. <b>66</b> (4): 461–485. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11089-017-0753-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s11089-017-0753-5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2789" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-2789</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5493721" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5493721</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28725087" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">28725087</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pastoral+Psychology&rft.atitle=Psychosynthesis%3A+A+Foundational+Bridge+Between+Psychology+and+Spirituality&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=461-485&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5493721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0031-2789&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28725087&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11089-017-0753-5&rft.aulast=Lombard&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5493721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychosynthesis"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Stewart,_p._392-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-Stewart,_p._392_45-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, p. 392</span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrucci, p. 25</span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parfitt, p. 79 and p. 9</span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, p. 393</span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Keen, S. (1974). "The Golden Mean of Roberto Assagioli". <i>Psychology Today</i>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reinhard Kowalski, <i>Discovering Your Self</i> (1993) p. 13.</span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter T. Anderson, <i>The Upstart Spring</i> (2004) p. 265.</span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Assaglioli, <i>Psychosynthesis</i> p. 67.</span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferrucci, pp. 159-161.</span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Potter, <i>Some Notes on Lifemanship</i> (London 1950) p. 52</span></li><li id="cite_note-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychosynthesis#cite_ref-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Potter, p. 52</span></li></ol></div><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Psychosynthesis: A Collection of Basic Writings</i> by <a class="external text" href="https://kennethsorensen.dk/en/psychosynthesis/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Roberto Assagioli</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9678570-0-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-9678570-0-7">0-9678570-0-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Act of Will</i> by Roberto Assagioli <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-10309-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-10309-8">0-670-10309-8</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>What We May Be: Techniques for Psychological and Spiritual Growth Through Psychosynthesis</i> by Piero Ferrucci <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87477-262-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-87477-262-1">0-87477-262-1</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Unfolding Self: The Practice Of Psychosynthesis</i> by Molly Young Brown <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58115-383-X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-58115-383-X">1-58115-383-X</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Psychosynthesis: A Psychology of the Spirit</i> by John Firman and Ann Gila <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-5534-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-5534-3">0-7914-5534-3</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>The Primal Wound: A Transpersonal View of Trauma, Addiction, and Growth</i> by John Firman and Ann Gila <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3293-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3293-9">0-7914-3293-9</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">"Psychosynthesis: The Elements and Beyond" by Will Parfitt <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9552786-0-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9552786-0-0">978-0-9552786-0-0</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>A Psychology with a Soul: Psychosynthesis in Evolutionary Context</i> by Jean Hardy <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-019218-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-019218-2">0-14-019218-2</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Phenomenological, Existential, and Humanistic Psychologies: a Historical Survey</i> by Henryk Misiak and Virginia Staudt Sexton <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8089-0814-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-8089-0814-6">0-8089-0814-6</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lombard, C.A. (2014).<i>Coping with anxiety and rebuilding identity: A psychosynthesis approach to culture shock.</i> Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 27:2. <a class="external free" href="http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/KmPD4Cfz6NhcyXEsdraS/full" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://www.tandfonline.com/eprint/KmPD4Cfz6NhcyXEsdraS/full</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Lombard, C.A. & Müller, B.C.M. (2016) <i>Opening the Door to Creativity: A Psychosynthesis Approach</i> Journal of Humanistic Psychology, June 30, 2016, doi: 10.1177/0022167816653224. <a class="external free" href="http://jhp.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/06/24/0022167816653224.abstract" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-all;">http://jhp.sagepub.com/content/early/2016/06/24/0022167816653224.abstract</a></li></ul><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Assagioli, R. (1965). Psychosynthesis. New York: The Viking Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">_________. (1967). Jung and Psychosynthesis. New York: Psychosynthesis Research Foundation.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">_________. (1973). The Act of Will. New York: Penguin Books.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Firman, J., & Gila, A. (1997). The primal wound: A transpersonal view of trauma, addiction, and growth. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">_______________. (2002). Psychosynthesis: A psychology of the spirit. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Jung, C. G. 1954. The Development of Personality, Bollingen Series XX. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Maslow, Abraham. (1962). Toward a Psychology of Being. Princeton, N.J.: D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">McGuire, William, ed. (1974). The Freud/Jung Letters. Vol. XCIV, Bollingen Series. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psychosynthesistrust.org.uk/about-psychosynthesis-trust/meet-the-team/meet-the-trustee/diana-whitmore/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Whitmore, D</a>. (2013) Psychosynthesis Counselling in Action (Counselling in Action series) 4th Edition. Sage.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Sørensen, Kenneth, (2016). The Soul of Psychosynthesis - The Seven Core Concepts. Kentaur Forlag</li></ul><h2 style="background-color: white; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Psychosynthesis&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psychosynthesis.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Institute of Psychosynthesis</a> The Institute of Psychosynthesis London, founded under the guidance of Roberto Assagioli</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psychosynthesistrust.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Psychosynthesis Trust founded by Roberto Assagioli</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.re-vision.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Re-Vision</a> Centre for Integrative Psychosynthesis</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psicosintesi.it/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Istituto di Psicosintesi</a> The Institute of Psychosynthesis founded by Roberto Assagioli</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617085506/http://www.aap-psychosynthesis.org/resources/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Association for the Advancement of Psychosynthesis</a> Psychosynthesis resources</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.kennethsorensen.dk/en/integral-psychosynthesis-a-comparison-of-wilber-and-assagioli/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Integral Psychosynthesis</a> MA thesis on Integral Psychosynthesis</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://kennethsorensen.dk/en/category/introduction-to-psychosynthesis/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">65 articles on Psychosynthesis</a> Webpage featuring psychosynthesis</li></ul><p style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0.5em 0px;">Training Schools:</p><ul style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psychosynthesis.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Institute of Psychosynthesis</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psychosynthesistrust.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Psychosynthesis Trust</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.re-vision.org.uk/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Re-Vision</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.psicosintesi.it/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Istituto di Psicosintesi</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.synthesiscenter.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Synthesis Center</a></li></ul>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-14896841089360215892023-09-09T05:50:00.001-07:002023-11-21T04:31:03.594-08:00Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness The science of consciousness still has no theory. By Oshan Jarow@OshanJarow Jun 30, 2023<p> </p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; text-decoration-line: inherit;">In 1998, at the conference of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness (ASSC), the neuroscientist Christof Koch made a bet with the philosopher David Chalmers: by 2023, science would be able to explain how the brain’s tangle of neurons gives rise to the phenomenon we call consciousness. The winner would get a case of wine.</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; text-decoration-line: inherit;"></span></p><p id="qtq4qS" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Koch was a professor of cognitive biology who helped pioneer the mechanistic study of the <a href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/40352/1/148.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">“neural correlates of consciousness,</a>” which maps the relationship between brain activity and subjective experiences. He believed that consciousness was fundamentally measurable and that it was only a matter of time before science identified how it arose in the brain.</p><p id="Fg12ex" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">halmers was both a philosopher and cognitive scientist who was skeptical that science would be able to build explanatory bridges between neural correlates in the brain and the subjective experience of consciousness. Famously, he called consciousness “<a href="https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/cross-check/david-chalmers-thinks-the-hard-problem-is-really-hard/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">the hard problem</a>,” which he believed was sufficiently challenging to keep any explanation of consciousness at bay for at least a quarter of a century.</p><p id="Wv9WNV" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">At the 26th ASSC conference this past weekend, 25 years after the initial wager, the results were declared: Koch lost. Despite years of scientific effort — a time during which <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-019-0531-8" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">the science of consciousness shifted</a> from the fringe to a mainstream, reputable, even exciting area of study — we still can’t say how or why the experience of consciousness arises.</p><h3 id="3CXMHo" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Galileo split consciousness away from science 400 years ago</h3><p id="vNGWuL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">While the Western science of consciousness only grew into a reputable field over the past few decades, part of the reason answers remain so elusive may be buried in the deep structure of scientific inquiry itself, reaching back to the 1600s.</p><p id="eex2WL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei <a href="https://en.unesco.org/courier/news-views-online/ibn-al-haytham-s-scientific-method#:~:text=In%20all%20textbooks%20of%20the,father%20of%20this%20scientific%20method." style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">is widely credited</a> with inventing the scientific method. As the philosopher Philip Goff recounts in his 2019 book <a href="https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/599229/galileos-error-by-philip-goff/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;"><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Galileo’s Error</em></a><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">, </em>in order to formalize the study of objective qualities like size, shape, location, and motion, Galileo bracketed out the fuzzier domain of conscious experiences. The modern scientific endeavor he helped create is a study of the universe shorn of what Galileo called the soul, and what we today might call sensory qualities, the gestalt of what consciousness <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">feels like.</em><em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> </span></em>The scientific method can explain the electrical activity that sparks in the brain when you jump into a freezing lake, but it can’t explain why a subjective experience of invigoration comes along with it.</p><p id="WfxVM7" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">“Those sensory qualities have come back to bite us,” Goff writes. “Galileo’s error was to commit us to a theory of nature which entailed that consciousness was essentially and inevitably mysterious.”<em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"></em></p><p id="hr3xo0" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">In other words, Galileo’s scientific method required walling off the study of consciousness itself, which is why it’s perhaps not surprising that even centuries later, his method’s inheritors still struggle to explain it.</p><h3 id="ZHANau" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">New avenues in the science of consciousness</h3><p id="bYs29q" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">As the years passed, Chalmers and Koch forgot about their bet, but in 2018, the science journalist Per Snaprud <a href="https://consc.net/consciousnesswager.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">brought it back to their attention</a>. A few years later, as part of a $20 million project supported by the Templeton World Charity Foundation, <a href="https://www.templetonworldcharity.org/accelerating-research-consciousness-our-structured-adversarial-collaboration-projects" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">a series of “adversarial experiments</a>” were designed to pit <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41583-022-00587-4" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">theories of consciousnes</a>s against each other, including global workspace theory (GWT) and integrated information theory (IIT).</p><p id="TwmHTL" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">GWT imagines consciousness as a theater: The brain is populated by a crowd of local information streams, but only what gets broadcast to the whole crowd — put onstage — becomes conscious. IIT identifies consciousness with the degree of, yes, integrated information, represented by the Greek character phi (Φ). The more phi, the more consciousness.</p><p id="6vJxU4" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Preliminary findings from <a href="https://www.templetonworldcharity.org/projects-database/0389" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">one Templeton-sponsored gauntlet</a> comparing GWT and IIT were presented at the recent ASSC conference and ultimately used to settle the Koch/Chalmers bet. Six independent laboratories followed a shared protocol <a href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/neuroscience-readies-for-a-showdown-over-consciousness-ideas-20190306/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">designed to test</a> how well each theory could predict brain activity. IIT fared slightly better than GWT, but neither made entirely accurate predictions. This uncertainty was enough to make Chalmers the victor, while scattering researchers off to update the theories or consider new ones altogether.</p><p id="3OnjZW" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Goff’s preferred resolution is to reintroduce consciousness into our understanding of nature by way of a secular version of panpsychism, the theory that consciousness is a fundamental and ubiquitous element of the physical world. In this view, physical sciences à la Galileo describe matter from “the outside.” Consciousness is also a property of matter, but matter as experienced from the inside.</p><p id="JM4cxV" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Meanwhile, Karl Friston, the world’s <a href="https://www.science.org/content/article/computer-program-just-ranked-most-influential-brain-scientists-modern-era" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">most-cited living neuroscientist</a>, has an idea called the <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2787" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">free-energy principle</a>. Stripped of all the math, it suggests that the behavior of all living systems follows a single principle: To remain alive, they try to minimize the difference between their expectations and incoming sensory input. (Other terms for that difference include <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">surprise </em>and <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">free energy</em>.)<em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"> </em>In this model, human brains minimize surprise by generating internal models that predict the outside world. Here, consciousness is basically the experience of an internally generative model complex enough to imagine states of the world that have not yet happened.</p><p id="FUjWkt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The process by which brains generate these internal models has a theory of its own, <a href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13164-022-00666-6#ref-CR4" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">known as predictive processing</a>, perhaps most associated with the <a href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2018/04/02/the-mind-expanding-ideas-of-andy-clark" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">philosopher Andy Clark</a>. To grasp the idea, think of what’s happening during a dream. You’re lying in bed, eyes closed in a dark room, completely still. But your brain is generating a rich internal dream world that feels entirely convincing (lucid dreams aside). Well, predictive processing claims that the same sort of thing is happening during waking consciousness, with a few caveats.</p><p id="GlUtv4" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">In other words, the kind of world you’re experiencing when awake is basically the same kind of world you experience in a dream: a hallucination. The difference is that our brains are constantly comparing our waking hallucinations to the sensory input they receive from the outside, fine-tuning the waking dream to keep it in line with what the incoming sensory data suggests is going on beyond our skulls. That’s what the <a href="https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/23591527/consciousness-census-perceptual-diversity-anil-seth-neurodiversity" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">neuroscientist Anil Seth</a> means when he calls consciousness <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lyu7v7nWzfo" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">a “controlled hallucination</a>.”</p><p id="fKGwR1" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Okay, so living systems want to minimize surprise, and predictive models help brainy creatures do so. But what makes consciousness <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">feel </em>the way it does? How can we explain why some states of consciousness feel so rich and alive while others feel so dreary? One interesting idea hovering on the periphery of consciousness science is the <a href="https://opentheory.net/Qualia_Formalism_and_a_Symmetry_Theory_of_Valence.pdf" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">symmetry theory of valence (STV)</a>, first proposed by the independent philosopher Michael Johnson and his collaborators at the <a href="https://qri.org/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">Qualia Research Institute</a>, a nonprofit focused on the science of consciousness.</p><p id="FXNJxt" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">The STV starts with the idea that you can map every state of consciousness onto a perfect mathematical representation, like a unique objective signature for each subjective state (it shares this idea with IIT). Next, it claims that the valence, or positive/negative feeling of any given state of consciousness, depends on the <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">symmetry</em> of that representation. In practice, drawing on the work of neuroscientist Selen Atasoy, they use the underlying neural activity as that representation.<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><p id="zGt4UR" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Every conscious state has an associated orchestra of neural activity that <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms10340" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">gives rise to harmonic patterns across the brain</a>. QRI co-founder Andrés Gómez Emilsson <a href="https://qualiacomputing.com/2017/06/18/quantifying-bliss-talk-summary/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">figured out how</a> to decompose that activity in a way that deciphers how much consonance exists across the brain harmonics, which works as a proxy for the symmetry. The more symmetry in the brain, the more positive the experience. Inversely, the more dissonance and less symmetry, the more negative the experience. While the STV hasn’t received much mainstream attention, <a href="https://qualiacomputing.com/2021/05/08/healing-trauma-with-neural-annealing/" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">its ideas</a> are beginning to crawl their way into citations <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028390822004579#bib262" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">on papers at the forefront</a> of the science of consciousness.<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"></span></p><p id="O0UYx5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">So we have a growing constellation of relevant theories, though as the result of the Koch/Chalmers bet suggests, we still lack a definitive, falsifiable explanation. We even lack consensus on whether one may ever exist.</p><h3 id="CJegES" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: Balto, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: calc(1.44em); line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Toward a paradigm of consciousness science — or not</h3><p id="XQY3IR" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Still, some neuroscientists argue that we are living in the dawn before a theory of consciousness arises, like those who lived in the time shortly before Darwin’s theory of natural selection. This paints the current field as “<a href="https://dictionary.apa.org/preparadigmatic-science" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">pre-paradigmatic</a>,” a term developed by the philosopher of science Thomas Kuhn to describe an immature science where competing schools of thought do not share the same basic understanding of their subject. Everything from methodologies to metaphysics can differ in a pre-paradigmatic science of consciousness.</p><p id="Vlx2nF" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Eventually, in this view, the field might coalesce around a unified theory and the first true paradigm of consciousness science would begin. This is the view Koch continues to hold (despite being down a case of fine Portuguese wine). He doubled down at the recent ASSC conference, renewing the bet on the same 25-year horizon. Chalmers, too, reports plenty of progress, <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-02120-8?utm_source=Nature+Briefing&utm_campaign=cb0a8cb22a-briefing-dy-20230626&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_c9dfd39373-cb0a8cb22a-43905957" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4f7177; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; transition: color 0.1s ease 0s, background-color 0.1s ease 0s, fill 0.1s ease 0s; vertical-align: inherit;">telling <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Nature</em></a> that the problem of consciousness “has gradually been transmuting into, if not a ‘scientific’ mystery, at least one that we can get a partial grip on scientifically.”</p><p id="4YxoNr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">But there’s no guarantee that some critical mass of correlations between brain states and feelings can ever tell us <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">how </em>or <em style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">why</em> consciousness happens. Chalmers suspects that at the conclusion of their renewed bet in 2048, despite all the surrounding progress of insight that’s sure to unfold, the mystery may remain as perplexing as ever.</p><p id="4YxoNr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></p><p id="4YxoNr" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; font-family: inherit; font-size: 18px; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 1.2rem; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;">Future Perfect</p><div class="c-article-footer c-article-footer-cta" data-cdata="{"base_type":"Entry","id":23542911,"timestamp":1688122800,"published_timestamp":1688122800,"show_published_and_updated_timestamps":false,"title":"Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness","type":"Article","url":"https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2023/6/30/23778870/consciousness-brain-mind-hard-problem-neuroscience-koch-chalmers","entry_layout":{"key":"unison_standard","layout":"unison_main","template":"standard"},"additional_byline":null,"authors":[{"id":10033061,"name":"Oshan Jarow","url":"https://www.vox.com/authors/oshan-jarow","twitter_handle":"OshanJarow","profile_image_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/RsS7yV7PVSsv_2dvsPrNVJbMiCY=/512x512/cdn.vox-cdn.com/author_profile_images/196047/Headshot_1.0.jpg","title":"","email":"","short_author_bio":"is a Future Perfect fellow, where he focuses on economics, consciousness studies, and varieties of progress. Before joining Vox, he co-founded the Library of Economic Possibility, where he led policy research and digital media strategy."}],"byline_enabled":true,"byline_credit_text":"By","byline_serial_comma_enabled":true,"comment_count":0,"comments_enabled":false,"legacy_comments_enabled":false,"coral_comments_enabled":false,"coral_comment_counts_enabled":false,"commerce_disclosure":null,"community_name":"Vox","community_url":"https://www.vox.com/","community_logo":"\r\n<svg width=\"386px\" height=\"385px\" viewBox=\"0 0 386 385\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" >\r\n \r\n <title>vox-mark</title>\r\n \r\n <defs></defs>\r\n <g id=\"Page-1\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" >\r\n <path d=\"M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 292.908,17.38 292.908,43.002 C292.908,56.967 287.784,75.469 276.598,96.888 L182.689,305.687 L159.283,35.693 C159.283,13.809 168.134,6 191.88,6 L205.854,6 L207.247,0 L1.409,0 L0,6 L13.049,6 C28.88,6 35.863,15.885 37.264,34.514 L73.611,385 L160.221,385 L304.525,79.217 C328.749,31.719 349.237,6 372.525,6 L384.162,6 L385.557,0 L239.811,0\" id=\"vox-mark\" fill=\"#444745\" ></path>\r\n </g>\r\n</svg>","cross_community":false,"groups":[{"base_type":"EntryGroup","id":76815,"timestamp":1688209203,"title":"Future Perfect","type":"SiteGroup","url":"https://www.vox.com/future-perfect","slug":"future-perfect","community_logo":"\r\n<svg width=\"386px\" height=\"385px\" viewBox=\"0 0 386 385\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" >\r\n \r\n <title>vox-mark</title>\r\n \r\n <defs></defs>\r\n <g id=\"Page-1\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" >\r\n <path d=\"M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 292.908,17.38 292.908,43.002 C292.908,56.967 287.784,75.469 276.598,96.888 L182.689,305.687 L159.283,35.693 C159.283,13.809 168.134,6 191.88,6 L205.854,6 L207.247,0 L1.409,0 L0,6 L13.049,6 C28.88,6 35.863,15.885 37.264,34.514 L73.611,385 L160.221,385 L304.525,79.217 C328.749,31.719 349.237,6 372.525,6 L384.162,6 L385.557,0 L239.811,0\" id=\"vox-mark\" fill=\"#444745\" ></path>\r\n </g>\r\n</svg>","community_name":"Vox","community_url":"https://www.vox.com/","cross_community":false,"entry_count":1593,"always_show":false,"description":"Finding the best ways to do good. ","disclosure":"","cover_image_url":"","cover_image":null,"title_image_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_asset/file/16290809/future_perfect_sized.0.jpg","intro_image":null,"four_up_see_more_text":"View All","primary":true},{"base_type":"EntryGroup","id":27560,"timestamp":1688122840,"title":"Neuroscience","type":"SiteGroup","url":"https://www.vox.com/neuroscience","slug":"neuroscience","community_logo":"\r\n<svg width=\"386px\" height=\"385px\" viewBox=\"0 0 386 385\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" >\r\n \r\n <title>vox-mark</title>\r\n \r\n <defs></defs>\r\n <g id=\"Page-1\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" >\r\n <path d=\"M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 292.908,17.38 292.908,43.002 C292.908,56.967 287.784,75.469 276.598,96.888 L182.689,305.687 L159.283,35.693 C159.283,13.809 168.134,6 191.88,6 L205.854,6 L207.247,0 L1.409,0 L0,6 L13.049,6 C28.88,6 35.863,15.885 37.264,34.514 L73.611,385 L160.221,385 L304.525,79.217 C328.749,31.719 349.237,6 372.525,6 L384.162,6 L385.557,0 L239.811,0\" id=\"vox-mark\" fill=\"#444745\" ></path>\r\n </g>\r\n</svg>","community_name":"Vox","community_url":"https://www.vox.com/","cross_community":false,"entry_count":114,"always_show":false,"description":"We still have so much to learn about the brain. Keep up with the latest news, from psychology to machine learning.","disclosure":"","cover_image_url":"","cover_image":null,"title_image_url":"","intro_image":null,"four_up_see_more_text":"View All","primary":false},{"base_type":"EntryGroup","id":30772,"timestamp":1688211013,"title":"Science","type":"SiteGroup","url":"https://www.vox.com/science","slug":"science","community_logo":"\r\n<svg width=\"386px\" height=\"385px\" viewBox=\"0 0 386 385\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" >\r\n \r\n <title>vox-mark</title>\r\n \r\n <defs></defs>\r\n <g id=\"Page-1\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" >\r\n <path d=\"M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 292.908,17.38 292.908,43.002 C292.908,56.967 287.784,75.469 276.598,96.888 L182.689,305.687 L159.283,35.693 C159.283,13.809 168.134,6 191.88,6 L205.854,6 L207.247,0 L1.409,0 L0,6 L13.049,6 C28.88,6 35.863,15.885 37.264,34.514 L73.611,385 L160.221,385 L304.525,79.217 C328.749,31.719 349.237,6 372.525,6 L384.162,6 L385.557,0 L239.811,0\" id=\"vox-mark\" fill=\"#444745\" ></path>\r\n </g>\r\n</svg>","community_name":"Vox","community_url":"https://www.vox.com/","cross_community":false,"entry_count":5665,"always_show":false,"description":"News and updates from the science team. Topics include genetics, infectious disease, psychology, and more.","disclosure":"","cover_image_url":"","cover_image":null,"title_image_url":"","intro_image":null,"four_up_see_more_text":"View All","primary":false}],"internal_groups":[{"base_type":"EntryGroup","id":112403,"timestamp":1688292006,"title":"Approach — Dissects something complicated","type":"SiteGroup","url":"","slug":"approach-dissects-something-complicated","community_logo":"\r\n<svg width=\"386px\" height=\"385px\" viewBox=\"0 0 386 385\" version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/2000/svg\" xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\" >\r\n \r\n <title>vox-mark</title>\r\n \r\n <defs></defs>\r\n <g id=\"Page-1\" stroke=\"none\" stroke-width=\"1\" fill=\"none\" fill-rule=\"evenodd\" >\r\n <path d=\"M239.811,0 L238.424,6 L259.374,6 C278.011,6 292.908,17.38 292.908,43.002 C292.908,56.967 287.784,75.469 276.598,96.888 L182.689,305.687 L159.283,35.693 C159.283,13.809 168.134,6 191.88,6 L205.854,6 L207.247,0 L1.409,0 L0,6 L13.049,6 C28.88,6 35.863,15.885 37.264,34.514 L73.611,385 L160.221,385 L304.525,79.217 C328.749,31.719 349.237,6 372.525,6 L384.162,6 L385.557,0 L239.811,0\" id=\"vox-mark\" fill=\"#444745\" ></path>\r\n </g>\r\n</svg>","community_name":"Vox","community_url":"https://www.vox.com/","cross_community":false,"entry_count":225,"always_show":false,"description":"","disclosure":"","cover_image_url":"","cover_image":null,"title_image_url":"","intro_image":null,"four_up_see_more_text":"View All"}],"image":{"ratio":"*","original_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415285/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg","network":"unison","bgcolor":"white","pinterest_enabled":false,"caption":null,"credit":"Boris SV/Getty Images","focal_area":{"top_left_x":2520,"top_left_y":1864,"bottom_right_x":3480,"bottom_right_y":2824},"bounds":[0,0,6000,4687],"uploaded_size":{"width":6000,"height":4687},"focal_point":null,"image_id":72415285,"alt_text":"Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain."},"hub_image":{"ratio":"*","original_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415285/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg","network":"unison","bgcolor":"white","pinterest_enabled":false,"caption":null,"credit":"Boris SV/Getty Images","focal_area":{"top_left_x":2520,"top_left_y":1864,"bottom_right_x":3480,"bottom_right_y":2824},"bounds":[0,0,6000,4687],"uploaded_size":{"width":6000,"height":4687},"focal_point":null,"image_id":72415285,"alt_text":"Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain."},"lede_image":{"ratio":"*","original_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg","network":"unison","bgcolor":"white","pinterest_enabled":false,"caption":null,"credit":"Boris SV/Getty Images","focal_area":{"top_left_x":2520,"top_left_y":1864,"bottom_right_x":3480,"bottom_right_y":2824},"bounds":[0,0,6000,4687],"uploaded_size":{"width":6000,"height":4687},"focal_point":null,"image_id":72415286,"alt_text":"Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain."},"group_cover_image":null,"picture_standard_lead_image":{"ratio":"*","original_url":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg","network":"unison","bgcolor":"white","pinterest_enabled":false,"caption":null,"credit":"Boris SV/Getty Images","focal_area":{"top_left_x":2520,"top_left_y":1864,"bottom_right_x":3480,"bottom_right_y":2824},"bounds":[0,0,6000,4687],"uploaded_size":{"width":6000,"height":4687},"focal_point":null,"image_id":72415286,"alt_text":"Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain.","picture_element":{"loading":"eager","html":{},"alt":"Illustration of a ladder leading into the middle of a burgundy brain against a pale orange backdrop, with a person exploring inside a tunnel leading deeper into the brain.","default":{"srcset":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/dH5e1QGoqZwZy5QrFNPwKapTLwM=/0x0:6000x4687/320x240/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/n_f6VKywtjMc70lgsyX6oawFAs0=/0x0:6000x4687/620x465/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 620w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/27M5ApTG1ARyuvh9kYvSzb0xn1M=/0x0:6000x4687/920x690/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/bFps-_Sqel8V8gbWVvs_x8kUzEs=/0x0:6000x4687/1220x915/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 1220w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/Z3QbP9AEQnbx6Ga1X7Rl2VAWcQU=/0x0:6000x4687/1520x1140/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 1520w","webp_srcset":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/YtrseuJvLokPYxA0uHSmzmASoIQ=/0x0:6000x4687/320x240/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 320w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/0XIsWWIHDkGjG6Ubv8NJxpbtyhQ=/0x0:6000x4687/620x465/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 620w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/g4C4EZTJTVWYw9JSph3w5PF6gTg=/0x0:6000x4687/920x690/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 920w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/E4wlcv0o1HiQzrmSYlJfKFvouK4=/0x0:6000x4687/1220x915/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 1220w, https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/BHt01b53XxxJy1Dt-z0EpnkjCck=/0x0:6000x4687/1520x1140/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824):format(webp)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg 1520w","media":null,"sizes":"(min-width: 809px) 485px, (min-width: 600px) 60vw, 100vw","fallback":"https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/OYH8JjDIH61_egptrZJU502vxCE=/0x0:6000x4687/1200x900/filters:focal(2520x1864:3480x2824)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/72415286/GettyImages_1332534552.0.jpg"},"art_directed":[]}},"image_is_placeholder":false,"image_is_hidden":false,"network":"vox","omits_labels":false,"optimizable":false,"promo_headline":"Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness","recommended_count":0,"recs_enabled":false,"slug":"future-perfect/2023/6/30/23778870/consciousness-brain-mind-hard-problem-neuroscience-koch-chalmers","dek":"The science of consciousness still has no theory.","homepage_title":"Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness","homepage_description":"The science of consciousness still has no theory.","show_homepage_description":false,"title_display":"Why scientists haven’t cracked consciousness","pull_quote":null,"voxcreative":false,"show_entry_time":true,"show_dates":true,"paywalled_content":false,"paywalled_content_box_logo_url":"","paywalled_content_page_logo_url":"","paywalled_content_main_url":"","article_footer_body":"Most news outlets make their money through advertising or subscriptions. But when it comes to what we’re trying to do at Vox, there are a couple of big issues with relying on ads and subscriptions to keep the lights on.\r\n<br>\r\nFirst, advertising dollars go up and down with the economy. We often only know a few months out what our advertising revenue will be, which makes it hard to plan ahead.\r\n<br>\r\nSecond, we’re not in the subscriptions business. Vox is here to help everyone understand the complex issues shaping the world — not just the people who can afford to pay for a subscription. We believe that’s an important part of building a more equal society. And we can’t do that if we have a paywall. \r\n<br>\r\nIt’s important that we have several ways we make money, just like it’s important for you to have a diversified retirement portfolio to weather the ups and downs of the stock market. That’s why, even though advertising is still our biggest source of revenue, we also seek grants and reader support. (And no matter how our work is funded, we have strict guidelines on editorial independence.)\r\n<br>\r\n<a href=\"http://vox.com/pages/support-now?itm_campaign=ad-model&itm_medium=site&itm_source=article-footer\">If you also believe that everyone deserves access to trusted high-quality information, will you make a gift to Vox today? </a> Any amount helps. ","article_footer_header":"<a href=\"http://vox.com/pages/support-now?itm_campaign=default&itm_medium=article&itm_source=article-footer\">Will you support Vox’s explanatory journalism?</a>","use_article_footer":true,"article_footer_cta_annual_plans":"{\r\n \"default_plan\": 1,\r\n \"plans\": [\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 95,\r\n \"plan_id\": 74295\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 120,\r\n \"plan_id\": 81108\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 250,\r\n \"plan_id\": 77096\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 350,\r\n \"plan_id\": 92038\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","article_footer_cta_button_annual_copy":"year","article_footer_cta_button_copy":"Yes, I'll give","article_footer_cta_button_monthly_copy":"month","article_footer_cta_default_frequency":"annual","article_footer_cta_monthly_plans":"{\r\n \"default_plan\": 1,\r\n \"plans\": [\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 9,\r\n \"plan_id\": 77780\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 20,\r\n \"plan_id\": 69279\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 50,\r\n \"plan_id\": 46947\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 100,\r\n \"plan_id\": 46782\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","article_footer_cta_once_plans":"{\r\n \"default_plan\": 0,\r\n \"plans\": [\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 20,\r\n \"plan_id\": 69278\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 50,\r\n \"plan_id\": 48880\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 100,\r\n \"plan_id\": 46607\r\n },\r\n {\r\n \"amount\": 250,\r\n \"plan_id\": 46946\r\n }\r\n ]\r\n}","use_article_footer_cta_read_counter":true,"use_article_footer_cta":true,"featured_placeable":false,"video_placeable":false,"disclaimer":null,"volume_placement":"lede","video_autoplay":false,"youtube_url":"http://bit.ly/voxyoutube","facebook_video_url":"","play_in_modal":true,"user_preferences_for_privacy_enabled":false,"show_branded_logos":true}" data-cid="site/article_footer-1688382633_6420_25721" style="background-color: #f5f6f7; box-sizing: border-box; color: #4c4e4d; display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 1.3rem 0px 1.3rem 1.3rem; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><div class="upper--container-column left-column" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit; width: fit-content;"><h3 class="c-article-footer--readcount" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: calc(15px); font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.2; margin: 0px 0px 0.6rem; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-decoration: inherit; vertical-align: inherit;"><br /></h3></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-9434273713672199612023-06-10T06:12:00.000-07:002023-06-10T06:12:01.379-07:00Jim Carrey On "Awakening" A Brief Simplistic Introduction...!!<p> </p><p><br /></p><p> </p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHTB58k43gNdOFDkhQIrARgYMfPyi7x2th5GGKKjRmiUAPPD2iELQvSH-PXWMO0OiDDaGOIUoGgSFQrRdPXeB-OI7vP7weSnw1I_fmV9dfwvnBJzm8JTf3YR6AlVO2w7iXGpibB0TaBebXuC_nvTcO-hevP3SN0qYlziR30FhUeuRV5eBPZJzqRaGl" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="220" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjHTB58k43gNdOFDkhQIrARgYMfPyi7x2th5GGKKjRmiUAPPD2iELQvSH-PXWMO0OiDDaGOIUoGgSFQrRdPXeB-OI7vP7weSnw1I_fmV9dfwvnBJzm8JTf3YR6AlVO2w7iXGpibB0TaBebXuC_nvTcO-hevP3SN0qYlziR30FhUeuRV5eBPZJzqRaGl=w295-h400" width="295" /></a></div><br /> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uIaY0l5qV0c">See Short Video</a><p></p><p>It is always good to see and hear someone who can explain something important in simple language without endless waffle..RS</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-43783340159562602742023-06-10T05:57:00.000-07:002023-06-10T05:57:22.556-07:00Baba Vanga<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbeEgz-Rc5qVEgb-a-IaHbl-i9byARUFiBZt1jtvRPd6XPGUoOCEPULsbItUeVyDdL2NK9kwEuFCDilLzjxsiA-0i1J8TjF89yk0TTiW4_9EkGwTds1a_4zlejvWhVWuvmj9rQzdCoMWUysTAvhWnIKlt3mkSBDVt7XNnvQoZWoRLB2HT8OU-PkmIc" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="288" data-original-width="220" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjbeEgz-Rc5qVEgb-a-IaHbl-i9byARUFiBZt1jtvRPd6XPGUoOCEPULsbItUeVyDdL2NK9kwEuFCDilLzjxsiA-0i1J8TjF89yk0TTiW4_9EkGwTds1a_4zlejvWhVWuvmj9rQzdCoMWUysTAvhWnIKlt3mkSBDVt7XNnvQoZWoRLB2HT8OU-PkmIc=w305-h400" width="305" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p> <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=baba+vanga&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1061&oq=&aqs=chrome.0.69i59i450l6.4593141j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">Google listings for Baba Vanga</a></p><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border-spacing: 3px; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: right; color: black; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; padding: 0.2em; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="infobox-image" colspan="2" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: top;"><div class="infobox-caption">Baba Vanga in October 1994</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="nickname" style="display: inline;">Vangeliya Pandeva Surcheva</div><br />3 October 1911<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 9.856px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumica" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strumica">Strumica</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;">11 August 1996 (aged 84)<br /><div class="deathplace" style="display: inline;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="vertical-align: top;">Bulgarian</td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="hlist"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clairvoyant">Clairvoyant</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;">Healer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="text-align: left; vertical-align: top;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="vertical-align: top;"><div class="marriage-display-ws" style="display: inline; white-space: nowrap;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: normal; margin-top: 1px; white-space: normal;">Dimitar Gushterov</div><div class="marriage-line-margin2px" style="line-height: 0; margin-bottom: -2px;"></div><div style="display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 1px;"></div>(<abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="married">m.</abbr> 1942; died 1962)</div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><br /></p><p> <b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Vangeliya Pandeva Gushterova</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;" title="Name at birth"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Surcheva</b></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">;</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span lang="bg" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Вангелия Пандева Гущерова, <span title="Name at birth"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Birth name">née</a> Сурчева</span></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">; 3 October 1911 – 11 August 1996), commonly known as</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><b style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Baba Vanga</b><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">(Bulgarian:</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span lang="bg" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Баба Ванга</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><small style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.9px;"><abbr style="border-bottom: 0px; cursor: help;" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> </small><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">'Grandmother Vanga'), was a</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">mystic and</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbalist" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Herbalist">herbalist</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Blind since her early childhood, she spent most of her life in the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupite" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rupite">Rupite</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">area of the</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhuh" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kozhuh">Kozhuh</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">mountains in Bulgaria.</span><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In the late 1970s and 1980s, she was widely known in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> for her alleged abilities of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairvoyance" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Precognition">precognition</a>. Zheni Kostadinova<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2023)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> claimed in 1997 that millions of people believed she possessed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paranormal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paranormal">paranormal</a> abilities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Life">Life</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Vanga was born on 3 October 1911 to Pando Surchev and Paraskeva Surcheva in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strumica" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Strumica">Strumica</a> in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salonica_vilayet" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Salonica vilayet">Salonica vilayet</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (now <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>). She was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preterm_birth" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Preterm birth">premature baby</a> who suffered from health complications. In accordance with local tradition, the baby was not given a name until she was deemed likely to survive. When the baby first cried out, a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwife" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Midwife">midwife</a> went into the street and asked a stranger for a name. The stranger proposed <i>Andromaha</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromache" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Andromache">Andromache</a>), but this was rejected for being "too Greek" during a period of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">anti-Hellenic sentiment</a> within <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_Bulgarians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarian</a> society. Another stranger's proposal was a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_name" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Greek name">Greek name</a>, which was adapted to the Bulgarian version: <i>Vangeliya</i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> According to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Bucharest treaty (1913)</a>, Strumica was ceded to Bulgaria.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During her childhood, her father was an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Macedonian_Revolutionary_Organization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization">Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization</a> activist, conscripted into the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Army" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgarian Army">Bulgarian Army</a> during <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgaria during World War I">World War I</a>, and her mother died soon after. This left Vanga dependent on the care and charity of neighbours and close family friends for much of her youth. After the war, Strumica was ceded to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes</a> (i.e., <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>). Yugoslav authorities arrested her father because of his <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarophiles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgarophiles">pro-Bulgarian</a> activity. They confiscated all his property and the family fell into poverty for many years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Vanga was considered intelligent for her age. Her inclinations started to show up when she herself thought out games and loved playing "healing"—she prescribed some herbs to her friends, who pretended to be ill. Her father, being a widower, eventually remarried, thus providing a stepmother to his daughter.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to her own testimony, a turning point in her life occurred when a 'tornado' allegedly lifted her into the air and threw her into a nearby field. She was found after a long search. Witnesses described her as very frightened, and her eyes were covered with sand and dust; she was unable to open them because of the pain. There was money only for a partial operation to heal the injuries she had sustained.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> This resulted in a gradual loss of sight.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1925, Vanga was taken to a school for the blind in the city of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zemun" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zemun">Zemun</a>, in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, where she spent three years and was taught to read <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braille" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Braille">Braille</a>, play the piano, knit, cook, and clean.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup> After the death of her stepmother, she returned home to take care of her younger siblings. The family lived in poverty.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 1939, Vanga contracted <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pleurisy">pleurisy</a>. The doctor's opinion was that she would die soon, but she quickly recovered.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="960" data-file-width="1772" decoding="async" height="119" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg/220px-Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg/330px-Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg/440px-Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gr_Petrich_kushtata_na_baba_Vanga_v_grada.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>The house of Vanga in Petrich</div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2448" data-file-width="3264" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg/220px-Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg/330px-Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg/440px-Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanga%27s_last_house_in_Rupite.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Vanga's last house (built in 1970) in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupite" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rupite">Rupite</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Petrich">Petrich</a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">During <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslav_Macedonia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II in Yugoslav Macedonia">World War II</a>, Yugoslavia was invaded and dismembered by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> and Strumica was annexed by Bulgaria. At that time Vanga attracted believers in her ability to heal and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Fortune-telling">soothsay</a>—a number of people visited her, hoping to get a hint about whether their relatives were alive, or seeking for the place where they died. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">Bulgarian tzar</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a> had reportedly visited her too.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birn_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-birn-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">On 10 May 1942, Vanga married Dimitar Gushterov. Gusheterov, a Bulgarian soldier from the village of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krandzhilitsa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Krandzhilitsa">Krandzhilitsa</a> near <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Petrich">Petrich</a>, had come to town seeking revenge for his brother's killing. Shortly before marriage, Dimitar and Vanga moved to Petrich, where she soon became well-known. Dimitar was then conscripted in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_Land_Forces" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgarian Land Forces">Bulgarian Army</a> and was stationed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Greece" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, which was annexed by Bulgaria at the time. Gushterov became ill, fell into alcoholism, and eventually died on 1 April 1962.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Baba Vanga continued to be visited by dignitaries and commoners. After <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Bulgarian politicians and leaders from different <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet Republics</a>, including, reportedly, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-nytimes.com-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> In the 1990s, a church was built in Rupite with money left by her visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-nytimes.com-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup> Vanga died on 11 August 1996 from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-his_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-his-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Her funeral attracted large crowds.</p><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1200" data-file-width="1600" decoding="async" height="165" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG/220px-Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG/330px-Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG/440px-Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vanga%27s-Grave-Rupite.JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Baba Vanga's grave in Rupite, Bulgaria</div></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Work">Work</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Work">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 202px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupite_TodorBozhinov_(25).JPG" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2112" data-file-width="2816" decoding="async" height="150" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG/200px-Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG/300px-Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG/400px-Rupite_TodorBozhinov_%2825%29.JPG 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="200" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rupite_TodorBozhinov_(25).JPG" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>St Petka of Bulgaria, Baba Vanga's church and grave.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Vanga was semi-literate in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>; she could read some Braille in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>. Though she did not write any books herself, what she said or allegedly said was captured by staff members.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Later, numerous <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esoteric" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Esoteric">esoteric</a> books on Vanga's life and alleged predictions were written. There's no written record about her alleged predictions, but her followers frequently attribute predictions to her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Many of the people who were close to her have stated that she never made some of the predictions attributed to her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bulg_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-bulg-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-independent_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-independent-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Some predictions attributed to her by her followers include:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="World War II">World War II</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break-up_of_the_Soviet_Union" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Break-up of the Soviet Union">break-up of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The date of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The date of Tsar <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a>'s death</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The date of her own death<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bulg_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-bulg-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kursk_submarine_disaster" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kursk submarine disaster">sinking of the Russian submarine <i>Kursk</i></a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Princess Diana's death</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">1985 Northern Bulgaria earthquake<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_11_attacks" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Boxing_Day_Tsunami" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2004 Boxing Day Tsunami">2004 Boxing Day Tsunami</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The election of an <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African-American" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="African-American">African-American</a> as the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Barack Obama">44th President of the United States</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Fulfilling Vanga's last will and testament, her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petrich" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Petrich">Petrich</a> house was turned into a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Museum">museum</a>, which opened its doors for visitors on 5 May 2008.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-his_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-his-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> Her <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupite" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rupite">Rupite</a> house was also opened for visitors on 25 March 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><i>Vangelia</i>, a 24-episode TV series with elements of mysticism, was commissioned in 2013 by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_One_Russia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Channel One Russia">Channel One Russia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Her alleged predictions and persona remain popular in parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast Europe</a>, primarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> as well as parts of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, especially <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-birn_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-birn-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> Russian publications related to the mysterious prophetess are numerous. "The Great Encyclopedia of Vanga" is a Russian online project dedicated to her.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_note-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> The alleged predictions have been promoted on conspiracy theory websites.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheiro" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cheiro">Cheiro</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Cayce" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edgar Cayce">Edgar Cayce</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eschatology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenia_Davitashvili" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Eugenia Davitashvili">Eugenia Davitashvili</a> (Djuna)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nostradamus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nostradamus">Nostradamus</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Delphic_Oracle" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Delphic Oracle">The Delphic Oracle</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Raymond Detrez, 2014 Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Edition 3, Rowman & Littlefield, p. 57, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442241802" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1442241802">1442241802</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-blind-mystic-who-predicted-rise-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The blind mystic who 'predicted the rise of Isis'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. 2015-12-08. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110164518/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-blind-mystic-who-predicted-rise-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+blind+mystic+who+%27predicted+the+rise+of+Isis%27&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbaba-vanga-who-blind-mystic-who-predicted-rise-isis-a6765071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMorrow2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Morrow, Daniel (2020-10-03). <a class="external text" href="https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/weird-news/blind-mystic-baba-vanga-predicted-22787551" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Blind mystic Baba Vanga 'predicted Donald Trump's coronavirus plight'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Daily Record</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201110202513/https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/weird-news/blind-mystic-baba-vanga-predicted-22787551" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Record&rft.atitle=Blind+mystic+Baba+Vanga+%27predicted+Donald+Trump%27s+coronavirus+plight%27&rft.date=2020-10-03&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyrecord.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fweird-news%2Fblind-mystic-baba-vanga-predicted-22787551&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFKettley2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kettley, Sebastian (2020-10-11). <a class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1256073/Baba-Vanga-2020-prediction-coronavirus-blind-mystic-COVID19-virus-prophecy" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Baba Vanga 2020: Did the blind mystic predict coronavirus? COVID-19 will be 'all over us'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Express.co.uk</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113052814/https://www.express.co.uk/news/weird/1256073/Baba-Vanga-2020-prediction-coronavirus-blind-mystic-COVID19-virus-prophecy" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-11-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Express.co.uk&rft.atitle=Baba+Vanga+2020%3A+Did+the+blind+mystic+predict+coronavirus%3F+COVID-19+will+be+%27all+over+us%27&rft.date=2020-10-11&rft.aulast=Kettley&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.express.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fweird%2F1256073%2FBaba-Vanga-2020-prediction-coronavirus-blind-mystic-COVID19-virus-prophecy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gUcVrH0jcBAC&q=baba+vanga" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The History of Bulgaria, The Greenwood histories of the modern nations</i></a><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807073319/https://books.google.com/books?id=gUcVrH0jcBAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=baba+vanga&hl=bg&sa=X&ei=mN6xUfz5FYTZOrrwgfAC&ved=0CGwQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=baba%20vanga&f=false" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Frederick B. Chary, ABC-CLIO, 2011, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313384460" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0313384460">0313384460</a>, pp. 145-146.</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W7_jdu2-j3EC&pg=PA35" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">In Search of Destiny: The Universe and Man</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200808065250/https://books.google.com/books?id=W7_jdu2-j3EC&pg=PA35" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2020-08-08 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Robert A. Welcome, AuthorHouse, 2012, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/147723747X" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/147723747X">147723747X</a>, pp. 35-36.</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Прoрoчeствaтa на Вaнгa. Жeни Кoстaдинoвa, Издателство Труд, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-528-074-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/954-528-074-3">954-528-074-3</a>,Страници 696.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgQdAAAAYAAJ&q=%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Честотно-тълковен речник на личните имена у българите, Николай П. Ковачев, Държавно издателство "Д-р Петър Берон", 1987 г. стр. 58.</a>Dictionary of Personal Names of the Bulgarians, Nikolai P. Kovatchev State Publishing House "Dr Petar Beron", 1987, p 58. (Bg.)</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Стоянова, Красимира. Ванга ясновидящая. София, "Вариант", "Два слона", 1991. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5808600316" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/5808600316">5808600316</a>. с. 30.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The truth about Vanga</i>, p. 42</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The truth about Vanga</i>, pp. 43-44</span></li><li id="cite_note-birn-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-birn_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-birn_12-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://balkaninsight.com/2017/12/25/dead-bulgarian-s-prophecies-intrigue-uk-media-12-25-2017/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Dead Bulgarian's Prophecies Intrigue UK Media"</a>. <i>Balkan Insight (BIRN)</i>. December 25, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Balkan+Insight+%28BIRN%29&rft.atitle=Dead+Bulgarian%E2%80%99s+Prophecies+Intrigue+UK+Media&rft.date=2017-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2017%2F12%2F25%2Fdead-bulgarian-s-prophecies-intrigue-uk-media-12-25-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The truth about Vanga</i>, pp. 61-65, 69-70, 80-81</span></li><li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-nytimes.com_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Kinzer, <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/05/world/rupite-journal-for-a-revered-mystic-a-shrine-now-of-her-own.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Rupite Journal; For a Revered Mystic, a Shrine Now of Her Own"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807085957/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/05/world/rupite-journal-for-a-revered-mystic-a-shrine-now-of-her-own.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2019-08-07 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "The New York Times", April 5, 1995. Retrieved December 11, 2015.</span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Greenwood encyclopedia of women's issues worldwide, Volume 3, Author Lynn Walter, Publisher Greenwood Press, 2003, p. 110.</span></li><li id="cite_note-his-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-his_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-his_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Bulgaria, The Greenwood Histories of the Modern Nations, Author Frederick B. Chary, Publisher ABC-CLIO, 2011, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313384479" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0313384479">0313384479</a>, p. 145–146.</span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pilgrimage and Sacred Places in Southeast Europe: History, Religious Tourism and Contemporary Trends, Editors Mario Katic, Tomislav Klarin, Mike McDonald, Publisher LIT Verlag Münster, 2014, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3643905041" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/3643905041">3643905041</a>, p. 85.</span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://journalmetro.com/opinions/inspecteur-viral/901689/non-la-voyante-bulgare-baba-vanga-na-pas-predit-une-guerre-mondiale-en-2016/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<i>Non, la «voyante» bulgare Baba Vanga n’a pas prédit une guerre mondiale en 2016</i>"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191112065751/https://journalmetro.com/opinions/inspecteur-viral/901689/non-la-voyante-bulgare-baba-vanga-na-pas-predit-une-guerre-mondiale-en-2016/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2019-11-12 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_International" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metro International">Metro</a></i>, November 15, 2016.</span></li><li id="cite_note-bulg-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-bulg_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-bulg_19-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.24chasa.bg/Article/547281" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Баба Ванга не е предсказвала края на света"</a>. <i>www.24chasa.bg</i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129142528/https://www.24chasa.bg/Article/547281" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2022-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.24chasa.bg&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.24chasa.bg%2FArticle%2F547281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-independent-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-independent_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Baba Vanga: Who is the blind mystic who 'predicted the rise of Isis'?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 8 December 2015. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229140153/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Baba+Vanga%3A+Who+is+the+blind+mystic+who+%27predicted+the+rise+of+Isis%27%3F&rft.date=2015-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbaba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/dp4xpw/baba-vangas-predictions-of-natural-disasters" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Baba Vanga's Predictions of "Natural Disasters"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vice News">Vice News</a></i>. June 29, 2012.</span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRyan_Barrell2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ryan Barrell (January 1, 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2016/01/01/blind-mystic-baba-vanga-predicts-isis-invasion-of-europe_n_8903050.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Blind Bulgarian Mystic Baba Vanga, Who 'Predicted' The Rise Of Isis, Says They'll Invade Europe In 2016"</a>. <i>The Huffington Post UK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Huffington+Post+UK&rft.atitle=Blind+Bulgarian+Mystic+Baba+Vanga%2C+Who+%27Predicted%27+The+Rise+Of+Isis%2C+Says+They%27ll+Invade+Europe+In+2016&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.au=Ryan+Barrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2F2016%2F01%2F01%2Fblind-mystic-baba-vanga-predicts-isis-invasion-of-europe_n_8903050.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Kinzer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stephen Kinzer">Stephen Kinzer</a>: "<a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/05/world/rupite-journal-for-a-revered-mystic-a-shrine-now-of-her-own.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Rupite Journal; For a Revered Mystic, a Shrine Now of Her Own</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190807085957/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/05/world/rupite-journal-for-a-revered-mystic-a-shrine-now-of-her-own.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2019-08-07 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, April 5, 1995.</span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The blind mystic who 'predicted the rise of Isis'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. December 10, 2015. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229140153/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/baba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">January 29,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+blind+mystic+who+%27predicted+the+rise+of+Isis%27&rft.date=2015-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fbaba-vanga-who-is-the-blind-mystic-who-predicted-the-rise-of-isis-a6765071.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/08/fair-warning-bulgarian-prophet-says-obama-will-be-americas-last-president/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fair warning: Bulgarian prophet predicted Obama would be last U.S. president"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107093751/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/08/fair-warning-bulgarian-prophet-says-obama-will-be-americas-last-president/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-01-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-15</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fair+warning%3A+Bulgarian+prophet+predicted+Obama+would+be+last+U.S.+president&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2Ffair-warning-bulgarian-prophet-says-obama-will-be-americas-last-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://sofiaglobe.com/2014/03/26/house-of-bulgarias-baba-vanga-opens-to-visitors/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"House of Bulgaria's Baba Vanga opens to visitors"</a>. <i>The Sofia Globe</i>. March 26, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 31,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Sofia+Globe&rft.atitle=House+of+Bulgaria%E2%80%99s+Baba+Vanga+opens+to+visitors&rft.date=2014-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsofiaglobe.com%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2Fhouse-of-bulgarias-baba-vanga-opens-to-visitors%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://favoritfilm.ru/ru/katalog-filmov/movies/148-vangeliya" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Vangelia</i></a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210108094903/http://favoritfilm.ru/ru/katalog-filmov/movies/148-vangeliya" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2021-01-08 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on the official site of Favorite Film. Retrieved December 11, 2015.</span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Зорница Стоилова, <a class="external text" href="http://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/obshtestvo/2014/04/04/2275476_zashto_se_vurna_vanga/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Защо се върна Ванга"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210109111723/https://www.capital.bg/politika_i_ikonomika/obshtestvo/2014/04/04/2275476_zashto_se_vurna_vanga/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2021-01-09 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Bulgarian weekly business newspaper "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_(newspaper)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Capital (newspaper)">Capital</a>", April 4, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.</span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Documentary <a class="external text" href="http://www.kanal5.com.mk/vesti_detail.asp?ID=46919" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Baba Vangja, the last Macedonian prophet"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225203055/http://www.kanal5.com.mk/vesti_detail.asp?ID=46919" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a>2017-12-25 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, shot by the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanal_5_(Macedonia)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kanal 5 (Macedonia)">Macedonian "Kanal 5"</a>, August 23, 2014. Retrieved December 11, 2015.</span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFMax_Fisher2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Max Fisher (November 8, 2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2012/11/08/fair-warning-bulgarian-prophet-says-obama-will-be-americas-last-president/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Fair warning: Bulgarian prophet predicted Obama would be last U.S. president"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 16,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Fair+warning%3A+Bulgarian+prophet+predicted+Obama+would+be+last+U.S.+president&rft.date=2012-11-08&rft.au=Max+Fisher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworldviews%2Fwp%2F2012%2F11%2F08%2Ffair-warning-bulgarian-prophet-says-obama-will-be-americas-last-president%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baba_Vanga#cite_ref-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://vanga.ru/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Great Encyclopedia of Vanga"</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200710064245/http://vanga.ru/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2020-07-10 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved December 11, 2015.</span></li></ol></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_sources">Other sources</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other sources">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="refbegin" style="font-size: 12.6px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFСтоянова_[Stoyanova]1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Стоянова [Stoyanova], Красимира [Krasimira] (1996). <i>Истината за Ванга</i> [<i>The truth about Vanga</i>] (in Bulgarian). Sofia: Balgarski Pisatel. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/954-443-170-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/954-443-170-5"><bdi>954-443-170-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pub=Balgarski+Pisatel&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=954-443-170-5&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%5BStoyanova%5D&rft.aufirst=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0+%5BKrasimira%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFValtchinova2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Valtchinova, Galia (2005). <a class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/dha_0755-7256_2005_num_31_1_2487" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Vanga, la "Pythie bulgare": idées et usages de l'Antiquité en Bulgarie socialiste"</a>. <i>Dialogues d'histoire ancienne</i> (in French). <b>31</b> (1): 93–127. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fdha.2005.2487" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3406/dha.2005.2487</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616070410/http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/dha_0755-7256_2005_num_31_1_2487" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dialogues+d%27histoire+ancienne&rft.atitle=Vanga%2C+la+%22Pythie+bulgare%22%3A+id%C3%A9es+et+usages+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9+en+Bulgarie+socialiste&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=93-127&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fdha.2005.2487&rft.aulast=Valtchinova&rft.aufirst=Galia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fweb%2Frevues%2Fhome%2Fprescript%2Farticle%2Fdha_0755-7256_2005_num_31_1_2487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFIvanovIzmirlieva2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ivanov, Petko; Izmirlieva, Valentina (2003). <a class="external text" href="https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/folklorica/article/viewFile/3733/3572" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Betwixt and Between: The Cult of Living Saints in Contemporary Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Folklorica, Journal of the Slavic and East European</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 33–53. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721173705/https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/folklorica/article/viewFile/3733/3572" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">1 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklorica%2C+Journal+of+the+Slavic+and+East+European&rft.atitle=Betwixt+and+Between%3A+The+Cult+of+Living+Saints+in+Contemporary+Bulgaria&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-53&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Ivanov&rft.aufirst=Petko&rft.au=Izmirlieva%2C+Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.ku.edu%2Findex.php%2Ffolklorica%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F3733%2F3572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABaba+Vanga"></span></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baba_Vanga&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: flow-root; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 4px 0px 4px 1em; width: 238px;"><div class="side-box-flex" style="align-items: center; display: flex;"><div class="side-box-image" style="padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.9em; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="noviewer" data-file-height="1376" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="30" /></div><div class="side-box-text plainlist" style="flex: 1 1 0%; padding: 0.25em 0.9em;">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a class="extiw" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baba_Vanga" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="commons:Category:Baba Vanga"><span style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold;">Baba Vanga</span></a>.</div></div></div><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm9204589/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Baba Vanga</a> at <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.peoples.ru/state/divinators/vanga/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">An article by Natalia Baltzun</a>, translated by Kristina Hristova (Bulgaria) <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.skeptik.net/extras/gorny1.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Vanga's Prophecies: Product of the Bulgarian Secret Services</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><button aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" style="appearance: none; background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; cursor: pointer; float: right; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0" type="button"><span class="mw-collapsible-text" style="color: #3366cc;">show</span></button><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229625#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size: 14.0448px; margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q229625#identifiers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" class="noprint" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" width="10" /></a></div></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1911_births" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:1911 births">1911 births</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:1996_deaths" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:1996 deaths">1996 deaths</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:People_from_Strumica" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:People from Strumica">People from Strumica</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bulgarian_psychics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Bulgarian psychics">Bulgarian psychics</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Clairvoyants" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Clairvoyants">Clairvoyants</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_cancer_in_Bulgaria" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Deaths from cancer in Bulgaria">Deaths from cancer in Bulgaria</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_breast_cancer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Deaths from breast cancer">Deaths from breast cancer</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Bulgarian_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:20th-century Bulgarian people">20th-century Bulgarian people</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_Bulgarian_women" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:20th-century Bulgarian women">20th-century Bulgarian women</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Macedonian_Bulgarians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Macedonian Bulgarians">Macedonian Bulgarians</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Bulgarian_blind_people" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Bulgarian blind people">Bulgarian blind people</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Women_mystics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Women mystics">Women mystics</a></li></ul></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-32494358959469273942023-06-10T05:18:00.005-07:002023-06-10T05:40:53.523-07:00Some Speculation on String theory and Metaphysics....<p> </p><p><i style="background-color: white; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem;"><br /></i></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaMkHkqYovbwOBgIH6-VltGnaVKqA7kNGIxysXIIvc5VKPKQhS65yQkAvLNJ4-bZKuyyd_1_WTWFCpFWpnKYMnM49ciWOKaLTkY21k4ECQ7PrzPI0jSGVr37eUgJlqysLLtfuU3Upmg6sRlokjCKm1sD6zRu2tp4R_c6v-sJe-KhthtGNYaLwg6ToU" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="1024" height="330" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjaMkHkqYovbwOBgIH6-VltGnaVKqA7kNGIxysXIIvc5VKPKQhS65yQkAvLNJ4-bZKuyyd_1_WTWFCpFWpnKYMnM49ciWOKaLTkY21k4ECQ7PrzPI0jSGVr37eUgJlqysLLtfuU3Upmg6sRlokjCKm1sD6zRu2tp4R_c6v-sJe-KhthtGNYaLwg6ToU=w400-h330" width="400" /></a></div><i style="background-color: white; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem;"><br /></i><p></p><p><i style="background-color: white; color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem;"><i style="color: var(--primary-text); font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem;">Every true theorist is a kind of tamed metaphysicist,” — Albert Einstein</i></i></p><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">I am a untamed metaphysicist..</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">My FLG string cosmology includes the spiritual planes as well as the physical and mental planes in a combined top-down and bottom-up cosmology. The bottom-up cosmology is based on a published 26d physical plane and mental plane prediction. The combined FLG cosmology is characterized by 3 spiritual 4D spacetimes, one mental 4D spacetime and one physical 4D spacetime plus 5 subspaces of different CYMs.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The top-down cosmology is based on the doubled Fibonacci series 2,2 4, 6, 10, and 16 designating the order of spiritual planes and their dimensions in existence.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The first 2 in the series refers to the Resting Consciousness which exists after all other consciousnesses are dissolved. It is composed only of open strings, each of which are 2 dimensional since vibrations can go in two directions on each string.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The first creation is the formation of a 2 dimensional surface, the second 2 in the series. Inside this 2D surface, a 4D spacetime emerges composed of closed strings. The 4D volume in turn is filled with tiny 2d surfaces incorporating tiny 4d volumes each of which mirrors the 4D volume by way of T-duality. All of this is considered to be the first created spiritual plane.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">This is the limit of purely spiritual planes: the plane of Resting consciousness (the One Self of non-duality); and a plane of Active consciousness that includes 4d souls</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The second created spiritual plane designated by 10 dimensions in the series provides the quantum waves for guidance of the 10d mental particles. It contains a 4D spacetime and a subspace of compactified particle-like 6d Calabi-Yau Manifolds (CYMs).</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The third created spiritual plane designated by 16 dimensions provides the quantum waves for the 10d physical particles. It contains many enclosed 2D surfaces, each being a separate Metaverse and each containing a 4D spacetime and a subspace of compactified particle-like 6d CYMs plus a compactified 4D space for the recorded Akashic waves</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The bottom-up cosmology, a 26d string cosmology based on known string theory:<br /><span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.neuroquantology.com%2Fdata-cms%2Farticles%2F20191024021931pm285.pdf%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR00-hoiTkbBOCuM6emnBfzMLldCqkTeSm0X4P8q13VYJ6sKB6KysbjRG6w&h=AT0iS1be7TN9RfiqjxckGB3iMPi-I8r__OyRa1i1fxiSfLSfLqWEPR2Z5A1LHpBH-Sy4BfkQKeXlDiJ1gxHT5_cMPlzQwfJoTRneUN9U6w1sHScSeRq01qlS3xrwo-Sm0g&__tn__=-UK-R&c[0]=AT0Aaf3cEuTYSqdvfakD8bXgDsE4KFpmQpYtLlOkV2NdUJqyykGdFivZJL4wRJn4uPHVUA-oMypBr_yTixLDzI0C3DvdQhelOLUNWckgtYEMY8Ot5oE47p46FKSvcqLNW9SP95S1wUndEc-_yDw8ZzV4vZBoZzNI1X_JAiWJfCI86kQ1hkYpph5bx-x8ZW8wk3YOu8Fc-aHleMjqo5rym-s" rel="nofollow noreferrer" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://www.neuroquantology.com/.../20191024021931pm285...</a></span><br />treats each universe as closed12d planes, ie, a 2D surface enclosing a 4D spacetime and 6d CYMs, and treats the Metaverse as an open 14d plane . This fits nicely with the top-down cosmology which provides the 2D surface closure of each Metaverse.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">[Those of your who are curious enough to open the 26d string cosmology paper will see that in it I call the Metaverse a Multiverse. Since I wrote that paper the word Multiverse has been taken over by the Many Worlds theorists to indicate that each universe is a multiverse. So I use the word Metaverse to mean a collection of many universes, what Multiverse formerly meant]</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The significant feature of my FLG* string cosmology is that I separate quantum waves into the spiritual planes and treat the physical and mental planes as purely particulate. This is in accordance with recent theory and experiments that support the idea that particles are real and that wave functions are real but that wave/particle duality is not real.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">There are several unknowns remaining. The principal one is the source of the Flux that string theorists say winds thru the 500 holes in each CYM. The mystics call this Flux the Sound Current which is a sound that most of us an hear. (MDs refer to it as tinnitus.) The Sound Current (Hu Ru), a combination of sound and light with tree-like tentacles, is how the One Higher Self manages to construct the cosmology/creation. In particular it constructs the primordial 2D spiritual surface from the open strings of the Resting consciousness, and it makes the 6d CYMs throughout the entire creation, like string theorists conjecture for the physical CYMs.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">My speculation as to the source of the Flux / Sound Current is that the cosmology actually should contain another layer of dimensions, ie., 2,2,4,6,10,16,26 and 42. The plane of 42 dimensions may provide sufficient complexity to be the source and the control of the Sound Current.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">*The letters FLG stand for Fibonacci-Liebniz-Godel. Liebniz's Monadology is equivalent to the CYMs and Godel provides for a CYM arithmetic if each of the CYMs is unique as specified by Liebniz.</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">The above was written by the late physicist Richard Ruquist</span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;">Among other things he used to have a Facebook site. <a href="https://www.facebook.com/groups/261776920960977">See the following if it is still present</a></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><p><br /></p></span><ul style="color: #1c1e21; font-size: 12px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li><div style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="xdj266r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 x46jau6" style="font-family: inherit; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 54px;"><ul style="list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li><div aria-label="Reply by Richard Ruquist to Greggo Das's comment 3 years ago" class="x1n2onr6 x1iorvi4 x4uap5 x18d9i69 xurb0ha x78zum5 x1q0g3np x1a2a7pz" role="article" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; outline: none; padding: 4px 0px 0px 8px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div class="x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1pi30zi" style="flex-basis: 0px; flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 16px;"><ul aria-hidden="false" class="x1n0m28w x1rg5ohu x1wfe3co xat24cr xsgj6o6 x1o1nzlu xyqdw3p" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 12px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px -8px 0px 4px; min-height: 15px; padding: 3px 0px 0px;"><li><div aria-label="Comment by Richard Ruquist 3 years ago" class="x1n2onr6 x4uap5 x18d9i69 x1swvt13 x1iorvi4 x78zum5 x1q0g3np x1a2a7pz" role="article" style="display: flex; flex-direction: row; font-family: inherit; outline: none; padding: 4px 0px 0px 16px; position: relative;" tabindex="-1"><div class="x1r8uery x1iyjqo2 x6ikm8r x10wlt62 x1pi30zi" style="flex-basis: 0px; flex-grow: 1; font-family: inherit; overflow: hidden; padding-right: 16px;"><ul aria-hidden="false" class="x1n0m28w x1rg5ohu x1wfe3co xat24cr xsgj6o6 x1o1nzlu xyqdw3p" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 12px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px -8px 0px 4px; min-height: 15px; padding: 3px 0px 0px;"><li class="x1rg5ohu x1emribx x1i64zmx" style="display: inline-block; margin-left: 8px; margin-right: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><span class="x1rg5ohu" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit;"><div class="x1n2onr6 x1rg5ohu" style="display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; position: relative;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><div class="__fb-light-mode x1afcbsf x1uhb9sk x1swf91x" style="--accent: hsl(214, 89%, 52%); --alert-banner-corner-radius: 8px; --always-black: black; --always-dark-gradient: linear-gradient(rgba(0,0,0,0), rgba(0,0,0,0.6)); --always-dark-overlay: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); --always-gray-40: #65676B; --always-gray-75: #BCC0C4; --always-gray-95: #F0F2F5; --always-light-overlay: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); --always-white: #FFFFFF; --attachment-footer-background: #F0F2F5; --background-deemphasized: #F0F2F5; --base-blue: #1877F2; --base-cherry: #F3425F; --base-grape: #9360F7; --base-lemon: #F7B928; --base-lime: #45BD62; --base-pink: #FF66BF; --base-seafoam: #54C7EC; --base-teal: #2ABBA7; --base-tomato: #FB724B; --blue-link: #216FDB; --blueprint-button-height-large: 48px; --blueprint-button-height-medium: 40px; --body-emphasized-font-family: Placeholder Font; --body-emphasized-font-size: 0.9375rem; --body-emphasized-font-weight: 600; --body-emphasized-line-height: 1.3333; --body-font-family: Placeholder Font; --body-font-size: 0.9375rem; --body-font-weight: 400; --body-line-height: 1.3333; --border-focused: #65676B; --button-corner-radius-large: 12px; --button-corner-radius-medium: 10px; --button-corner-radius: 6px; --button-height-large: 40px; --button-height-medium: 36px; --button-icon-padding-large: 16px; --button-icon-padding-medium: 16px; --button-inner-icon-spacing-large: 3px; --button-inner-icon-spacing-medium: 3px; --button-padding-horizontal-large: 16px; --button-padding-horizontal-medium: 16px; --card-background-flat: #F7F8FA; --card-background: #FFFFFF; --card-box-shadow: 0 12px 28px 0 var(--shadow-2), 0 2px 4px 0 var(--shadow-1); --card-corner-radius: 8px; --card-padding-horizontal: 10px; --card-padding-vertical: 20px; --chip-corner-radius: 6px; --comment-background: #F0F2F5; --comment-footer-background: #F6F9FA; --dataviz-primary-1: rgb(48,200,180); --dataviz-primary-2: rgb(134,218,255); --dataviz-primary-3: rgb(95,170,255); --dataviz-secondary-1: rgb(118,62,230); --dataviz-secondary-2: rgb(147,96,247); --dataviz-secondary-3: rgb(219,26,139); --dataviz-supplementary-1: rgb(255,122,105); --dataviz-supplementary-2: rgb(241,168,23); --dataviz-supplementary-3: rgb(49,162,76); --dataviz-supplementary-4: rgb(50,52,54); --dialog-anchor-vertical-padding: 56px; --dialog-corner-radius: 8px; --dialog-size-medium-max-width: 700px; --dialog-size-medium-width: 100%; --dialog-size-small-max-width: 548px; --dialog-size-small-width: 100%; --disabled-button-background: #E4E6EB; --disabled-button-text: #BCC0C4; --disabled-icon: #BCC0C4; --disabled-text: #BCC0C4; --divider: #CED0D4; --event-date: #F3425F; --fb-logo-color: #2D88FF; --fb-wordmark: #1877F2; --fds-animation-enter-exit-in: cubic-bezier(0.14, 1, 0.34, 1); --fds-animation-enter-exit-out: cubic-bezier(0.45, 0.1, 0.2, 1); --fds-animation-expand-collapse-in: cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.17, 0, 1); --fds-animation-expand-collapse-out: cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.17, 0, 1); --fds-animation-fade-in: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 1, 1); --fds-animation-fade-out: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 1, 1); --fds-animation-move-in: cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.17, 0, 1); --fds-animation-move-out: cubic-bezier(0.17, 0.17, 0, 1); --fds-animation-passive-move-in: cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1); --fds-animation-passive-move-out: cubic-bezier(0.5, 0, 0.1, 1); --fds-animation-quick-move-in: cubic-bezier(0.1, 0.9, 0.2, 1); --fds-animation-quick-move-out: cubic-bezier(0.1, 0.9, 0.2, 1); --fds-animation-swap-shuffle-in: cubic-bezier(0.14, 1, 0.34, 1); --fds-animation-swap-shuffle-out: cubic-bezier(0.45, 0.1, 0.2, 1); --fds-black-alpha-05: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); --fds-black-alpha-10: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); --fds-black-alpha-15: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.15); --fds-black-alpha-20: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); --fds-black-alpha-30: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3); --fds-black-alpha-40: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); --fds-black-alpha-50: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); --fds-black-alpha-60: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); --fds-black-alpha-80: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --fds-black: #000000; --fds-blue-05: #ECF3FF; --fds-blue-30: #AAC9FF; --fds-blue-40: #77A7FF; --fds-blue-60: #1877F2; --fds-blue-70: #2851A3; --fds-blue-80: #1D3C78; --fds-button-text: #444950; --fds-comment-background: #F2F3F5; --fds-dark-mode-gray-100: #1C1C1C; --fds-dark-mode-gray-35: #CCCCCC; --fds-dark-mode-gray-50: #828282; --fds-dark-mode-gray-70: #4A4A4A; --fds-dark-mode-gray-80: #373737; --fds-dark-mode-gray-90: #282828; --fds-duration-extra-extra-short-in: 100ms; --fds-duration-extra-extra-short-out: 100ms; --fds-duration-extra-long-in: 1000ms; --fds-duration-extra-long-out: 1000ms; --fds-duration-extra-short-in: 200ms; --fds-duration-extra-short-out: 150ms; --fds-duration-long-in: 500ms; --fds-duration-long-out: 350ms; --fds-duration-medium-in: 400ms; --fds-duration-medium-out: 350ms; --fds-duration-none: 0ms; --fds-duration-short-in: 280ms; --fds-duration-short-out: 200ms; --fds-fast: 200ms; --fds-gray-00: #F5F6F7; --fds-gray-05: #F2F3F5; --fds-gray-100: #1C1E21; --fds-gray-10: #EBEDF0; --fds-gray-20: #DADDE1; --fds-gray-25: #CCD0D5; --fds-gray-30: #BEC3C9; --fds-gray-45: #8D949E; --fds-gray-70: #606770; --fds-gray-80: #444950; --fds-gray-90: #303338; --fds-green-55: #00A400; --fds-highlight-cell-background: #ECF3FF; --fds-highlight: #3578E5; --fds-primary-icon: #1C1E21; --fds-primary-text: #1C1E21; --fds-red-55: #FA383E; --fds-slow: 400ms; --fds-soft: cubic-bezier(0.08,0.52,0.52,1); --fds-spectrum-aluminum-tint-70: #E4F0F6; --fds-spectrum-blue-gray-tint-70: #CFD1D5; --fds-spectrum-cherry-tint-70: #FBCCD2; --fds-spectrum-cherry: #F35369; --fds-spectrum-grape-tint-70: #DDD5F0; --fds-spectrum-grape-tint-90: #F4F1FA; --fds-spectrum-lemon-dark-1: #F5C33B; --fds-spectrum-lemon-tint-70: #FEF2D1; --fds-spectrum-lime-tint-70: #E4F0D5; --fds-spectrum-lime: #A3CE71; --fds-spectrum-orange-tint-70: #FCDEC5; --fds-spectrum-orange-tint-90: #FEF4EC; --fds-spectrum-seafoam-tint-70: #CAEEF9; --fds-spectrum-slate-dark-2: #89A1AC; --fds-spectrum-slate-tint-70: #EAEFF2; --fds-spectrum-teal-dark-1: #4DBBA6; --fds-spectrum-teal-dark-2: #31A38D; --fds-spectrum-teal-tint-70: #D2F0EA; --fds-spectrum-teal-tint-90: #F0FAF8; --fds-spectrum-teal: #6BCEBB; --fds-spectrum-tomato-tint-30: #F38E7B; --fds-spectrum-tomato-tint-90: #FDEFED; --fds-spectrum-tomato: #FB724B; --fds-strong: cubic-bezier(0.12,0.8,0.32,1); --fds-white-alpha-05: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.05); --fds-white-alpha-10: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.1); --fds-white-alpha-20: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); --fds-white-alpha-30: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); --fds-white-alpha-40: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.4); --fds-white-alpha-50: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); --fds-white-alpha-60: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.6); --fds-white-alpha-80: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8); --fds-white: #FFFFFF; --fds-yellow-20: #FFBA00; --filter-accent: invert(39%) sepia(57%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(147.75%) hue-rotate(202deg) brightness(97%) contrast(96%); --filter-always-white: invert(100%); --filter-blue-link-icon: invert(30%) sepia(98%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(166.5%) hue-rotate(192deg) brightness(91%) contrast(101%); --filter-disabled-icon: invert(80%) sepia(6%) saturate(200%) saturate(120%) hue-rotate(173deg) brightness(98%) contrast(89%); --filter-negative: invert(25%) sepia(33%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(110%) hue-rotate(345deg) brightness(132%) contrast(96%); --filter-placeholder-icon: invert(59%) sepia(11%) saturate(200%) saturate(135%) hue-rotate(176deg) brightness(96%) contrast(94%); --filter-positive: invert(37%) sepia(61%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(115%) hue-rotate(91deg) brightness(97%) contrast(105%); --filter-primary-icon: invert(8%) sepia(10%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(166%) hue-rotate(177deg) brightness(104%) contrast(91%); --filter-secondary-icon: invert(39%) sepia(21%) saturate(200%) saturate(109.5%) hue-rotate(174deg) brightness(94%) contrast(86%); --filter-warning-icon: invert(77%) sepia(29%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(200%) saturate(128%) hue-rotate(359deg) brightness(102%) contrast(107%); --font-family-apple: system-ui, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, ".SFNSText-Regular", sans-serif; --font-family-code: ui-monospace, Menlo, Consolas, Monaco, monospace; --font-family-default: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; --font-family-segoe: Segoe UI Historic, Segoe UI, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; --glimmer-corner-radius: 8px; --glimmer-spinner-icon: #65676B; --global-panel-width-expanded: 0px; --global-panel-width: 0px; --header-height: 56px; --headline1-font-family: Optimistic Display Bold, system-ui, sans-serif; --headline1-font-size: 1.75rem; --headline1-font-weight: 700; --headline1-line-height: 1.2143; --headline2-font-family: Optimistic Display Bold, system-ui, sans-serif; --headline2-font-size: 1.5rem; --headline2-font-weight: 700; --headline2-line-height: 1.25; --headline3-font-family: Optimistic Display Bold, system-ui, sans-serif; --headline3-font-size: 1.0625rem; --headline3-font-weight: 700; --headline3-line-height: 1.2941; --hero-banner-background: #FFFFFF; --highlight-bg: #E7F3FF; --hosted-view-selected-state: rgba(45, 136, 255, 0.1); --hover-overlay: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); --image-corner-radius: 4px; --input-background-disabled: #F0F2F5; --input-background: #FFFFFF; --input-border-color-hover: var(--placeholder-text); --input-border-color: #CED0D4; --input-border-width: 1px; --input-corner-radius: 6px; --input-label-color-highlighted: hsl(214, 89%, 52%); --list-cell-chevron: #65676B; --list-cell-corner-radius: 8px; --list-cell-min-height: 52px; --list-cell-padding-vertical-with-addon: 14px; --list-cell-padding-vertical: 20px; --media-hover: rgba(68, 73, 80, 0.15); --media-inner-border: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); --media-outer-border: #FFFFFF; --media-pressed: rgba(68, 73, 80, 0.35); --menu-item-base-margin-horizontal: 8px; --menu-item-base-padding-horizontal: 8px; --messenger-card-background: #FFFFFF; --messenger-reply-background: #F0F2F5; --meta-emphasized-font-family: Placeholder Font; --meta-emphasized-font-size: 0.8125rem; --meta-emphasized-font-weight: 600; --meta-emphasized-line-height: 1.3846; --meta-font-family: Placeholder Font; --meta-font-size: 0.8125rem; --meta-font-weight: 400; --meta-line-height: 1.3846; --nav-bar-background-gradient-wash: linear-gradient(to top, #F0F2F5, rgba(240,242,245.9), rgba(240,242,245,0.7), rgba(240,242,245,0.4), rgba(240,242,245,0)); --nav-bar-background-gradient: linear-gradient(to top, #FFFFFF, rgba(255,255,255.9), rgba(255,255,255,0.7), rgba(255,255,255,0.4), rgba(255,255,255,0)); --nav-bar-background: #FFFFFF; --nav-list-cell-corner-radius: 8px; --nav-list-cell-min-height: 0px; --nav-list-cell-padding-vertical-with-addon: 16px; --nav-list-cell-padding-vertical: 16px; --negative-background: hsl(350, 87%, 55%, 20%); --negative: hsl(350, 87%, 55%); --new-notification-background: #E7F3FF; --non-media-pressed-on-dark: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.3); --non-media-pressed: rgba(68, 73, 80, 0.15); --notification-badge: #e41e3f; --overlay-alpha-80: rgba(244, 244, 244, 0.8); --overlay-on-media: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6); --page-footer-padding-vertical: 16px; --placeholder-icon: #65676B; --placeholder-image: rgb(164, 167, 171); --placeholder-text-on-media: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); --placeholder-text: #65676B; --popover-background: #FFFFFF; --positive-background: #DEEFE1; --positive: #31A24C; --press-overlay: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); --primary-button-background: #1B74E4; --primary-button-icon: #FFFFFF; --primary-button-pressed: #77A7FF; --primary-button-text: #FFFFFF; --primary-deemphasized-button-background: #E7F3FF; --primary-deemphasized-button-pressed-overlay: rgba(25, 110, 255, 0.15); --primary-deemphasized-button-pressed: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); --primary-deemphasized-button-text: #1877F2; --primary-icon: #050505; --primary-label-font-family: Optimistic Display Medium, system-ui, sans-serif; --primary-label-font-size: 1.0625rem; --primary-label-font-weight: 500; --primary-label-line-height: 1.2941; --primary-text-on-media: #FFFFFF; --primary-text: #050505; --primary-web-focus-indicator: #D24294; --progress-ring-blue-background: rgba(24, 119, 242, 0.2); --progress-ring-blue-foreground: hsl(214, 89%, 52%); --progress-ring-disabled-background: rgba(190,195,201, 0.2); --progress-ring-disabled-foreground: #BEC3C9; --progress-ring-neutral-background: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); --progress-ring-neutral-foreground: #000000; --progress-ring-on-media-background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.2); --progress-ring-on-media-foreground: #FFFFFF; --rating-star-active: #EB660D; --scroll-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), 0 -1px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) inset; --scroll-thumb: #BCC0C4; --secondary-button-background-floating: #ffffff; --secondary-button-background-on-dark: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4); --secondary-button-background: #E4E6EB; --secondary-button-pressed: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05); --secondary-button-stroke: transparent; --secondary-button-text: #050505; --secondary-icon: #65676B; --secondary-label-font-family: Placeholder Font; --secondary-label-font-size: 0.9375rem; --secondary-label-font-weight: 500; --secondary-label-line-height: 1.3333; --secondary-text-on-media: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.9); --secondary-text: #65676B; --section-header-addonend-button-padding-horizontal: 0px; --section-header-addonend-button-padding-vertical: 0px; --section-header-addonend-margin-horizontal: 8px; --section-header-addonstart-margin-horizontal: 12px; --section-header-padding-vertical: 16px; --section-header-subtitle-margin-vertical: 14px; --section-header-subtitle-with-addonend-margin-vertical: 6px; --section-header-text: #4B4C4F; --shadow-1: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); --shadow-2: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2); --shadow-5: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5); --shadow-8: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); --shadow-elevated: 0 8px 20px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), 0 2px 4px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1); --shadow-inset: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.5); --shadow-persistent: 0px 0px 12px rgba(52, 72, 84, 0.05); --shadow-primary: 0px 5px 12px rgba(52, 72, 84, 0.2); --surface-background: #FFFFFF; --switch-active: hsl(214, 89%, 52%); --tertiary-label-font-family: Placeholder Font; --tertiary-label-font-size: 0.6875rem; --tertiary-label-font-weight: 500; --tertiary-label-line-height: 1.4545; --text-badge-attention-background: hsl(40, 89%, 52%); --text-badge-corner-radius: 4px; --text-badge-critical-background: #e41e3f; --text-badge-info-background: hsl(214, 89%, 52%); --text-badge-padding-horizontal: 6px; --text-badge-padding-vertical: 6px; --text-badge-success-background: #31A24C; --text-highlight: rgba(24, 119, 242, 0.2); --text-input-caption-margin-top: 10px; --text-input-field-font-family: Placeholder Font; --text-input-field-font-size: 1rem; --text-input-field-font-weight: 500; --text-input-field-line-height: 1.2941; --text-input-label-font-family: Placeholder Font; --text-input-label-font-size-scale-multiplier: 0.75; --text-input-label-font-size: 17px; --text-input-label-font-weight: 400; --text-input-label-line-height: 1.2941; --text-input-label-top: 22px; --text-input-min-height: 64px; --text-input-multi-padding-between-text-scrollbar: 20px; --text-input-multi-padding-scrollbar: 16px; --text-input-outside-label: #000000; --text-input-padding-vertical: 12px; --toast-addon-padding-horizontal: 6px; --toast-addon-padding-vertical: 6px; --toast-background: #FFFFFF; --toast-container-max-width: 100%; --toast-container-min-width: 288px; --toast-container-padding-horizontal: 10px; --toast-container-padding-vertical: 16px; --toast-corner-radius: 8px; --toast-text-link: #216FDB; --toast-text: #1C2B33; --toggle-active-background: #E7F3FF; --toggle-active-icon: rgb(24, 119, 242); --toggle-active-text: rgb(24, 119, 242); --toggle-button-active-background: #E7F3FF; --tooltip-background: rgba(244, 244, 244, 0.8); --tooltip-border-radius: 8px; --tooltip-box-shadow: 0 2px 4px 0 var(--shadow-5); --typeahead-list-outer-padding-vertical: 2px; --warning: hsl(40, 89%, 52%); --wash: #E4E6EB; --web-wash: #F0F2F5; box-sizing: content-box; font-family: inherit; position: static; z-index: auto;"><div aria-label="Like" class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w xjqpnuy xa49m3k xqeqjp1 x2hbi6w x13fuv20 xu3j5b3 x1q0q8m5 x26u7qi x972fbf xcfux6l x1qhh985 xm0m39n x9f619 x1ypdohk xdl72j9 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x2lwn1j xeuugli xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x1n2onr6 x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg x1ja2u2z x1t137rt x1o1ewxj x3x9cwd x1e5q0jg x13rtm0m x1q0g3np x87ps6o x1lku1pv x1a2a7pz x6s0dn4 x78zum5 x1iyjqo2 x2lah0s xl56j7k x5ve5x3" role="button" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; align-items: center; border-bottom-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-left-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-radius: inherit; border-right-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-style: solid; border-top-color: var(--always-dark-overlay); border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: flex; flex-direction: row; flex: 1 0 auto; font-family: inherit; justify-content: center; list-style: none; margin: 0px; min-height: 0px; min-width: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-align: inherit; touch-action: none; user-select: none; z-index: 0;" tabindex="0"><div class="xi81zsa x1ypdohk x1rg5ohu x117nqv4 x1n2onr6 xt0b8zv" style="color: var(--secondary-text); cursor: pointer; display: inline-block; font-family: inherit; font-weight: bold; position: relative;"><p><br /></p></div></div></div></span></div></span></span></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div><div class="x1e56ztr" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin-bottom: 8px;"><span class="x193iq5w xeuugli x13faqbe x1vvkbs x1xmvt09 x6prxxf xvq8zen xo1l8bm xzsf02u" color="var(--primary-text)" style="font-family: inherit; font-size: 0.9375rem; line-height: 1.3333; max-width: 100%; min-width: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-word;"><br /></span></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-15986719380838004132023-05-24T06:14:00.002-07:002023-05-27T06:19:52.125-07:00The Unknowing Sage..........<p> </p><div class="entry-category-mystics entry-category-radha_soami_satsang_beas entry-author-brian_hines entry-type-post entry" id="entry-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a81a7200c" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f0f6f5; background-image: url("entry.png") !important; background-origin: initial; background-position-x: 50%; background-position-y: -128px !important; background-position: 50% -128px; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Century Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 40px;"><div class="entry-inner" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: -8px; padding: 10px 10px 0px;"><div class="entry-content" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; padding: 20px; width: 750px;"><div class="entry-body" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 1.2em;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><span style="border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-style: initial; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><a class="asset-img-link" href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/.a/6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483bbf0200d-popup" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="The Unknowing Sage" class="asset asset-image at-xid-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483bbf0200d img-responsive" height="640" src="https://hinessight.blogs.com/.a/6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483bbf0200d-500wi" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" title="The Unknowing Sage" width="427" /></a></span></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;"><br /></span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span style="color: #4792ad;">The following comes from a post put up on The Church of the Churchless by Brian Hinnes whose blog just mentioned critiques the Radhasoami Satsang Beas and related subjects</span></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Until I ordered a book about Chand from Amazon about a week ago, what I knew about him came from a few essays and videos by David Christopher Lane, who brought this book into being: "<a href="https://www.amazon.com/Unknowing-Sage-Life-Faqir-Chand/dp/1565438639/ref=sr_1_1?keywords=the+unknowing+sage&qid=1557023138&s=gateway&sr=8-1" rel="noopener" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">The Unknowing Sage: The Life and Work of Faqir Chand</a>." </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In the summer of 1980 Lane asked Chand if he would write his life story before he left the world. Chand agreed. Good timing, since Chand died on September 11, 1981, leaving a description of both his life and spiritual philosophy that makes up the bulk of "The Unknowing Sage."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Basically, Faqir Chand came to an understanding that bears a lot of resemblance to Buddhism: the essence of spirituality is realizing that you are not an individual "self" (or soul). Without that realization, any mystical or inner experience, no matter how profound, leads one astray, since it merely is a reflection of your own mind and possesses no objective reality.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Instead, Chand viewed himself as a "bubble of super consciousness." However, the bubble doesn't possess any mystical powers, not does it know the secret of the universe. So after practicing surat shabd yoga for many years, at the age of 92 Chand said "I do not care for the sound and light too."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">He goes on to say:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Now, after having a long experience of my life, I feel that most of the past mahatmas and the present gurus by keeping the secret Truth unrevealed/undisclosed have been unfair to the public and have often exploited them. They have taken undue advantage of the ignorance of the people.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">They have built their own big buildings. They have made air-conditioned rooms for themselves. These gurus enjoy themselves and the poor people being ignorant give their hard earned money to these gurus at the cost of their comforts and those of their children.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I love Faqir Chand's frankness and commitment to speaking the truth. I plan to share more quotations from him in other blog posts. For now, here's how "The Unknowing Sage" starts out.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This introduction is unsigned, but I assume it was written by David Lane. It's a good overview of Chand's unknowingness that he attained near the end of his life. I've <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">boldfaced</strong> parts for emphasis.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Faqir Chand [1886 to 1981] was a remarkable Indian sage who spent over seventy-five years practicing an ancient meditation technique, popularly known today as surat shabd yoga, which attempts to induce a consciously controlled near-death experience,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Mastery of this experience, according to adepts of the tradition, enables one to experience regions of light and sound beyond the normal waking state, providing glimpses into higher realms of consciousness. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">After the end of World War One, Faqir Chand was recognized by his own guru Shiv Brat Lal and others in the movement to be an advanced shabd yoga mystic. According to Faqir's own account, he could almost daily leave his body at will and experience exalted states of awareness. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Nevertheless, Faqir Chand was not satisfied with these attainments and sought something higher and more permanent. </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Eventually Faqir realized that no matter how subtle or blissful a meditation experience may be, it did not in and of itself constitute the ultimate in spiritual realization. <strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Rather, the ultimate truth was that no experience could capture or contain the transcendental mystery of Being</strong>.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">In the highest stages of development man does not develop a keep sense of omniscience, but a radical and irrevocable understanding of unknowingness. </strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">In sum, one realizes that he or she is nothing but a mere bubble in a sea of existence that is infinite in all directions. As such, the bubble simply surrenders its entire being to that Power which is, in truth, living it.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Thus Faqir Chand became quite outspoken about how gurus, masters, prophets, and mystics, posing as all-knowing beings, have deceived millions of followers by duping them into believing that they have omniscience and omnipotence when in fact they have neither.</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">What enlightened sages possess, rather, is access experientially to a higher spectrum of awareness, which, in turn, reveals not final or absolute truth, but a growing awareness of how truly mysterious life really is. As Shiv Dayal Singh, the founder of Radhasoami, poetically put it: "Wonder, Wonder, Wonder: Wonder hath assumed a form."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Coupled with Faqir's tacit realization of unknowingness, he also exposed for the first time in the <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">Sant tradition</em> how visions of religious personages are the products of one's own inner development. </strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">For instance, when one undergoes a near-death experience and beholds a Jesus or a Nanak or an Angel in the middle of the light at the end of a long, dark tunnel, it is not the esteemed figure who is himself orchestrating the encounter. Rather it is the neophyte who is projecting the sacred personage on to the light from his/her own biological and cultural history,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">The light may indeed be a transcultural phenomenon, part and parcel of a higher order of awareness or merely a neurological event, but the interpretation of who resides in that light (Is it Jesus? Is it Nanak?) is entirely a personal affair, shaded by the nuances of an individual's sojourn for tens of years on a planet we call Earth.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Faqir is perhaps best known for his frank admissions of ignorance surrounding his miraculous appearances to disciples during times of need. He unilaterally confessed that he was never aware of appearing to his devotees.</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Nor did Faqir Chand claim that he had understood the secret of Reality.</strong> As he said on many occasions, echoing the words of such greats as Lao Tzu, Socrates, and Nicholas of Cusa: "How can I make any claims about attaining the Ultimate. The truth is that I know nothing."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;"><strong style="box-sizing: border-box;">Hence, Faqir Chand raised the slogan of "Be-Man," arguing that to become a human being, endowed with discrimination and compassion, is a great thing in itself. To be spiritual, Faqir would assert, necessitates that one become a true man (or woman) first.</strong></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">The Mt. San Antonio Philosophy Group, while not advocating any one position in philosophy or religion, established the Faqir Chand Library Series in honor of <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">vichar</em>, "clear thinking." As the late Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh, a contemporary of Faqir's once stated, "Clear thinking is 90% of spirituality." </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding-left: 40px;">Future volumes in the series will include works in both science and religion that promote the Chandian spirit of honest and frank criticism. this volume, <em style="box-sizing: border-box;">The Unknowing Sage</em>, represents the first comprehensive study of Baba Faqir Chand's life and work in English.</p></div></div><div class="entry-footer" style="background: rgb(215, 220, 220); bottom: 10px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 20px; position: relative;"><p class="entry-footer-info" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 5px;"><span class="post-footers" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Posted at 08:16 PM in <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/mystics/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Mystics</a>, <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/radha_soami_satsang_beas/" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Radha Soami Satsang Beas</a> </span><span class="separator" style="box-sizing: border-box;">|</span> <a class="permalink" href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">Permalink</a></p><p class="entry-footer-share entry-footer-share-buttons" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline-block; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><span class="entry-footer-links-twitter" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fhinessight.blogs.com%2Fchurch_of_the_churchless%2F2019%2F05%2Ffaqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html&text=Faqir%20Ch..." style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Twitter" src="https://hinessight.blogs.com/.shared/images/circle-twitter.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; filter: grayscale(100%); padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a> </span><span class="entry-footer-links-facebook_like" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhinessight.blogs.com%2Fchurch_of_the_churchless%2F2019%2F05%2Ffaqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><img alt="Facebook" src="https://hinessight.blogs.com/.shared/images/circle-facebook.png" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; filter: grayscale(100%); padding: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" /></a></span></p></div></div></div><a id="comments" style="background-color: #f0f6f5; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; font-family: "Century Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></a><span face=""Century Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif" style="background-color: #f0f6f5; color: #333333; font-size: 14px;"></span><div class="comments" id="all-comments" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: #f0f6f5; background-image: url("transparent-black-010.png") !important; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline-block; font-family: "Century Gothic", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 10px 0px; padding: 0px 10px; width: 770px;"><h3 class="comments-header" style="background: rgb(51, 51, 51); box-sizing: border-box; color: white; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.1; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 20px; position: relative;">Comments</h3><div class="comments-info" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 20px 20px 10px;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees/comments/atom.xml" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;"></a>You can follow this conversation by subscribing to the <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees/comments/atom.xml" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">comment feed</a> for this post.</p></div><div class="comments-content" id="comments-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Unknowing Sage -<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://www.shwetkamal.in/unknows_sage.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.shwetkamal.in/unknows_sage.pdf</a></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483c257200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 04, 2019 at 10:09 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Ishwar Puri Ji's explanation of Faqir Chand's unknowingness -</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">One Master whose name was Baba Faqir Chand from Hoshiarpur he made a statement in a Satsang that Master know nothing. They are ordinary human beings like us but they have this gift that they can create their image inside us and the True Master is inside us. That is why don’t think that the Master outside and inside is the same. The Master inside which is part of your own self is created by your own consciousness is the True Master. The outside is a replica an outside image of that Master. So, the outside Master acts according to what is happening to the inside Master. Faqir Chand gave that example that Masters as physical beings are not all knowing. I was very interested in that statement of Baba Faqir Chand because he was our neighbor when my father was teaching as a Professor in Hoshiarpur. We used to meet him frequently. He was a very enlightened person. So, at one time I had to ask him the same question which I had asked Great Master once about whether the Master in the physical body knows everything and Baba Faqir Chand said of course they are not different but the outside has to behave like an ordinary person – unknowing. Because if he says he knows outside what will happen – nobody will go inside. Everybody will run after the outside person. Therefore it is appropriate for a Master to tell that he knows nothing go inside and find out from your True Master inside. So, it is very appropriate behavior of a Perfect Living Master to do that. Now, this is what he explained and I understood it that the Masters want us to meditate and find the truth inside. Otherwise, we are running after illusions – Master’s outer form is part of the illusion. When you die, everything dissolves including the form of the Master but what does not dissolve is the inner form of the Master. Therefore, it is a very appropriate thing for a Master to say I don’t know what is happening, even if he knows. Now the question is if he really knows then how does he operate. One physical person, if he knows, has got so many initiates, so many disciples. He has initiated each one of them and told them I am with you. I have manifested myself in you. Any problem you have you can talk to me. And there are 1000 people sitting there and the Master is in all 1000. How can 1 physical person know what is happening to 1000 people? I had to find some appropriate language to explain how Masters work. In America, in one of my talks, I explained that and the explanation that I gave was – taken from the Manual for the Masters – so I just picked up from there and said, the Master use what is called the clone. A clone is a replica of the Master. And they make a clone and put that clone of themself in each person they initiate but they are in constant touch with the clone. They never disconnect with the clone. Clone continuously, all the time, sends messages what is happening inside the disciple and therefore the physical form of the Master at all time knows but they don’t have to use it for interactions with the disciple. The interaction should be ordinary human beings as friends. Supposing, we came to know that another human being a friend of ours knows all our thoughts and sometimes our thoughts are very ugly you know. Inspite of the trier, even if you try to think very nice things once in a while some naught thoughts creep in. And if we know he is reading my thoughts , you hardly have any friendship with that person. So if you have a creepy thought and say Master did you receive what I thought. He will say what was that? We feel very comfortable. Thank God. So he has to balance all these things. The Truth is that Master in his awareness knows everything. He Knows. And he in his physical form acts just as an ordinary person like us who knows nothing more than what we know. Therefore we can be very free with such a Master as external physical friendship. When we go to his form inside, he can be very different. He can show his full knowledge. HE can show everything. He can give all the answers. Inside, he won’t say, I don’t know what it is. Outside, he will. This is part of the single plan. Once you know this cloning system, a Master can produce 1000, million clones and take care of them and be in touch with all of them. If we don’t understand, how a Master through clones can be in touch with all of them take the digital world. One little chip, you can have a connection continuously working with not millions but billions of points. So, it is not very difficult for the consciousness of a Master to be in touch with all of them. Though in a physical body, in a physical relationship, he will pretend he knows as little or as more as you do or your friend does. And that sustains the friendship at the physical level. This system works beautifully. And sometimes we think that may be the Master is using a clone but does not know what is happening. Somebody complains Master I had this problem. Oh, let me check with the clone. It is not like that. Then it is not a clone. Then we are separating the clone from the Master. Clone means identical copy. It is an identical copy of the Master. And the awareness of the clone because the clone is inside physical part of the Master is very far away. Physical form of the Master is so far away and has no time for anybody and we hardly get to see him for a little while but the clone is always there. Therefore the clone acts more aggressively in being our friend. And the Master in his physical form with his remoteness acts like an ordinary human being. It is a great combination. And sometimes we really suspect that Baba Faqir Chand was more right is explaining. He really did not know anything. And Master really don’t know anything. And our doubting mind can doubt anything begins to doubt. Master really doesn’t know just a theory they made of Clones and all that. And suddenly one day he will spring a surprise by telling you something which you only know. How did Master know that? IT is just one little example he will give and put you back on track. No no, he knows. But he won’t say so because he is a friend of mine. So, from time to time these experiences will also take place. I think it is a good game. Don’t put your Master on a pedestal. Don’t put him high away from yourself. The Master is your friend. Friend here in the physical form and friend inside and he will share your life. He will share your joys your sorrows your sufferings. He will suffer with you. He will feel sorry when he needs to be sorry. And he will fly with you. He will dance with you. He will eat with you. It is a very different relationship once you establish the form of the Master inside. And that is the beauty of this Naam Daan by a Perfect Living Master. That is the relationship that is created.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Ishwar Puri – The Real Form of the Master is Shabd – Sound Current [<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzXaZfkXlE8]" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzXaZfkXlE8]</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ab5200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 04, 2019 at 10:18 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Ishwar Puri on Faqir Chand -<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"Baba Faqir Chand was a Saint, a mystic, a master. He was a great man. But Baba Faqir Chand created a huge controversy by saying that Masters don’t know what is going on. It is the disciple with his own mind that projects everything. That even the Master he sees inside is seen by the disciple. Not because the Master is going to project himself inside<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />He gave an example of his own life. That he was in the Army during the 2nd world war and 3 of his disciples were also in the Army and they were in the forward combat region and he was in the non-forward region and he says that he was very afraid of getting killed in the war. These disciples were ambushed by the enemy from all sides And they knew they were going to be killed. And they prayed to their Master - Baba Faqir Chand. Baba Ji come and help us - we are going to Die. If we have to die take us soon from here.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />And his form appeared almost like a physical appearance in front of all three of them. And they were able to see him. And he said don't worry and you will not die. You go behind these bushes and there is a tunnel there unknown to these people and you remove a bush and go inside the tunnel and you will come out from behind the ambush and you will be saved. They were saved when they followed the directions. After they were saved they ran to Baba Faqir chand to thank him. He said what life, I didn't save any life. They said you came we saw you, you gave us the escape route. He said I know nothing about it. You must have made it up yourself. I know nothing about it. I myself was afraid sitting in my cabin.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />He told this story in his Satsangs. I (IP) heard this story in his Satsang (that IP attended in Hoshiarpur, India). we asked him in one of the conversations we had with him. Why do you say that Masters don't project themselves? and it is your own mind that is doing it. He said I don't say that it is your own mind that does it. What I say is that the Master who really saves you is inside you. Why I say that is the people have the tendency to follow a human being outside without doing meditation to go inside. So I was laying emphasis on the fact that people should go inside and find the Radiant Form of the Master. instead of running after the man who will die and Radiant Form never dies. His emphasis was on that.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2nd explanation that he gave was that I am looking at it from the point of an ordinary seeker Ordinary seeker does not think that the Master is inside. And therefore he runs outside. It is to emphasize the importance of going inside that I say these things<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />After this clarification we were sure that this was meant for those people who don't do meditations and go within to find. OF course, people quoted him wildly, oh here was a Master who knew nothing. Yet he was a Good Master. He helped so many people. How could he help them? Because they had all the things inside, the Master was inside. Which is actually true, the Master is inside. There is nothing wrongs with that. The real Master is inside us. The Master who is going to take us is not the physical being outside. The physical being outside puts us in touch with the real being inside. Why do we need to see a physical being outside if the real master is inside? Because when we close our eyes, we don't see anything but darkness He helps us to go inside to see the real form. And the form resembles the Master outside."</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8ac5200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 04, 2019 at 10:22 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Internal experiences are subjective, therefore they cannot be evaluated objectively.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">There area all sorts of accounts that cannot be explained in objective terms. An open mind must acknowledge them.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I like Chand 's frankness about his own experience. But his projection on what other people have experienced is also just his projection.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">What is important for any scientist is to duplicate those experiences for themselves with enough control and reliability to test them.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For example, when I saw Gurinder become Maharaji I knew this had to be something from my own mind. But I took advantage of that moment to scrutinize the vision. It was a perfect image, as though maharaji were up on the dias viewing the audience with great b care and acknowledgment. I marvelled at the lighting and the clothes, the skin tone. The brain constructed a remarkable high definition living image. Where did those details come from? The Maharaji I saw was much, much older, as if he had never died. How was this constructed? From what source material?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Why was he aged? His calm and loving expression.. Where did my mind get that? And living, not static.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Where did the brain get its source material for such accuracy?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So many things we don't know. But this seemed very natural. I took it as a divine gift.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But if the claim is we really don't know, then we can't pretend to know, either way.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If we can't read minds then we can't make claims about what someone else is experiencing.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If we 're really unknowing, then we will need to own that and not project on objective grounds that don't exits the actual basis for our subjective experience.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If Frauds is fraud, then unknowing is unknowing.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8c78200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 04, 2019 at 11:05 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Today I received a letter with a link to a YouTube video where Ishwar Puri discusses Faqir Chand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I was a bit surprised to see Ishwar literally making things up that are not true, particularly about Faqir Chand's own son who never worked as a guru and worked in Russia.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Here is the video and my response to it:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6eggb_FHHs&feature=youtu.be&t=28m54s" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t6eggb_FHHs&feature=youtu.be&t=28m54s</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Dear [name redacted]</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thank you for sending the video presentation of Ishwar Puri answering a question about Baba Faqir Chand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I would usually just let this go, but Ishwar is not accurate in retelling the story of Faqir. Moreover, he is completely<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />wrong about Faqir Chand's son.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir Chand expressly stated that he would NEVER appoint anyone in his family to succeed him.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And his son never did serve as a guru, but rather worked in Russia and held a good position in metallurgy.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Moreover, Faqir was not merely being humble when he stated that he "didn't" know about his appearances and so on.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">To the contrary, it was that very realization that led to his enlightenment.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Why Ishwar would whitewash this is unconscionable since there is no dearth of books in which Faqir very clearly states what he realized and why.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I recommend reading Faqir Chand for yourself and making your own determination about what he really taught and not rely on me or anyone else.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Here is an exact transcription of a satsang Faqir Chand gave just months before dying.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It is super clear about what he believes and thinks:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxydW5uZWJvaG1kaWdpdGFsbGlicmFyeTN8Z3g6NGQ2YjYxNjU5NzhhZmY0Yg" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxydW5uZWJvaG1kaWdpdGFsbGlicmFyeTN8Z3g6NGQ2YjYxNjU5NzhhZmY0Yg</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxydW5uZWJvaG1kaWdpdGFsbGlicmFyeTN8Z3g6MzExMDVjNWQ4ZjU2NDY1YQ" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxydW5uZWJvaG1kaWdpdGFsbGlicmFyeTN8Z3g6MzExMDVjNWQ4ZjU2NDY1YQ</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir was super clear that he didn't know about his appearances and it is not right to bastardize his views to support<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />a more conventional view of Sant Mat.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If you have any questions, feel free to write anytime.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Dave<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Repost | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a8df7200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 04, 2019 at 11:48 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">A guru is pointed to as evidence not to believe in gurus - v odd.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">faker chand sounds like a total nutjob - ‘a bubble of superconscious’ - what bullshit is this?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“In the highest stages of development man does not develop a keep sense of omniscience, but a radical and irrevocable understanding of unknowingness.”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />- more gobbledegook BS. Just stringing together big meaningless new-agey words. None of this is profound.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Georgy Porgy | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85dbe200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 12:32 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I have read some of his writings and as I recall his admission included that he was unable to attain the goal he sought and began to question it. Further, he was pressed to assume the role of true Master when he knew he hadn't attained that. But as his teacher assigned it, he had no other choice but to accept it. From that he presumed the other gurus hadn't attained anything either. So, when people clamed he had come to them and led them to safety, he began to form his theory that people see the Master out of illusion, like self - hypnosis, projection.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The mind can do all sorts of things. It can create illusions, but it can also deliver truth.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As to what anyone else is, who can say? We don't yet fully understand what it is to be a human being.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We know that we can put our thoughts on higher things than ourselves. And if we get good at that, our focused attention will take us there.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We can live with greater purpose and center our lives.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We can understand that we are just a part of this creation, not separate, independent beings.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But we may just experience that first, and then understanding doesn't require much of any reasoning.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We may experience truth, rather than have to reason it out.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a85e2a200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 12:46 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Spencer you think you are smart on everything now ay? You don't have the slighest clue what Faqir was all about.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Al | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9772200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 02:51 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"I like Chand 's frankness about his own experience. But his projection on what other people have experienced is also just his projection."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So is the entirety of the sant mat philosophy that purports to know the secrets of every religion on earth and offers a "what they really meant" book for every spiritual teacher who has ever lived. RSSB goes as far as denying that people actually worshiped the god they claimed to have worshiped ie Mirabai didn't worship Krishna because RS teaches that real saints only worship living men and thus RS must project that belief onto the dead. Then from there thousands of followers repeat the ideas as if they have personal knowledge of these things.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You yourself say over and over what "the saints" are and what they do, but you're just projecting your RS book ideas onto others, or projecting what you've read onto the vague notion of saints in general. Nobody knows if there's such a thing as a saint at all, but we all offer a description of a saints qualities. But we're not really even doing that. We're reading and then projecting. It's fun to do I guess because I was caught up in that way of not thinking for about a decade.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But who cares either way. It's hilarious that these guys like Ishwar Puri can still get away with giving such bad cliche answers. "The outer master may have slept with your wife, but the INNER master is there in your 3rd eye"</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The crowd oohs and aahs "this man is really spiritual. he's from an ancient place called Rajouri Garden, Delhi, and grew up surrounded by saints way more advanced than those from those other competing sects."</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Jesse | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45a9b56200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 04:21 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Just stringing together big meaningless new-agey words. None of this is profound."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">One thing I agree with Georgy Porgy about, except I wouldn't apply it just to Faqir Chand. It should be applied to everything spoken about religion or spirituality starting from the beginning of time until the present. None of this stuff is profound. Especially not the standard sant mat theories which have become self parodies at this point.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Jesse | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa6e6200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 07:32 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Dear Spencer,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You write the following, "Further, he was pressed to assume the role of true Master when he knew he hadn't attained that. But as his teacher assigned it, he had no other choice but to accept it. From that he presumed the other gurus hadn't attained anything either"</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Actually, this is not what transpired. Rather, Faqir talked directly with Charan, Kirpal, and many other shabd yoga gurus and asked them in private whether they too were "unaware" of their appearances to their respective disciples. Each of them also acknowledged that they did NOT know. It was from such experiences that Faqir formed a larger hypothesis.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But even here, to Faqir's great credit, he asked other gurus to correct him if he was wrong. But they never did on this point. Here is a direct quote from the Essence of Truth by Faqir on this point:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Sh. Jagan Nath is present here. He offered me Rs 403/- for the Manavta Mandir. He told that I awakened him at 1-30 A.M a day before. But I did not go to awake him nor do I know any things about it. Possibly, other mahatmas and Gurus might have the knowledge of such instances of manifestations of their forms. At least I remain unaware. Many of the present Gurus have admitted before me that they remain unaware about such instance."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You also write, "his projection on what other people have experienced is also just his projection."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This is not entirely accurate since Faqir sought out what other gurus had experienced and it was from their own confessions to him in private and elsewhere that Faqir formed a more general view. In addition, even to the very end of his life Faqir pointed out that he could be wrong and welcomed others to correct him.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It was a very refreshing quality of his.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"A few little tidbits that are not widely known:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">1. After Faqir was appointed by Shiv Brat Lal to be his successor and a guru, he went to Sawan Singh since he didn't feel right about doing it, since he would speak the truth about what he knew. Sawan Singh then garlanded him and backed him in his ministry. However, after 1942 Faqir stopped initiating anyone and instead gave satsangs about his realizations.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2. In the 1940s Faqir even gave satsangs at the Dera when Sawan was alive.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">3. Jagat Singh and Faqir Chand were friends. Faqir also knew Charan and Charan would visit Faqir whenever he came to Hoshiarpur.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">4. Faqir refused to live at his own ashram since he didn't feel it was right for him to get free room and board. Instead he lived a number of blocks away and would take a bicycle rickshaw to the ashram in the morning.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">5. One time when Faqir was sick and had to stay over at his own ashram, he paid for his stay.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir Chand was so forthcoming and so disarmingly honest that it would make even his closest followers<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />uncomfortable.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hope this helps a bit.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: David Lane | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aa9bb200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 08:13 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi Jesse<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Yes, every effort to describe Truth is an effort to state something about reality.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You could say it is a projection from one's own experience. And then people try to explain it logically.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So if you don't have those experiences you think they can't be real. And if you do, then you think they are.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Then comes the logical explanations for what other people have stated.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Puri tries to explain away what Chand wrote. Very logical.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You try to explain away what others wrote, that you don't agree with, iwhich is outside your experience.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Is natural, but not scientific nor rational. It's just trying to shrink the world down into our limited thinking.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Once you decide to live like a scientist, philosophy changes. But even scientists don't always apply those principles rationally.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In the scientific philosophy you don't explain things away you haven't experienced. You keep an open mind about that.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />And what you have experienced you keep an open mind about also.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And where there is science, you incorporate that into your understanding. But science is rarely conclusive, and so learning how the brain functions doesn't mean it functions in isolation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">False Guru's have a market place. People have a need. If they can meet that need more honestly, that's always best.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And there are examples in science for events science cannot fully explain. Gravity is one classic example. We still can't find a particle or energy source connection between two objects hundreds of thousands of miles apart in space that somehow are affecting each other. Same with spooky physics.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Some of the past life and near death experiences do meet the rigorous requirements of scientific independence and are astounding... The patient's heart stopped and when they regained consciousness moments later they reported they just saw their sister who had died in a car crash that exact moment.... And they report their sister asked them ' to tell mom and dad she is sorry about crashing the new car and having to leave...'</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For every real account there are dozens of false ones. But to dismiss even the real ones that actually pass all requirements for scientific independence and therefore defy current explanation is also not logical and is its own bias.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We just have to keep an open mind, understanding the limits of Philosophy, and enjoying our experiences.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483e36e200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 08:25 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd comment-by-owner" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">David Lane, thanks for your informative comment. I plan to share it in another blog post about Faqir Chand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It both bothers me, and amuses, me, to read comments on this post from people who know little about Chand, yet try to discount his message because Chand was so truthful about the unknowiningness of himself and Sant Mat/Surat Shabd Yoga gurus.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You've spoken with Chand. You had an active correspondence with him. He entrusted you with his life story and description of his philosophy. You probably know more about Chand than almost anyone else in the world. So like Chand's words, your words are to be trusted.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: <a href="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines">Brian Hines</a> | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87ee6200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 10:26 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">@ David Lane - hello</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I have ordered that book - what was Faqir’s message to those chasing truth or reality? To know thyself? Is that all there is to know?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Looking forward to hearing from you.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Regards.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Arjuna</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Arjuna | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a87f27200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 10:33 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Unknowing Sage book is available as a pdf here:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://www.shwetkamal.in/unknows_sage.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.shwetkamal.in/unknows_sage.pdf</a></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ab419200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 11:14 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Brian message for Spence</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It both bothers me, and amuses, me, to read comments on this post from people who know little about Chand, yet try to discount his message because Chand was so truthful about the unknowiningness of himself and Sant Mat/Surat Shabd Yoga gurus.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Al | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f348200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 12:51 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Do we have only lane's and Chand's word or did one ore more of the named guru's communicate their confession to others than Chand?</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f526200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 01:27 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi David,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thanks for the correction. I'm going to try to find what I'd read to further correct my memory.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Can you confirm whether my memory on these items below matches with your documentation?....</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"I have read some of his writings and as I recall his admission included that he was unable to attain the goal he sought and began to question it. Further, he was pressed to assume the role of true Master when he knew he hadn't attained that. But as his teacher assigned it, he had no other choice but to accept it. "</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Let me know if you concur with these recollections as well.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thanks<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45abee0200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 01:36 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi David<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I've had a change to start reading Faqir Chand 's autobiography..<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />He writes</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">" I had traversed many stages of Santmat within and thus I was all happy and gay enjoying peace within and without."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I'm curious to read if at some point later he denied those experiences, or framed them differently.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If he himself claims having reached some of those stages why would he claim they don't exist or other gurus hadn't reached them. Or maybe he was talking about the stages above Sat Nam?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I'm enjoying the reread...</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Your thoughts?</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a89080200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 01:54 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even comment-by-owner" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Spence, I wondered about that also. Hopefully David can share light on this, if he reads your comment. After reading the book about Chand, these are my thoughts:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">(1) It may be that Chand came to realize, along with Buddhism, that all phenomena are dependent on "causes and conditions." Emptiness is another way to put this. Chand was looking for something higher, and considered that he found it, or at least headed in the right direction, near the end of his life: namely, the essence of the consciousness that experiences phenomena, which is much more important to realize.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">(2) Thus Chand says that in his old age he lost interest in inner light and sound, choosing instead to focus on the Self that is a bubble of consciousness in the infinity of the cosmos. As you noted, it's unclear if he considered the "inner regions" he encountered to be objectively real.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">(3) What is clear is that Chand considered that all manifestations of a guru that appear within a devotee's consciousness arise from the devotee's personal and cultural conditioning.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">(4) Again, what isn't clear, at least to me, is whether Chand came to view inner light and sound as also conditioned. Insofar as Sant Mat teaches that the inner guru manifests as sound and light, he may well have. But it does seem that Chand often appears to refer to inner regions as objectively real.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: <a href="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines">Brian Hines</a> | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a483f902200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 02:10 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">People keep repeating the Faqir Chand thesis but it doesn't quite hold together.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir Chand had a lot to say about sant mat, and even more to say about himself and how he was more honest than his fellow gurus. Reading Faqir, he comes across as a somewhat neurotic character who was forever ambivalent about whether orthodox sant mat was legitimate, or whether all the gurus beside himself were cheats and liars. Faqir never managed to arrive at a conclusion on whether sant mat was good or bad, except that he had no conclusion. That's not exactly wisdom, it's just an admission of uncertainty.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faquir told many stories about what other gurus supposedly told him in private that they told no one else. I find these stories hard to believe. I especially find it hard to believe Faqir's claim that Kirpal Singh and the gurus of RSSB all confessed to him that they didn't have inner knowingness. I also question why this claim is still being circulated without mentioning that Charan Singh and Darshan Singh both flatly said that Faqir was wrong.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">No RSSB guru has ever admitted to be unknowing. All of them lived in luxury and took in massive amounts of money seva because of their position as Godmen. That was a machination that Faqir says he abhorred. Yet Faqir revered Sawan and Charan and even gave satsang for RSSB? Faqir's respect for RSSB makes no sense, given his rantings about corrupt sant mat gurus who pretend to occult knowledge of their disciples' experiences. Even if Faqir's stories were true about these gurus telling him in secret that they didn't know anything, wouldn't "the honest guru" refuse to have anything to do with them, given that they were still perpetuating a lie? What about Faqir's satsangs at RSSB -- did he spend that satsang telling the people that their guru was lying to them? Doubtful. Then there's Faqir's lifelong reverence to his own guru, and his repeated statements of respect and gratitude for the spiritual help his guru gave him. Yet we don't have Shiv Brat confessing that he was unknowing. Why would Faqir reverence his own guru if he was a liar? Somehow, none of these gurus are ever called out by Faqir as fakes, and yet Faqir's "honest" declaration is that they are indeed all fakes, all liars.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Taken all together, Faqir's line on sant mat is a muddled mess. No doubt, it counts for something that Faqir confesses that he himself had no personal knowledge of the miracles his disciples reported to him. But what Faqir has to say on other gurus and spiritual topics in general isn't all that impressive. To this reader, much of Faqir's stuff comes across as....well, have you ever read a Faqir book, and not just a few selected quotes that bolster the thesis that Faqir was of all gurus the most honest, wise and intelligent? Try reading a few chapters from Faqir's Truth Always Wins and see what you think:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://manavtamandir.com/books/english/Truth-Always-Wins.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://manavtamandir.com/books/english/Truth-Always-Wins.pdf</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir's writing is a stream of consciousness ping pong of one wild story after another, followed by neurotic ponderings, gossip about what other gurus told him in secret, triumphal declarations he's uncovered the Real Truth about sant mat, and then abject words of devotion to his own guru for making it all possible. In short, it's the work of a confused man, perhaps the most rhetorically discombolulated guru of the last century. The Faqir was great thesis reworks all this into a picture of Faqir as the most honest guru. But that thesis just doesn't work, because it depends on ignoring so much about Faqir's guru ministry.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If Faqir truly believed his supposed conclusions about what's false in sant mat, he would have "done a Krishamurti." completely dropping sant mat and denouncing all gurus. But he didn't do that, as to the end of his long life he still preached a version of sant mat that, despite all its ruminations about what other gurus did wrong. And despite all his insights about the pitfalls of following a guru, Faqir still held fast to the necessity of a guru.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: jay | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ac7a4200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 03:34 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Faqir sought out what other gurus had experienced and it was from their own confessions to him in private and elsewhere that Faqir formed a more general view. In addition, even to the very end of his life Faqir pointed out that he could be wrong and welcomed others to correct him.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hello David,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">That's very reminiscent of Ishwar Puri's words echoing Great Master's<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />advice to him at initiation:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"All that I am sharing with you is something for personal experience.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />My teacher, the Great Master, Hazur Maharaj Baba Sawan Singh<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />who taught me this stuff told me, 'Do not believe even my word<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />unless you can experience it.'</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And also told me something else. He said, 'If somebody in the world<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />can give you something better, take it! Don't say, `I am tied up with<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />one person.' Don't make it a cult. Don't make it a closed society. It's<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />an open knowledge for the universe, for humanity.' Everything is in<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />every human being. There is no special group of people who say they<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />have God inside them, others don't."</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Dungeness | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45acc83200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 04:51 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Dear Brian,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thanks for blogging about Faqir Chand. He is a very interesting subject.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Before I go on, I think it is important to realize that all these gurus (of whatever stripe) are human beings, with all the different quirks and distinctive personality traits that go with it.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Having met lots of shabd yoga gurus during the past forty years, I found Faqir Chand unique. You could ask him any question and he would never shy away from it. Moreover, Faqir (to his great credit) consistently said that he could be wrong and that his point of view was not final. That was entirely refreshing to me.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I say this because one can see a progressive quality in Faqir's writings from the earlier days to near his death.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So here are some answers to the questions that both Spencer and Brian posed:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">1. First, Faqir came to believe that all the inner regions were ultimately illusory and that even the inner sounds were illusory. As Faqir said in London in 1980:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Like I said yesterday, I have realized that all these stages<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />of Sahasraradala Kamal, Trikuti, Sunn, Maha-sunn are the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />play of this mind. Visions are based on the thoughts one<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />keeps. This play of whatever one sees within (i.e. visions)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />is based on samskaras (impressions and suggestions). They<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />are not the same for everyone. Visions or images vary<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />from person to person. "</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2. Faqir was appointed a guru by Shiv Brat Lal some 21 years before his guru's death. As he himself confessed, " Hazur Data Dayal Ji called me in his<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />room. I was already waiting for the moment. I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />went inside. Lo! His Holiness with a strange<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />blend of affection placed in my hands one<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />coconut, five [coins], made a frontal mark on my<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />forehead and bowed himself to my feet saying,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"Faqir, you are yourself the Supreme Master of<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />your time. Start delivering spiritual discourses to<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the seekers and initiate them into the path of<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sant Mat. In due course of time, your own<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />satsangis will prove to be your True Guru,' and it<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />is through your experiences with them that the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />desired secret of Sant Mat will be revealed to<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />you." Touched by these words, I experienced<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />both joy and sorrow within me. Hazur noted both<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />expressions on my face and asked for<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />clarification. I humbly said, "Your Holiness, I am<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />myself ignorant of the Truth, how can I lead<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />others on this sublime path? And when the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />thought that I have become a degree holder and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />would deliver discourses and initiate people<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />flashed within my mind, I felt that I had become<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />something and thus a spark of joy." Hazur then<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />said, "Faqir, you may be suffering from ninety-nine shortcomings, but one sure virtue of Truth<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />which is within you will lead you to your goal in<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />life. You will not only redeem yourself but will<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />help many others to attain release."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In 1981, Faqir said,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Further R. S. Dayal writes that he heard the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />conch-shell sound and the omkar vibration<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />inside. I have explained in a book why a<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />meditator hears inside him sounds of bell,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />conch, omkar, flute and sitar. All these are<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />manifestations of the mental plane. Since this<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />knowledge came to me, I ceased to be caught<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />up in the whirlpool of the mind and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />transcended it. Now, I took upon all these manifestations<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />as mere maya. Therefore, now, even if I try to<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />catch these sounds, I do not get them, because<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />their value, as something real, has vanished<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />for me who has transcended the mind.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />3. Faqir stopped initiating anyone formally after 1942, but he continued to give satsang and tried to argue<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />that we should go beyond the mind, even beyond light and sound, and find the source from which all this appears.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir explained his own way of speaking:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I believe that the intensified faith of these<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />devout persons becomes creative and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />produces these results. Many so-called gurus<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />misappropriate the credit for similar<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />happenings, which take place in their<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />disciples, whose own true faith should be<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />held responsible for those results. By the lack<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />of moral, courage and honesty on the part of<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />pseudo- gurus, credulous disciples are kept in<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the dark and fleeced under fake pretenses. I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />alert the faithful but simple minded satsangis,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />to beware of such sneaks and their false<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />claims. I had been commanded by my<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Gurudev [Shiv Brat Lal] to introduce plains peaking into religion, so I am duty bound to<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />proclaim the truth behind these miracles, and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />to save the simpletons from exploitation. If I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />do not reveal the truth, I can, by keeping<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />satsangis in the dark, extract from them large<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />sums of money by claiming fake credit, for<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the miracles that no doubt do happen."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Brian is correct to ascertain that Faqir argued for something beyond light and sound.... and in this way<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />dovetailed with the Tibetan Book of the Dead.....</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">He called it hanging on the gallows.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Here is a quote:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">What conclusion did I reach? When I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />found out that I do not manifest or appear within<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />anybody, then I also leave the mind (and all its<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />appearances). Then remains light and sound. Every two or<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />three months or sometimes every three days, when I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />go and search for that entity that listens to the sound,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />then my being disappears. What remains? Nothing.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Now I think to myself – if I have become something by<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />reaching that place, if I can do something, then I should<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />be able to remove all the problems that the world is facing<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />right now. If they could, the ancestors from the past<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />would have removed their problems or difficulties. Baba<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sawan Singh would have removed his troubles. Swamiji<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />would have alleviated his disease. Kabir had kidney<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />problems for ten years in the old age.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />So what did I understand? What is my realization of this<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />supreme element (Tatva)?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I am a bubble of the supermost consciousness. In the process of<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />evolution, I appeared or manifested. Similarly, you also appeared. I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />did not exist before, and I won’t exist again. Only one element will<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />remain from which this bubble came into existence. That element is<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sound. It’s name is Naam. That Naam is not the sound of bells or<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />conch. It’s not the sound of Veena. It is the principle sound (Saar<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Shabad). This is what the bani of saints mentions – Saar Shabad.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />So after reaching this, what happened to me? What did I gain? I found peace. What did I gain at this age of ninety-<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />four? Peace.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Will write more tonight..... particularly in response to Jay (hi Jay, always good to read your ideas!).</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: David C. Lane | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ace5d200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 05:23 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"You try to explain away what others wrote, that you don't agree with, iwhich is outside your experience.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Is natural, but not scientific nor rational. It's just trying to shrink the world down into our limited thinking."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">People lie a lot about their experiences. But that's not what I'm even talking about. Most of these "masters" are too cowardly to say "I saw this and felt that." And those who quote these supposed masters such as yourself never say "he said he is this and does that and feels these things and has such values."<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You say "masters are ___ and masters experience ___."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So either you're claiming to be a master or you have a way to verify what a master experiences.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Tell us in plain English, what happens when you mediate that gives you authority to ascribe supernatural powers to men you've never met. Otherwise just admit you're a liar.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Jesse | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840db6200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 07:31 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Great discussion! In reading Faqir's comments, I am stuck on one aspect which is the fact that it appears that it doesn't matter who the master is.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If we inherently have the ability to realize that bubble that we are, do we simply need someone to show us the method and then go our merry way and do the practice?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Is that the main purpose of the guru? Once we've been shown the method, do we need to use the guru as a crutch to proceed forward?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Your thoughts?</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: In Search Of | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4840ef0200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 08:02 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi Jesse<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You wrote<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"You say "masters are ___ and masters experience ___."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Can you be more specific? The fact that I believe real Masters assume no authority is because I've met people I came to believe were pure of character, wise and compassionate to levels that put me to shame. The held no authority at all and managed to live without having to do so. I'm still struggling to reach their level of intuition, wisdom and generosity.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You wrote<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"Tell us in plain English, what happens when you mediate that gives you authority to ascribe supernatural powers to men you've never met. Otherwise just admit you're a liar."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">First, what sort of supernatural powers? Can you quote something I've written?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Yes I've had inner experiences, from an early age. It's no secret. I've written some of the details here. But those are subjective experiences... From my perspective how can I say otherwise?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It was disturbing to my parents, and to me. But Sant Mat offered a solution. Sant Mat explained most of what I'd experienced. The sounds, the stages, the exploding star, the sun and moon, that terrifying awful dark curving tunnel that spans creation... The friendly bpeople who seemed to be swans of light... Etc... The incredible pink sky and lake...</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">To read it was a blessing. Someone else could explain it.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I did see Gurinder in a dream when I was in high school years before I came to the path. He called me brother, and it came at a time I needed some encouragement. So when I saw him fifteen years later in Canada, it was instant recognition.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Does that change the facts of the fraud and theft? No. I won't discount either piece of information.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">That's why, with Brian's help, I now have two buckets: subjective and objective. And they are separate. And I honor both.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Say Mat explained perfectly what I had experienced on a regular basis throughout my childhood years, so that was the hook for me.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The theory of projection attributed to Faqir doesn't work for me since the experiences came first.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It could all be brain wiring that drives symbols and images but it can't be conditioning or suggestion, not in my case.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">However there is nothing to suggest these things are supernatural. They are purely natural.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The path exists. It's not an invention. And there is nothing to be proud of. Air exists. Earth exists. It would be absurd to be proud of these things as if we had invented them. Same with every other part of this creation, including those we see and hear in meditation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But all that any of us can do is honor our own experiences and approach them intelligently, with an open mind.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ada00200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 08:24 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"do we need to use the guru as a crutch to proceed forward?"</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Nobody knows anything, but that's something that has been said before.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I think anyone claiming to know anything at all about spirituality needs to speak only of personal experience and use careful language when doing so. Claiming to know what is, whether that is the nature of a "master" or whether these "masters" even exist, or the nature of inner sounds and lights, always sounds like recitation.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">What are people experiencing. Not what they think their experiences mean. What are the experiences. That and nothing else.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Because for all you or I or anyone else knows, it's Satan who creates men called masters who give us euphoric feelings and inner experiences only because it will carry us to hell in the afterlife. There's no reason to believe that any more than there is to believe that these guys are pure "saints" who will carry us to heaven.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Jesse | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8a970200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 08:34 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Dear Arjuna,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Here is a pregnant quote from Faqir:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"Because I was searching for my<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />final abode or source, I leave the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />mind. When I go within and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />meditate, I leave the shapes, forms<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and colors. There is no form of the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />guru, no shape, nothing else."</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: David Lane | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45add22200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 09:17 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Direct quote From Faqir Chand’s Book</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">To make the mind, it’s stages and it’s creations favorable, the greatest essential truth is the sat sang of a realized man, love for him, faith in him and above all obedience to his words. His guidance for attaining the state of thoughtlessness must be followed with determination, devotion and with regular Sadhana(practice).<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“Accept with love whatever Guru says,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Consciously contemplate on whatever Guru says”.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Sounds to me Faqir Chand is saying having a Guru is Very important.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45addad200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 09:39 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even comment-by-owner" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Anonymous, it is clear from Chand's book that he isn't speaking about Sant Mat gurus, or any guru who fails to tell devotees that he/she is incapable of producing inner visions, and that the "inner regions" are just a product of the human mind. Chand was such a guru, but they are rare.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: <a href="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines">Brian Hines</a> | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48414d4200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 09:44 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Brian please point out to me where he says this? His own guru who he spent his whole life following was a Sant Mat Guru and did not tell him this about himself right?</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a48416cc200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 10:14 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Brian you are wrong he is speaking of sm guru. Why he than said to D.Lane that he should go and love Charan and do whatever he says.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anony | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8af64200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 10:45 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">What did Faqir Chand teach about sant mat? It's hard to say. That's because Faqir tended to contradict himself quite a bit.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir Chand is said to offer a radical take on sant mat. But isn't it a staple of sant mat teachings since Sar Bachan that the purpose of the path is to go "beyond the mind"? Given that orthodox Sant mat says that the lower planes within us are of the (our) mind, and the "mindless" transcendent state of Sach Khand is the goal, then Faqir's message isn't quite so radical as it might appear.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Did Faqir hold that he reached ultimate enlightenment through sant mat, or did he feel that he knew nothing and had no idea if his realizations were just an illusion? Depends on what you read. Faqir says in one of his books: "I have lived a practical life at physical, mental and spiritual stages and I have attained the highest state of Sant-Matt and that of Sanatan-Dharam." Pretty bold stuff.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But elsewhere Faqir says "who knows what may happen to me at the time of death? I may enter the state of unconsciousness, enter the state of dreams and see railway trains. . . How can I make a claim about my attainment of the Ultimate? The truth is that I know nothing." Is that an honest admission of being wrong about sant mat and his realizations, or it is humility, or is a profound statement that indicates Faqir was truly enlightened? Who can tell? I sure can't.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir wrote about the projection of the mind and that gurus were a sham. But Faqir also wrote this, which seems to strongly suggest that he very much believed in the absolute necessity of the guru: "People in general worship their own minds....anyone willing to worship the PRIMAL LORD must as a pre-requisite live in the company of a RELEASED GURU to gain perfect understanding for the worship of the Supreme Lord." (Emphasis not mine, but Faqir's) Hard to imagine a stronger endorsement for the necessity of the sant mat guru.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">From there, Faqir also says the Lord is best worshiped through service to humanity. I think that's a concept known in sant mat circles as "seva." Hardly all that radical.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The overall argument that Faqir came up with a startlingly profound revision of sant mat is also belied by what he says about his guru. That is, Faqir gives all credit to Shiv Brat Lal for his conclusions (or lack thereof) about the sant mat path. Faqir says that his guru basically told him that he'd realize Radhasoami in his initiates. This can be interpreted in several ways. One is that Faqir is owning that his own guru had foreknowledge of the trajectory of Faqir's realizations, which sort of blows up the "unknowing" theory a tad. Another is that Faqir is perhaps unwittingly saying that he was made a guru because his own guru wanted to show him that the guru biz was all a sham. Or is that that Faqir is saying that it took a real guru to make him a guru to show him that the fulfilling end of the path was being a guru? Again, who knows?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The point I'm trying to make here is this: If you read Faqir's works and not just selected quotes and commentary, it's not so easy to really say you understand what Faqir really felt about sant mat, about other gurus, about his own realizations. Faqir is all over the place on these topics, from strong endorsements and devotional prose to heated denunciations of other gurus, to claims of enlightenment and knowledge of the path to glum admissions that he knows nothing. Read Faqir yourself and come to your own conclusions: <a href="http://manavtamandir.com/english-books.php" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://manavtamandir.com/english-books.php</a></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">One thing seems clear to me, and that's that contrary to what's often implied, Faqir didn't disown Sant mat. The popular take on Faqir is that he was a good sant mat guru who one day realized that his identity as guru made him an unwitting player in a scheme to deceive people. And then, with a stellar spirit of honesty and courage, Faqir told the world that the gurus of sant mat were all frauds and liars, and that sant mat was actually a path to nowhere. I feel that the case for that thesis is largely built on selective quotes that don't take "the other Faqir" into account.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">If you read Faqir's works, you find the good orthodox Faqir and the rebel revisionist Faqir speaking about the "truth" of the sant mat path. The problem is that when you put those two Faqirs together as-they-are, you don't really end up with the coherent radical message that we're told Faqir taught. Rather (in my view anyway), you end up with a guru who tried to be interesting and honest, but his realizations weren't really all that radical, and his overall message was more than a little confused, and if I may say so, a times quite a bit bombastic.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: jay | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45ae1d0200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 10:59 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even comment-by-owner" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Now, after having a long experience of my life, I feel that most of the past mahatmas and the present gurus by keeping the secret Truth unrevealed/undisclosed have been unfair to the public and have often exploited them. They have taken undue advantage of the ignorance of the people.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">They have built their own big buildings. They have made air-conditioned rooms for themselves. These gurus enjoy themselves and the poor people being ignorant give their hard earned money to these gurus at the cost of their comforts and those of their children., if you read tonight's follow-up blog post, you'll see that Faqir Chand denied the reality of both inner visions and inner regions -- both of which are part of the traditional Sant Mat teachings.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It is clear from the book that Chand was extremely critical of gurus who keep those truths from their devotees. Chand may have started out as a Sant Mat guru, but he certainly didn't end up as one.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Here's a quote from the book that I included in this post. I can't help observing that this is a description of the current RSSB guru, Gurinder Singh Dhillon.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />------------------<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"Now, after having a long experience of my life, I feel that most of the past mahatmas and the present gurus by keeping the secret Truth unrevealed/undisclosed have been unfair to the public and have often exploited them. They have taken undue advantage of the ignorance of the people.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">They have built their own big buildings. They have made air-conditioned rooms for themselves. These gurus enjoy themselves and the poor people being ignorant give their hard earned money to these gurus at the cost of their comforts and those of their children."</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: <a href="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines">Brian Hines</a> | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484194c200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 11:06 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But are you guys atheists or not?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I mean what is your actual position. Do you even know or do you just flip-flop as the wind blows?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">How can you argue that the teachings of a dead guru (faker chand) should be used to discount the teachings of a live guru (GSB)?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Even the mere sniff of mention of a guru or this website itself would completely put a proper atheist off. Sam Harris is not a proper atheist, but an American one who seems to bang on about some subtle form of Buddhism etc.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This is not atheism. Atheists by definition believe in nothing spiritual at all. Nada. Zip. Zero. No cause and causation, no internal experiences, no unknowingness, no confused ramblings, zero.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">None of you are atheists. You are at v best agnostics, but it sounds to me like you are mostly just confused with deep spiritual and religious backgrounds and hankerings.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Georgy Porgy | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4841975200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 05, 2019 at 11:22 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Because for all you or I or anyone else knows, it's Satan who creates men called masters who give us euphoric feelings and inner experiences only because it will carry us to hell in the afterlife. There's no reason to believe that any more than there is to believe that these guys are pure "saints" who will carry us to heaven.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Jesse, you're right and, most of us don't need fake masters<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />to get us to hell in the "afterlife". We've already arrived! Our<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />minds greased the slide a long time ago.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Can you stop thinking? You know, the bizarre, outrageous<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />avalanche of unwanted useless, confused, and debilitating<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />thoughts that arise 24x7. Even if you're sure of a fact or feel<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />happy or safe momentarily, fear and doubt will undercut it<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />given a few seconds of thought.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">So "feel good" experience is all we can hold on to even if it<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />turns out to be satan's gateway. The familiar escape hatches<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />-sensual dissipation, wealth, companionship, status - are<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />fleeting and don't begin to blunt the mind's power to grind us<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />down and, inevitably, conjure up wave after wave of fear and<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />doubt.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But, an inner discipline that facilitates repeatable experiences<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />of bliss, a refuge from the chaos within, an incremental, if slow,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />recovery from a mind running amok is worth any risk. The<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />emphasis is not on "saints" or blind faith at all. That's why G.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Master said: 'Do not believe even my word unless you can<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />experience it.'</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Of course, the mind will still object. Ishwar Puri talked of his<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />experiences at Harvard in the 60's. Doubters, including T. Leary<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and R. Alpert, suggested it was all auto-suggestion. Ishwar said<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />[paraphrasing] "You're right, that may be the case but I'm happy<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />and you guys are all taking anti-depressants".</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Dungeness | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8b42e200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 12:02 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">GP,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Unless you have attained enlightenment you are confused. Regardless of one’s “spiritual” association, we are all essentially seekers of truth. It’s a long and bumpy road. Fasten your seatbelt. Enjoy the ride and let others do so as well.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Sonya | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a484225b200d" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 02:41 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Allright.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Let us suppose for a moment that Faqir Chand was correct in his claim that all inner experiences are mental and that at end of life the only thing that remains is the element of Sat Naam, the primordial sound and the awareness of peace, as can be read in the messages above.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">The question then arises, what will happen with the initiation an the practice?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Can there be a practice and how will it look like?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Will there be a teaching and how would it look like?</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It is like asking how to play football discarding the rules that govern and create the play. Rules that describe all and every aspect of the game in detail.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Who can shed some details of the consequences for this spiritual path accepting accepting and adopting the view points of Faqir chand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"></p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aeedf200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 03:55 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Some thoughts related to the previous message:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />When a person from an tribe that has never had contact with our so called civilized world, goes home to report what he has experienced, he can do so only with the language and the concepts contained therein from his tribe; a language that has it roots in the surroundings in which that tribe happens to live.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The Dalai Lama has stated that Tibetan Buddhism has it roots in Tibet and for that reason cannot be replaced to another location without losing its very meaning.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Each and every person that has inner experiences, in order to communicate it with others has to use language and the concepts that are contained in that language. If you go to france you have to speak French, understand the roots of that language if you want to convey your thoughts.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />So if facts, experiences of facts have to be transmitted many factors come into play. There is the point where the persons stands, the stand-point, and what he sees from there, the view-point. Then there is the metal make-up of the one that wants to share his experiences from a certain stand-point and the mental make-up of the one that receives the spoken or written report … often without having a clue, like describing a mango and the taste of it to a person who has never even seen fruits, like an inuit in older days.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Then who sees and experiences what?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Whenever in a city I love to go inside churches, to see what is there or to read a book in a calm atmosphere and occasionally to pray. One day I happened to be in a place with a renowned cathedral with a very good friend of mine and I suggested to go in and have a look. He refused claiming that churches are haunted and it was impossible to get him in. As I consider him a very spiritual person that incident stayed with me, wanting to understand what it was that made him react that way for I had never heard or read something similar. In contrary I have come across many an description of people seeing all sorts of lights etc that made a deep and lasting impression upon them.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Until recently someone from my family reacted in the same way. This time stressing that churches are haunted with very negative energies, never willing to express it as the surroundings were not conductive in doing so.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />So, what is truth? What sane?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Is there something “wrong” with the two of them? Is there something “wrong” with the rest who neither experience these positive nor these negative energies.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The same holds for all descriptions of internal experiences, some have them and others just don’t and those who see are not in agreement with one another about their experiences.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />To whom should a person lent his ears?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />A strange thought has come up … writing these words made me think of a phenomena that has been studied at large by psychologists namely that the capacity for a child to create an imaginative world, seeing a match-stick box as a car and a shoe box as garage, is divided along the Gauss curve where at one end children are not able at all to create and enter a fantasy world and on the other hand those who lose themselves in their own create world, so much so that they can get stuck in it.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />We cannot enjoy a book, an movie, an piece of music, reflect on it, communicate, have emotions etc etc without that capacity that children have … entering in, opening up.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Is a spiritual path not to be compared with a book, movie or what else … a game that has to be played by the rules?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Is this not the same for polics, democracy or whatever … all “games”?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Games that become reality by playing according the rules??<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45af82c200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 06:20 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Several years ago we had long discussions on Faqir Chand on RS studies and what he taught.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I have long tended to favor the later Faqir writings and his most iconoclastic views, especially when he pointed out how little we actually know.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">However, MBW and others pointed out that a close reading of Faqir shows he had a multi-leveled approach. Where for those in the beginning stages would indeed do dhyan, simran, and bhajan, and even have deep devotional feelings towards that their chosen Istha-deva/guru.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">But after this was achieved, Faqir would then stress realizing that the whole game was a projection of one's own mind and that we should let it go.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I know this from personal experience as Faqir knew when he first met me that I was attached to Charan Singh and was in a very devotional frame of mind. He then predicted the following (direct quote from the book published by Manavta Mandir called The Master Speaks to the Foreigners):</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"There are two schools of thought. The aim of one school is to bring people into its circle. They bring people into there church. But I remove the people from the church also. To be in a Church is a blessing but to die in a Church is a curse. You cannot understand my views as yet, because you have to do a lot of work in your worldly life as yet. The present devotional ideas which you have now, will change after some years and then in the old age you will come to this line. This is my prophecy about you."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I think, of course, Faqir was right. One begins to see through the "dogma" of RS and realize that much of what we believe is our own projection, our own desires.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We think at first the guru is perfect or all knowing. Later, we mature a bit and see the humanness of it all.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Which I think is a healthy and altogether wise thing to realize.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Now, at one end of Faqir's writings there is the advocacy of more typical Sant related ideas and then at the other, more radical end, there is a realization to go beyond it.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This one can see in Faqir's classic HANGING ON THE GALLOWS metaphor:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"So, when did I realize the element? Since I have come to<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />understand that I do not go anywhere. So, who goes in<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />their inner visions? It’s their own mind, their own faith.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />So what do I do now?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Because I was searching for my final abode or source, I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />leave the mind. When I go within and meditate, I leave<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the shapes, forms and colors. There is no form of the<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />guru, no shape, nothing else. Only light and sound<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />remain. The entity that is inside me listens to the sound<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />within and sees the light, that entity is something else<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />entirely. The sound is something else. The light is<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />something else. You listen to the sound within – you are<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />separate from the sound. You see sun or moon inside, see<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />light within. Light is separate from the one witnessing<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the light. When I search for that entity or witness, I CEASE TO EXIST."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Now, it should be acknowledged that Faqir was also quite traditional in some ways, especially on his<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />views relating to sex. I have a couple of great stories relating to this that I should share one day.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I will say this, however. Only someone like Faqir would say in open satsang at the age of 89 or so that<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />the night before he had a "wet" dream and said that even at his age such things happened.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I can well imagine how the sangat "heard" that one!</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">It was Faqir's transparency on his humanness that makes him so valuable, not whether he was enlightened or not (since that it is a theological question and open to endless debate).</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In my conversations with Darshan Singh, for instance, I noticed he told me things in private that he would most likely NEVER say in public. So I am not in the least surprised that these gurus (from Charan to Kirpal to Darshan to whatever) would confess honestly about not knowing of their respective appearances.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">We even have Charan on record saying he was unaware of appearing to a woman in her prayers. Sawan in Spiritual Gems saying something similar as well.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Faqir's point is an obvious one and we have overwhelming proof that these gurus know much less than is advertised...... No need to mention a current guru losing 700 million dollars (jk)!</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I think of Faqir as an existential guru....</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As Faqir said near the end,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"In the process of evolution, I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />appeared or manifested. Similarly,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />you also appeared. I did not exist<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />before, and I won’t exist again."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Or, more poetically,</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">"In that place there is no<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />happiness or unhappiness,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />no truth or untruth, neither sin<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />nor virtue. There is no day or<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />night, no moon or sun, There is<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Radiance without Light."</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />P.S. if you wish to understand the "humanity" of Faqir, his last letter from the hospital before he died is<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />remarkable for its utmost honesty..... will post that later.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: David C. Lane | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45aff1b200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 07:48 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd comment-by-owner" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">David, thanks much for another informative comment. It's great to have your authoritative perspective, given how other commenters have been expressing uninformed or misleading ideas about Faqir Chand's perspective on gurus near the end of his life.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: <a href="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank" title="https://profile.typepad.com/brihines">Brian Hines</a> | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0759200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 09:28 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And ….<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />if there is no "spiritual game" to be played if there is no path to go, than there are also no rules to be lived by … no karma, ni reincarnation, no abstaining from killing animals etc etc.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">it makes me think of the opening words of the poet Dante on his way to hell:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">CANTO I<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />IN the midway of this our mortal life,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />I found me in a gloomy wood, astray<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Gone from the path direct: and e'en to tell<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />It were no easy task, how savage wild<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />That forest, how robust and rough its growth,<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Which to remember only, my dismay<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Renews, in bitterness not far from death.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">You see it is like walking on an animal trail thinking it to be a "path" and finding out all of a sudden that it stops there and then in the midst of an dark wood. There and then to realize that the trail not having a goal it cannot have an beginning. Standing there one realizes the pure agony of the situation … being lost, lost to one's self, not knowing where one is, not knowing where to go not knowing from where one came. That is what Dante discribes when there are no games to be played by the rules and you are lured away from a path onto a game-trail</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Discussing is one thing, the consequence are different and not spoken of here.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d741200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 10:02 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">David and Brian, really appreciate the topic. From what I can discern from the sayings of Faqir and the discussions based on this, is that the guru relates the method and a point of concentration to focus or way of generating that love. Once that is established, the disciple can then move on and do the spiritual exercises to find the self.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I can see where the dera's and their relevant guru's would deviate from this. They would lose "control" over the disciple and so the perpetuation of their deras and the money the disciples doante would be far less. If, as Faqir states, the guru is in essence a means to an end, then the need for the guru throughout the entire life of the disciple is redundant, so to speak. The idea is to get to the point of concentration and then the finding of the self becomes the goal, our own guru is the self.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: In Searchj | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8d9b4200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 10:34 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">“ The idea is to get to the point of concentration and then the finding of the self becomes the goal, our own guru is the self.”</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Exactly “May your love for the form culminate in the love for the formless”<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />If we are only stuck on the physical guru it becomes a hindrance on the growth of the deciple.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />This is what the present SM guru Master G says don’t follow the me the physical. Do the practice to find the radiant form within you. Which is actually your own real form too. It’s one and the same. Why every answer is meditation meditation meditation.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8dc6f200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 11:10 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thanks Anonymous. If a Professor teaches you how to solve a problem, then you apply it to your work. If it works, then you're set. Why keep going back to the professor? Do you have to profess undying love to him? He taught you what was needed, and you progressed.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I'm leaning towards the same thing on the self realization side. The idea is to get the method of meditation to go inside. Once I have that method, I need to find my real self.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I think the concept of soul, atma, different bodies of consciousness etc, are misinterpreted or, though lack of proper words/translation, the soul has been misconstrued as the Self. When we go and centre ourselves and are in the present moment, you are actually the one seeing it. You won't see the soul. We are the soul, so to speak. Poor words, but in essence, when we gather our consciousness and realize that silence, it is the Self experiencing it.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As our focus and depth of awareness increases, the light shining from the Self intensifies and we "see" more, feel more, hear more.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Just my hypothesis.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: In Search Of | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b0fcf200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 11:35 AM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">As the late Sardar Bahadur Jagat Singh, a contemporary of Faqir's once stated, "Clear thinking is 90% of spirituality." </p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Out of all the quotes from the RSSB line of Gurus I found/find this to be both the most memorable and useful. It helped me to make more sense of my own journey. It presented a timely and very practical down-to-earth take on what I found increasingly difficult to get my head around and actually believe in (Sant Mat dogma).<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />My view is that ‘spirituality’ is about getting to the core of what’s real and the truth of things, so according to Jagat Singh one can get pretty close to sussing ‘spirituality’ by the practice of clear thinking. However as he was the successor to Sawan Singh, it’s quite likely his take on clear thinking could well be different to mine. For example, Jagat Singh could mean - look folks just get your mind together and realise that you are nothing and the Master is everything - surrender - simple no-problemo.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The approach I’m taking, is that a big chunk of clear-thinking is about fuller understanding of how the mind works, and one is pretty much always aware of what one is thinking - therefor always with the choice to take responsibility for thoughts and resulting action. Such awareness can be generated using several meditational methods, self-inquiry and techniques such as conscious connected breathing. I also believe this clear thinking mode results in behaviour that is more compassionate, connecting and caring for others and the rest of life/the planet - something that I noticed seemed to be lacking in some followers of RSSB. Got me considering how much clear thinking actually occurs in many religious and faith based organisations.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Clear thinking helps to enhance and inform our critical assessment skills as well as hone our BSDF (BullShit Detection Facility). If applied logically with support of info from modern neuroscience and consciousness research, these faculties of clear thinking will surely point us to conclude/posit that the self is a mental construction and ultimately illusory. If the self is illusory then aligning this to some concept of soul (which I still consider relevant - ‘soul’ that is), could be problematic and lead you to honestly ask questions such as - then what is it that survives death? What is it that reincarnates? Is there anything that continues? Potential broad-sides for long-held belief systems. But useful for truth seeking.The debate goes on!<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Maybe the 10% of spirituality that Jagat Singh didn’t mention is the really interesting bit. A great quote from Waking Up -<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />“The fact that the universe is illuminated where you stand-that your thoughts and moods and sensations have a qualitative character in this moment-is a mystery, exceeded only by the mystery that there should be something rather than nothing in the first place” (Harris 2014, p.79).<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Best wishes</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Tim Rimmer | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1853200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 01:09 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">In search ideally once you get the method there shouldn’t be a need to go back to the professor. However in self realization this does not seem to hold true and all paths of self realization that stress the need for a teacher keep that need throughout ones life. Right? Why? Perhaps because constant guidance is needed as one transverses the path within? Perhaps because that love for the form keeps the student’s focus clear?<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Try your hypothesis and let’s see. In a few years we can touch base again. 😊</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Anonymous | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1ccf200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 02:04 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi Um<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You wrote<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />"There and then to realize that the trail not having a goal it cannot have an beginning. Standing there one realizes the pure agony of the situation … being lost, lost to one's self, not knowing where one is, not knowing where to go not knowing from where one came. That is what Dante discribes when there are no games to be played by the rules and you are lured away from a path onto a game-trail. "</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">This is a fantastic place to be. No answers." I don't actually have a clue ".</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Revel in that. That's part of learning a better way, and seeing in that darkness, as night descends, a light in the distance.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Revel in the threat of being inundated, revel in the wounds that are peeling away your own Cocoon.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;"><a href="http://www.sovereignparrot.com/ST%20Kraken.htmB" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.sovereignparrot.com/ST%20Kraken.htmB</a></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b1d43200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 02:11 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Hi Spencer.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />The link doesn't open</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Maybe later, when it is over, I might say it was a fantastic place to be.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Thank you for your words.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b256b200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 02:33 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Oops<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Here is the correct link<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><a href="http://www.sovereignparrot.com/ST%20Kraken.htm" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.sovereignparrot.com/ST%20Kraken.htm</a></p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Spence Tepper | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4a8f466200b" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 02:47 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-odd" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Thank you.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Khwaja writes: "when I became a lover"</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">He, with all other saints, became lovers after they had an inner calling which Prof B. would speak about as "The pull must come from within"</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">That pull is like a talent; you can only develop it when you have it and … having it is in nobodies hand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Niels too had that inner urge.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">And the practice should be done with love and devotion.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Most books on psychotherapy start somewhere saying that the succes of that particular therapy depends on the presence of a so called "therapeutic relation between therapist and the client". That is correct, that is how it works, it is a sine qua non, but they never say in these books how to establish such an relationship.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Yes, for a practice to be successful, that very pull must come from within, that devotion and love must be there … has there ever been a person who could lay his hands on these prerequisites??</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For you to eat, two conditions have to be met. One, there must be food on the plate and second, you must have hunger ….. both are GIVEN!</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Prof. B. about that pull .. If it is not there, it just isn't there ...what can you do??</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Well ...the answer is simple … nothing.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: um | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a45b312b200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">May 06, 2019 at 03:42 PM</a></p></div><a id="c6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad;"></a><div class="comment font-entrybody comment-even" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-top: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin: -15px 0px 10px; padding: 20px;"><div class="comment-content font-entrybody" id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span id="comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c-content" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I was initiated when I was a kid and hadn't had much to do with Sant Mat for a long time (decades). I spent the last month doing an experiment, doing Surat Shabd Yoga meditation for long periods of time, reading the old literature, and so on. I also went to one of Ishwar Puri's talks. I really liked the talk and I liked him. What led to that experiment is another story.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">For the most part, however, my conclusions about the Path haven't really changed. I could sum them up in three points:</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">1. Creating levels of mystic experience is a block. About 20 years ago, I had set aside all the stuff I had learned about inner planes from Sant Mat and Theosophy and started practicing Zen. I kept it real simple, just counting my breaths. What I found surprising was that I had what I would consider my first legit spiritual experience. And I think it was because I wasn't expecting anything. I wasn't waiting to see the Master or to fly around the astral plane. I also wasn't beating myself up for not having those experiences. The expectation and guilt go hand-in-hand.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">2. Believing in Perfect Living Masters is a form of spiritual authoritarianism. There is an emotional and intellectual dependency that is quite damaging to a person. It is something that I still struggle with. There are extreme examples of people being abused by gurus, but there are subtler problems. Like the belief itself that there are perfect people and you're not perfect, and no matter how hard you try you can't become perfect; the belief creates a neurosis that can show up in all sorts of weird and unhealthy ways. The demand in Sant Mat, as with many religions, is that you need more faith. Master or God or Jesus will make you perfect if you just submit and obey. It is your selfishness and disobedience, that's the problem. You don't become more perfect, just more dependent. This might be the oldest game in the book.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">3. Subjective experience is not proof of anything. The atheist position is that they will not believe something unless there is empirical proof, which automatically eliminates most if not all subjective experience as a premise for belief. This seems pretty simple and obvious, but for a person like myself who has been stooped in this kind of spiritual woo for most of my life, the idea is revolutionary. Not only does subjective experience not justify belief, it doesn't justify authority either.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">Humility in spiritual and religious circles is about thinking less of yourself and more of God or Guru or whatever, but I think this is a false humility. The scientist or secularist who reviews the facts and comes to the conclusion of what is probably true, with the understanding that their information and ability to analyze data is limited, comes to what I think is a sincere form of humility. Which is that there is a lot more that we don't know than we do, and of what we do know is continuously up for revision.</p><p style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px;">I don't know how much this has to do with Faqir Chand, but I've been wanting to say this for awhile.</p></span></div><p class="comment-footer font-entryfooter" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 80px;">Posted by: Ned | <a href="https://hinessight.blogs.com/church_of_the_churchless/2019/05/faqir-chand-was-a-guru-who-exposed-how-gurus-deceive-devotees.html?cid=6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c#comment-6a00d83451c0aa69e20240a4625bc8200c" rel="nofollow" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #4792ad; text-decoration-line: none;">June 04, 2019 at 08:07 AM</a></p></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-75642623320332897072023-04-22T04:57:00.004-07:002023-04-22T04:57:58.690-07:00Mind Uploading<p> <span style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 12.8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</span></p><div id="contentSub" style="background-color: white; color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">"Mind transfer" redirects here. For other uses, see <a class="mw-disambig" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_transfer_(disambiguation)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind transfer (disambiguation)">Mind transfer (disambiguation)</a>.</div><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 22em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cyborg">Cyborgs</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;"><img alt="Unknown engraver - Humani Victus Instrumenta - Ars Coquinaria - WGA23954.jpg" data-file-height="1000" data-file-width="774" decoding="async" height="194" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/150px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/225px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg/300px-Unknown_engraver_-_Humani_Victus_Instrumenta_-_Ars_Coquinaria_-_WGA23954.jpg 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="150" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Cyborgology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bionics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Bionics">Bionics</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomimicry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Biomimicry">Biomimicry</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Biomedical engineering">Biomedical engineering</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Brain–computer interface">Brain–computer interface</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybernetics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cybernetics">Cybernetics</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distributed_cognition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Distributed cognition">Distributed cognition</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_ecosystem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Human ecosystem">Human ecosystem</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_enhancement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Human enhancement">Human enhancement</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence_amplification" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Intelligence amplification">Intelligence amplification</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_brain_emulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Whole brain emulation">Whole brain emulation</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Theory</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_anthropology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cyborg anthropology">Cyborg anthropology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Centers</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberpunk" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyberspace" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cyberspace">Cyberspace</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognitive_liberty" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extropianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Extropianism">Extropianism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphological_freedom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Morphological freedom">Morphological freedom</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Singularitarianism">Singularitarianism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techno-progressivism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Techno-progressivism">Techno-progressivism</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding: 0.1em 0.4em;">Related articles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg_art" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Cyborg art">Cyborg art</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0px 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cyborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Cyborg"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Cyborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Cyborg"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Cyborg&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Mind uploading</b> is a speculative process of <b>whole brain emulation</b> in which a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_scanning" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain scanning">brain scan</a> is used to completely <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emulator">emulate</a> the mental state of the individual in a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer">computer</a>. The computer would then run a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer simulation">simulation</a> of the brain's information processing, such that it would respond in essentially the same way as the original brain and experience having a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentient" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sentient">sentient</a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscious" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Conscious">conscious</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind">mind</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-sim.me.uk_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-sim.me.uk-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-kajsotala.fi_3-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-kajsotala.fi-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Substantial mainstream research in related areas is being conducted in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer science">computer science</a>, including animal brain mapping and simulation, development of faster supercomputers, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_reality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain%E2%80%93computer_interface" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain–computer interface">brain–computer interfaces</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connectomics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Connectomics">connectomics</a>, and information extraction from dynamically functioning brains.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> According to supporters, many of the tools and ideas needed to achieve mind uploading already exist or are currently under active development; however, they will admit that others are, as yet, very speculative, but say they are still in the realm of engineering possibility.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Mind uploading may potentially be accomplished by either of two methods: copy-and-upload or copy-and-delete by gradual replacement of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurons" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neurons">neurons</a> (which can be considered as a gradual destructive uploading), until the original <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organic matter">organic</a> brain no longer exists and a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_program" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer program">computer program</a> emulating the brain takes control over the body. In the case of the former method, mind uploading would be achieved by scanning and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_mapping" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain mapping">mapping</a> the salient features of a biological brain, and then by storing and copying, that information state into a computer system or another computational device. The <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biological">biological</a> brain may not survive the copying process or may be deliberately destroyed during it in some variants of uploading. The simulated mind could be within a virtual reality or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulated_reality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simulated reality">simulated world</a>, supported by an anatomic 3D body simulation model. Alternatively, the simulated mind could reside in a computer inside (or either connected to or remotely controlled) a (not necessarily <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanoid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Humanoid">humanoid</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robot">robot</a> or a biological or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyborg">cybernetic</a> body.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Among some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Futurist">futurists</a> and within the part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transhumanism">transhumanist</a> movement, mind uploading is treated as an important proposed <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_extension" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Life extension">life extension</a> or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immortality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immortality">immortality</a> technology (known as "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_immortality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital immortality">digital immortality</a>"). Some believe mind uploading is humanity's current best option for preserving the identity of the species, as opposed to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a>. Another aim of mind uploading is to provide a permanent backup to our "mind-file", to enable interstellar space travel, and a means for human culture to survive a global disaster by making a functional copy of a human society in a computing device. Whole-brain emulation is discussed by some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Futurist">futurists</a> as a "logical endpoint"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup> of the topical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_neuroscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational neuroscience">computational neuroscience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroinformatics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroinformatics">neuroinformatics</a> fields, both about <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_simulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain simulation">brain simulation</a> for medical research purposes. It is discussed in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> research publications as an approach to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computational theory of mind">strong AI</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_general_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial general intelligence">artificial general intelligence</a>) and to at least weak <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a>. Another approach is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_AI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seed AI">seed AI</a>, which would not be based on existing brains. Computer-based intelligence such as an upload could think much faster than a biological human even if it were no more intelligent. A large-scale society of uploads might, according to futurists, give rise to a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_singularity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Technological singularity">technological singularity</a>, meaning a sudden time constant decrease in the exponential development of technology.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> Mind uploading is a central conceptual feature of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind uploading in fiction">numerous science fiction novels, films, and games</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Overview">Overview</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many neuroscientists believe that the human <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind">mind</a> is largely an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emergence">emergent</a> property of the information processing of its <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuronal_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuronal network">neuronal network</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Neuroscientists have stated that important functions performed by the mind, such as learning, memory, and consciousness, are due to purely physical and electrochemical processes in the brain and are governed by applicable laws. For example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christof_Koch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Christof Koch">Christof Koch</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giulio Tononi">Giulio Tononi</a> wrote in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_Spectrum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="IEEE Spectrum">IEEE Spectrum</a></i>:</p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Consciousness is part of the natural world. It depends, we believe, only on mathematics and logic and on the imperfectly known laws of physics, chemistry, and biology; it does not arise from some magical or otherworldly quality.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ieee_conscious_8-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-ieee_conscious-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Eminent <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_scientists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer scientists">computer scientists</a> and neuroscientists have predicted that advanced <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computers">computers</a> will be capable of thought and even attain consciousness, including Koch and Tononi,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ieee_conscious_8-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-ieee_conscious-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Hofstadter" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Douglas Hofstadter">Douglas Hofstadter</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Hawkins" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeff Hawkins">Jeff Hawkins</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> Randal A. Koene, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolfo_Llin%C3%A1s" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rodolfo Llinás">Rodolfo Llinás</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Llinas_11-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Llinas-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many theorists have presented models of the brain and have established a range of estimates of the amount of computing power needed for partial and complete simulations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="citations also needed for Boahen, Modha, Izhikevich, others (September 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Using these models, some have estimated that uploading may become possible within decades if trends such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moore%27s_law" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a> continue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> As of December 2022, this kind of technology is almost entirely theoretical. Scientists are yet to discover a way for computers to feel human emotions, and many assert that uploading consciousness is not possible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Theoretical_benefits_and_applications">Theoretical benefits and applications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Theoretical benefits and applications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id=".22Immortality.22_or_backup"></span><span class="mw-headline" id=""Immortality"_or_backup">"Immortality" or backup</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: "Immortality" or backup">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_immortality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Digital immortality">Digital immortality</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In theory, if the information and processes of the mind can be disassociated from the biological body, they are no longer tied to the individual limits and lifespan of that body. Furthermore, information within a brain could be partly or wholly copied or transferred to one or more other substrates (including digital storage or another brain), thereby – from a purely mechanistic perspective – reducing or eliminating "mortality risk" of such information. This general proposal was discussed in 1971 by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_gerontology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Biomedical gerontology">biogerontologist</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_M._Martin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="George M. Martin">George M. Martin</a> of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Washington">University of Washington</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Martin_1971_339_14-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Martin_1971_339-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Space_exploration">Space exploration</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Space exploration">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">An "uploaded astronaut" could be used instead of a "live" astronaut in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_spaceflight" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human spaceflight">human spaceflight</a>, avoiding the perils of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_gravity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zero gravity">zero gravity</a>, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vacuum">vacuum</a> of space, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_radiation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cosmic radiation">cosmic radiation</a> to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_body" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human body">human body</a>. It would allow for the use of smaller spacecraft, such as the proposed <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StarChip_(spacecraft)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="StarChip (spacecraft)">StarChip</a>, and it would enable virtually unlimited <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstellar_travel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interstellar travel">interstellar travel</a> distances.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relevant_technologies_and_techniques">Relevant technologies and techniques</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relevant technologies and techniques">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The focus of mind uploading, in the case of copy-and-transfer, is on data acquisition, rather than data maintenance of the brain. A set of approaches known as loosely coupled off-loading (LCOL) may be used in the attempt to characterize and copy the mental contents of a brain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SIM_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SIM-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> The LCOL approach may take advantage of self-reports, life-logs and video recordings that can be analyzed by artificial intelligence. A bottom-up approach may focus on the specific resolution and morphology of neurons, the spike times of neurons, the times at which neurons produce action potential responses.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Computational_complexity">Computational complexity</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Computational complexity">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 402px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_brain_emulation.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="720" data-file-width="720" decoding="async" height="400" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/400px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/600px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Whole_brain_emulation.svg/800px-Whole_brain_emulation.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="400" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Whole_brain_emulation.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Estimates of how much processing power is needed to emulate a human brain at various levels, along with the fastest and slowest supercomputers from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOP500" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> and a $1000 PC. Note the logarithmic scale. The (exponential) trend line for the fastest supercomputer reflects a doubling every 14 months. Kurzweil believes that mind uploading will be possible at neural simulation, while the Sandberg & Bostrom report is less certain about where consciousness arises.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Advocates of mind uploading point to Moore's law to support the notion that the necessary computing power is expected to become available within a few decades. However, the actual computational requirements for running an uploaded human mind are very difficult to quantify, potentially rendering such an argument specious.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Regardless of the techniques used to capture or recreate the function of a human mind, the processing demands are likely to be immense, due to the large number of neurons in the human brain along with the considerable complexity of each neuron.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In 2004, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Markram" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Markram">Henry Markram</a>, lead researcher of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Brain_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Blue Brain Project">Blue Brain Project</a>, stated that "it is not [their] goal to build an intelligent neural network", based solely on the computational demands such a project would have.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">It will be very difficult because, in the brain, every molecule is a powerful computer and we would need to simulate the structure and function of trillions upon trillions of molecules as well as all the rules that govern how they interact. You would literally need computers that are trillions of times bigger and faster than anything existing today.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Five years later, after successful simulation of part of a rat brain, Markram was much more bold and optimistic. In 2009, as director of the Blue Brain Project, he claimed that "A detailed, functional artificial human brain can be built within the next 10 years".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Less than two years into it, the project was recognized to be mismanaged and its claims overblown, and Markram was asked to step down.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Required computational capacity strongly depend on the chosen level of simulation model scale:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><table border="1" style="font-size: 14px;"><tbody><tr><td>Level</td><td>CPU demand<br />(FLOPS)</td><td>Memory demand<br />(Tb)</td><td>$1 million super‐computer<br />(Earliest year of making)</td></tr><tr><td>Analog network population model</td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">15</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">2</sup></td><td>2008</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spiking_neural_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spiking neural network">Spiking neural network</a></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">18</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">4</sup></td><td>2019</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrophysiology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">22</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">4</sup></td><td>2033</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Metabolome">Metabolome</a></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">25</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">6</sup></td><td>2044</td></tr><tr><td><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Proteome">Proteome</a></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">26</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">7</sup></td><td>2048</td></tr><tr><td>States of protein complexes</td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">27</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">8</sup></td><td>2052</td></tr><tr><td>Distribution of complexes</td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">30</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">9</sup></td><td>2063</td></tr><tr><td>Stochastic behavior of single molecules</td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">43</sup></td><td>10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">14</sup></td><td>2111</td></tr></tbody><caption align="bottom">Estimates from <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom</a>, 2008</i></caption></table><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Scanning_and_mapping_scale_of_an_individual">Scanning and mapping scale of an individual</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Scanning and mapping scale of an individual">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">When modelling and simulating the brain of a specific individual, a brain map or connectivity database showing the connections between the neurons must be extracted from an anatomic model of the brain. For whole brain simulation, this network map should show the connectivity of the whole <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a>, including the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinal_cord" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spinal cord">spinal cord</a>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensory_receptor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sensory receptor">sensory receptors</a>, and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_cells" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Muscle cells">muscle cells</a>. Destructive scanning of a small sample of tissue from a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mouse brain">mouse brain</a> including synaptic details is possible as of 2010.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">However, if <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short-term_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Short-term memory">short-term memory</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_memory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Working memory">working memory</a> include prolonged or repeated firing of neurons, as well as intra-neural dynamic processes, the electrical and chemical signal state of the synapses and neurons may be hard to extract. The uploaded mind may then perceive a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_loss" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Memory loss">memory loss</a> of the events and mental processes immediately before the time of brain scanning.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A full brain map has been estimated to occupy less than 2 x 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">16</sup> bytes (20,000 TB) and would store the addresses of the connected neurons, the synapse type and the synapse "weight" for each of the brains' 10<sup style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1;">15</sup> synapses.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2012)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> However, the biological complexities of true brain function (e.g. the epigenetic states of neurons, protein components with multiple functional states, etc.) may preclude an accurate prediction of the volume of binary data required to faithfully represent a functioning human mind.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Serial_sectioning">Serial sectioning</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Serial sectioning">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 215px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:User-FastFission-brain.gif" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="231" data-file-width="213" decoding="async" height="231" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/User-FastFission-brain.gif" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="213" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:User-FastFission-brain.gif" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Serial sectioning of a brain</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A possible method for mind uploading is serial sectioning, in which the brain tissue and perhaps other parts of the nervous system are frozen and then scanned and analyzed layer by layer, which for frozen samples at nano-scale requires a cryo-<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultramicrotome" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ultramicrotome">ultramicrotome</a>, thus capturing the structure of the neurons and their interconnections.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Merkle_1989_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Merkle_1989-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> The exposed surface of frozen nerve tissue would be scanned and recorded, and then the surface layer of tissue removed. While this would be a very slow and labor-intensive process, research is currently underway to automate the collection and microscopy of serial sections.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_25-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-ATLUM_Project-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> The scans would then be analyzed, and a model of the neural net recreated in the system that the mind was being uploaded into.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are uncertainties with this approach using current microscopy techniques. If it is possible to replicate neuron function from its visible structure alone, then the resolution afforded by a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scanning electron microscope">scanning electron microscope</a> would suffice for such a technique.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_25-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-ATLUM_Project-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup> However, as the function of brain tissue is partially determined by molecular events (particularly at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synapse">synapses</a>, but also at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_channel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ion channel">other</a> places on the neuron's cell <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Membrane_potential" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Membrane potential">membrane</a>), this may not suffice for capturing and simulating neuron functions. It may be possible to extend the techniques of serial sectioning and to capture the internal molecular makeup of neurons, through the use of sophisticated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Immunohistochemistry">immunohistochemistry</a> staining methods that could then be read via <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confocal_laser_scanning_microscopy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Confocal laser scanning microscopy">confocal laser scanning microscopy</a>. However, as the physiological genesis of 'mind' is not currently known, this method may not be able to access all of the necessary biochemical information to recreate a human brain with sufficient fidelity.</p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Brain_imaging">Brain imaging</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Brain imaging">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="3127" data-file-width="3652" decoding="async" height="188" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/220px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/330px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg/440px-Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Connectome_extraction_procedure.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Process from MRI acquisition to whole brain structural network<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></div></div></div><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetoencephalography.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="266" data-file-width="398" decoding="async" height="147" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/220px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/330px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Magnetoencephalography.svg/440px-Magnetoencephalography.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Magnetoencephalography.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magnetoencephalography">Magnetoencephalography</a></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It may be possible to create functional 3D maps of the brain activity, using advanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroimaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroimaging">neuroimaging</a> technology, such as <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional_MRI" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Functional MRI">functional MRI</a> (fMRI, for mapping change in blood flow), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetoencephalography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magnetoencephalography">magnetoencephalography</a> (MEG, for mapping of electrical currents), or combinations of multiple methods, to build a detailed three-dimensional model of the brain using non-invasive and non-destructive methods. Today, fMRI is often combined with MEG for creating functional maps of human cortex during more complex cognitive tasks, as the methods complement each other. Even though current imaging technology lacks the spatial resolution needed to gather the information needed for such a scan, important recent and future developments are predicted to substantially improve both spatial and temporal resolutions of existing technologies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Brain_simulation">Brain simulation</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Brain simulation">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Main article: <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_simulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain simulation">Brain simulation</a></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There is ongoing work in the field of brain simulation, including partial and whole simulations of some animals. For example, the <i>C. elegans</i> roundworm, <i>Drosophila</i> fruit fly, and mouse have all been simulated to various degrees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The Blue Brain Project by the Brain and Mind Institute of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_Polytechnique_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9rale_de_Lausanne" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne">École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne</a>,</i> Switzerland is an attempt to create a synthetic brain by reverse-engineering mammalian brain circuitry.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Issues">Issues</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Philosophical_issues">Philosophical issues</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Philosophical issues">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Underlying the concept of "mind uploading" (more accurately "mind transferring") is the broad philosophy that consciousness lies within the brain's information processing and is in essence an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Emergence">emergent</a> feature that arises from large neural network high-level patterns of organization, and that the same patterns of organization can be realized in other processing devices. Mind uploading also relies on the idea that the human mind (the "self" and the long-term memory), just like non-human minds, is represented by the current neural network paths and the weights of the brain synapses rather than by a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dualism_(philosophy_of_mind)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dualism (philosophy of mind)">dualistic</a> and mystic soul and spirit. The mind or "soul" can be defined as the information state of the brain, and is immaterial only in the same sense as the information content of a data file or the state of a computer software currently residing in the work-space memory of the computer. Data specifying the information state of the neural network can be captured and copied as a "computer file" from the brain and re-implemented into a different physical form.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> This is not to deny that minds are richly adapted to their substrates.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> An analogy to the idea of mind uploading is to copy the temporary information state (the variable values) of a computer program from the computer memory to another computer and continue its execution. The other computer may perhaps have different hardware architecture but <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_emulator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Computer emulator">emulates</a> the hardware of the first computer.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">These issues have a long history. In 1775, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Thomas Reid">Thomas Reid</a> wrote:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup> “I would be glad to know... whether when my brain has lost its original structure, and when some hundred years after the same materials are fabricated so curiously as to become an intelligent being, whether, I say that being will be me; or, if, two or three such beings should be formed out of my brain; whether they will all be me, and consequently one and the same intelligent being.”</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">A considerable portion of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transhumanists" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Transhumanists">transhumanists</a> and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singularitarians" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Singularitarians">singularitarians</a> place great hope into the belief that they may become immortal, by creating one or many non-biological functional copies of their brains, thereby leaving their "biological shell". However, the philosopher and transhumanist <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Schneider_(philosopher)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Susan Schneider (philosopher)">Susan Schneider</a> claims that at best, uploading would create a copy of the original person's mind.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schneider_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Schneider-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> Schneider agrees that consciousness has a computational basis, but this does not mean we can upload and survive. According to her views, "uploading" would probably result in the death of the original person's brain, while only outside observers can maintain the illusion of the original person still being alive. For it is implausible to think that one's consciousness would leave one's brain and travel to a remote location; ordinary physical objects do not behave this way. Ordinary objects (rocks, tables, etc.) are not simultaneously here, and elsewhere. At best, a copy of the original mind is created.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Schneider_31-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Schneider-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neural_correlates_of_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neural correlates of consciousness">Neural correlates of consciousness</a>, a sub-branch of neuroscience, states that consciousness may be thought of as a state-dependent property of some undefined <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_systems" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Complex systems">complex</a>, adaptive, and highly interconnected biological system.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Others have argued against such conclusions. For example, Buddhist transhumanist James Hughes has pointed out that this consideration only goes so far: if one believes the self is an illusion, worries about survival are not reasons to avoid uploading,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-The_Transhumanist_Reader_33-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-The_Transhumanist_Reader-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> and Keith Wiley has presented an argument wherein all resulting minds of an uploading procedure are granted equal primacy in their claim to the original identity, such that survival of the self is determined retroactively from a strictly subjective position.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-WileyK_Taxonomy_35-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-WileyK_Taxonomy-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> Some have also asserted that consciousness is a part of an extra-biological system that is yet to be discovered; therefore it cannot be fully understood under the present constraints of neurobiology. Without the transference of consciousness, true mind-upload or perpetual immortality cannot be practically achieved.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Another potential consequence of mind uploading is that the decision to "upload" may then create a mindless symbol manipulator instead of a conscious mind (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_zombie" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophical zombie">philosophical zombie</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-38" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Are we to assume that an upload is conscious if it displays behaviors that are highly indicative of consciousness? Are we to assume that an upload is conscious if it verbally insists that it is conscious?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Could there be an absolute upper limit in processing speed above which consciousness cannot be sustained? The mystery of consciousness precludes a definitive answer to this question.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup> Numerous scientists, including Kurzweil, strongly believe that the answer as to whether a separate entity is conscious (with 100% confidence) is fundamentally unknowable, since consciousness is inherently subjective (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>). Regardless, some scientists strongly believe consciousness is the consequence of computational processes which are substrate-neutral. On the contrary, numerous scientists believe consciousness may be the result of some form of quantum computation dependent on substrate (see <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mind" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum mind">quantum mind</a>).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In light of uncertainty on whether to regard uploads as conscious, Sandberg proposes a cautious approach:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><blockquote class="templatequote" style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 40px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">Principle of assuming the most (PAM): Assume that any emulated system could have the same mental properties as the original system and treat it correspondingly.</p></blockquote><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ethical_and_legal_implications">Ethical and legal implications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ethical and legal implications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The process of developing emulation technology raises ethical issues related to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_welfare" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Animal welfare">animal welfare</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_consciousness" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial consciousness">artificial consciousness</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> The neuroscience required to develop brain emulation would require animal experimentation, first on invertebrates and then on small mammals before moving on to humans. Sometimes the animals would just need to be euthanized in order to extract, slice, and scan their brains, but sometimes behavioral and <i>in vivo</i> measures would be required, which might cause pain to living animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition, the resulting animal emulations themselves might suffer, depending on one's views about consciousness.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Bancroft argues for the plausibility of consciousness in brain simulations on the basis of the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualia#David_Chalmers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qualia">fading qualia</a>" thought experiment of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Chalmers">David Chalmers</a>. He then concludes:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bancroft2013_45-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bancroft2013-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> “If, as I argue above, a sufficiently detailed computational simulation of the brain is potentially operationally equivalent to an organic brain, it follows that we must consider extending protections against suffering to simulations.” Chalmers himself has argued that such virtual realities would be genuine realities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> However, if mind uploading occurs and the uploads are not conscious, there may be a significant opportunity cost. In the book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence:_Paths,_Dangers,_Strategies" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies">Superintelligence</a></i>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> expresses concern that we could build a "Disneyland without children."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-bostrom2014_47-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-bostrom2014-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It might help reduce emulation suffering to develop virtual equivalents of anaesthesia, as well as to omit processing related to pain and/or consciousness. However, some experiments might require a fully functioning and suffering animal emulation. Animals might also suffer by accident due to flaws and lack of insight into what parts of their brains are suffering.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> Questions also arise regarding the moral status of <i>partial</i> brain emulations, as well as creating neuromorphic emulations that draw inspiration from biological brains but are built somewhat differently.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bancroft2013_45-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bancroft2013-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Brain emulations could be erased by computer viruses or malware, without need to destroy the underlying hardware. This may make assassination easier than for physical humans. The attacker might take the computing power for its own use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many questions arise regarding the legal personhood of emulations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muzyka2013_49-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Muzyka2013-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> Would they be given the rights of biological humans? If a person makes an emulated copy of themselves and then dies, does the emulation inherit their property and official positions? Could the emulation ask to "pull the plug" when its biological version was terminally ill or in a coma? Would it help to treat emulations as adolescents for a few years so that the biological creator would maintain temporary control? Would criminal emulations receive the death penalty, or would they be given forced data modification as a form of "rehabilitation"? Could an upload have marriage and child-care rights?<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Muzyka2013_49-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Muzyka2013-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">If simulated minds would come true and if they were assigned rights of their own, it may be difficult to ensure the protection of "digital human rights". For example, social science researchers might be tempted to secretly expose simulated minds, or whole isolated societies of simulated minds, to controlled experiments in which many copies of the same minds are exposed (serially or simultaneously) to different test conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Research led by cognitive scientist Michael Laakasuo has shown that attitudes towards mind uploading are predicted by an individual's belief in an afterlife; the existence of mind uploading technology may threaten religious and spiritual notions of immortality and divinity.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-laakasuo2022_50-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-laakasuo2022-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_and_economic_implications">Political and economic implications</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Political and economic implications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Emulations might be preceded by a technological arms race driven by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-mover_advantage" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="First-mover advantage">first-strike advantages</a>. Their emergence and existence may lead to increased risk of war, including inequality, power struggles, strong loyalty and willingness to die among emulations, and new forms of racism, xenophobia, and religious prejudice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-51" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> If emulations run much faster than humans, there might not be enough time for human leaders to make wise decisions or negotiate. It is possible that humans would react violently against the growing power of emulations, especially if that depresses human wages. Emulations may not trust each other, and even well-intentioned defensive measures <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_dilemma" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Security dilemma">might be interpreted as offense</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Age_of_Em" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Age of Em">The Age of Em</a></i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robin Hanson">Robin Hanson</a> poses many hypotheses on the nature of a society of mind uploads, including that the most common minds would be copies of adults with personalities conducive to long hours of productive specialized work.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hanson_52-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-hanson-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Emulation_timelines_and_AI_risk">Emulation timelines and AI risk</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Emulation timelines and AI risk">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Kenneth D. Miller, a professor of neuroscience at Columbia and a co-director of the Center for Theoretical Neuroscience, raised doubts about the practicality of mind uploading. His major argument is that reconstructing neurons and their connections is in itself a formidable task, but it is far from being sufficient. Operation of the brain depends on the dynamics of electrical and biochemical signal exchange between neurons; therefore, capturing them in a single "frozen" state may prove insufficient. In addition, the nature of these signals may require modeling down to the molecular level and beyond. Therefore, while not rejecting the idea in principle, Miller believes that the complexity of the "absolute" duplication of an individual mind is insurmountable for the nearest hundreds of years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-abondonallhopetoupload_53-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-abondonallhopetoupload-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are very few feasible technologies that humans have refrained from developing. The neuroscience and computer-hardware technologies that may make brain emulation possible are widely desired for other reasons, and logically their development will continue into the future. We may also have brain emulations for a brief but significant period on the way to non-emulation based human-level AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-hanson_52-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-hanson-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> Assuming that emulation technology will arrive, a question becomes whether we should accelerate or slow its advance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Arguments for speeding up brain-emulation research:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">If neuroscience is the bottleneck on brain emulation rather than computing power, emulation advances may be more erratic and unpredictable based on when new scientific discoveries happen.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ShulmanSandberg2010_54-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-ShulmanSandberg2010-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hanson2009_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Hanson2009-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> Limited computing power would mean the first emulations would run slower and so would be easier to adapt to, and there would be more time for the technology to transition through society.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Hanson2009_55-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Hanson2009-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Improvements in manufacturing, 3D printing, and nanotechnology may accelerate hardware production,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> which could increase the "computing overhang"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MuehlhauserSalamon2012_56-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-MuehlhauserSalamon2012-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> from excess hardware relative to neuroscience.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">If one AI-development group had a lead in emulation technology, it would have more subjective time to win an arms race to build the first superhuman AI. Because it would be less rushed, it would have more freedom to consider AI risks.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Arguments for slowing down brain-emulation research:</p><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Greater investment in brain emulation and associated cognitive science might enhance the ability of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers to create "neuromorphic" (brain-inspired) algorithms, such as neural networks, reinforcement learning, and hierarchical perception. This could accelerate <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Existential_risk_from_artificial_general_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Existential risk from artificial general intelligence">risks from uncontrolled AI</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Participants at a 2011 AI workshop estimated an 85% probability that neuromorphic AI would arrive before brain emulation. This was based on the idea that brain emulation would require understanding some brain components, and it would be easier to tinker with these than to reconstruct the entire brain in its original form. By a very narrow margin, the participants on balance leaned toward the view that accelerating brain emulation would increase expected AI risk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Waiting might give society more time to think about the consequences of brain emulation and develop institutions to improve cooperation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li></ul><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Emulation research would also speed up neuroscience as a whole, which might accelerate medical advances, cognitive enhancement, lie detectors, and capability for <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Emulations might be easier to control than <i>de novo</i> AI because</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Human abilities, behavioral tendencies, and vulnerabilities are more thoroughly understood, thus control measures might be more intuitive and easier to plan for.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Emulations could more easily inherit human motivations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Emulations are harder to manipulate than <i>de novo</i> AI, because brains are messy and complicated; this could reduce risks of their rapid takeoff.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Also, emulations may be bulkier and require more hardware than AI, which would also slow the speed of a transition.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Unlike AI, an emulation wouldn't be able to rapidly expand beyond the size of a human brain.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Emulations running at digital speeds would have less intelligence differential vis-à-vis AI and so might more easily control AI.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">As counterpoint to these considerations, Bostrom notes some downsides:</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Even if we better understand human behavior, the <i>evolution</i> of emulation behavior under self-improvement might be much less predictable than the evolution of safe <i>de novo</i> AI under self-improvement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Emulations may not inherit all human motivations. Perhaps they would inherit our darker motivations or would behave abnormally in the unfamiliar environment of cyberspace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Even if there's a slow takeoff toward emulations, there would still be a second transition to <i>de novo</i> AI later on. Two intelligence explosions may mean more total risk.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup></li></ol><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Because of the postulated difficulties that a whole brain emulation-generated <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superintelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Superintelligence">superintelligence</a> would pose for the control problem, computer scientist <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart J. Russell">Stuart J. Russell</a> in his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Compatible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible</a></i> rejects creating one, simply calling it "so obviously a bad idea".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Advocates">Advocates</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Advocates">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec</a> (1979) describes and endorses mind uploading using a brain surgeon.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Moravec" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hans Moravec">Moravec</a> (1988) uses a similar description and calls it "transmigration".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-moravec1988_61-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-moravec1988-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a>, director of engineering at <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Google">Google</a>, has long predicted that people will be able to "upload" their entire brains to computers and become "digitally immortal" by 2045. Kurzweil made this claim for many years, e.g. during his speech in 2013 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2045_Initiative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="2045 Initiative">Global Futures 2045</a> International Congress in New York, which claims to subscribe to a similar set of beliefs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> Mind uploading has also been advocated by a number of researchers in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuroscience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuroscience">neuroscience</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, such as the late <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1993, Joe Strout created a small web site called the Mind Uploading Home Page, and began advocating the idea in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryonics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cryonics">cryonics</a> circles and elsewhere on the net. That site has not been actively updated in recent years, but it has spawned other sites including MindUploading.org, run by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randal_A._Koene" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Randal A. Koene">Randal A. Koene</a>, who also moderates a mailing list on the topic. These advocates see mind uploading as a medical procedure which could eventually save countless lives.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Many transhumanists look forward to the development and deployment of mind uploading technology, with transhumanists such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Nick Bostrom</a> predicting that it will become possible within the 21st century due to technological trends such as Moore's law.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Roadmap_5-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michio Kaku">Michio Kaku</a>, in collaboration with <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_(TV_network)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science (TV network)">Science</a>, hosted a documentary, <i>Sci Fi Science: Physics of the Impossible</i>, based on his book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_of_the_Impossible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physics of the Impossible">Physics of the Impossible</a></i>. Episode four, titled "How to Teleport", mentions that mind uploading via techniques such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum entanglement">quantum entanglement</a> and whole brain emulation using an advanced <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">MRI machine</a> may enable people to be transported vast distances at near light-speed.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The book <i>Beyond Humanity: CyberEvolution and Future Minds</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a> & Earl D. Cox, is about the eventual (and, to the authors, almost inevitable) evolution of computers into <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentience" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sentience">sentient</a> beings, but also deals with human mind transfer. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Doyle_(actor)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Richard Doyle (actor)">Richard Doyle</a>'s <i>Wetwares: Experiments in PostVital Living</i> deals extensively with uploading from the perspective of distributed embodiment, arguing for example that humans are currently part of the "artificial life phenotype". Doyle's vision reverses the polarity on uploading, with artificial life forms such as uploads actively seeking out biological embodiment as part of their reproductive strategy.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading in fiction</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BRAIN_Initiative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BRAIN Initiative">BRAIN Initiative</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain_transplant" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain transplant">Brain transplant</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brain-reading" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Brain-reading">Brain-reading</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyborg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cyborg">Cyborg</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylon_(reimagining)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cylon (reimagining)">Cylon (reimagining)</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_transhumanism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Democratic transhumanism">Democratic transhumanism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Brain_Project" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Brain Project">Human Brain Project</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isolated_brain" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Isolated brain">Isolated brain</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuralink" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neuralink">Neuralink</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthumanization" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Posthumanization">Posthumanization</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotoid" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robotoid">Robotoid</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_of_Theseus" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ship of Theseus">Ship of Theseus</a>—thought experiment asking if objects having all parts replaced fundamentally remain the same object</li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulation_hypothesis" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simulation hypothesis">Simulation hypothesis</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simulism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Simulism">Simulism</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthetic_telepathy#Synthetic_telepathy.2Fsilent_communication" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Synthetic telepathy">Technologically enabled telepathy</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Turing test">Turing test</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Work_and_Death" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Future of Work and Death">The Future of Work and Death</a></i></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Chinese room">Chinese room</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.375; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mind_uploading&action=edit&section=18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-sim.me.uk-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-sim.me.uk_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBamford2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bamford, Sim (2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.sim.me.uk/neural/JournalArticles/Bamford2012IJMC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A framework for approaches to transfer of a mind's substrate"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>04</b> (1): 23–34. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2Fs1793843012400021" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/s1793843012400021</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1793-8430" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1793-8430</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=A+framework+for+approaches+to+transfer+of+a+mind%27s+substrate&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-34&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2Fs1793843012400021&rft.issn=1793-8430&rft.aulast=Bamford&rft.aufirst=Sim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sim.me.uk%2Fneural%2FJournalArticles%2FBamford2012IJMC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGoertzelIkle'2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Goertzel, BEN; Ikle', Matthew (2012). "Introduction". <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>04</b>: 1–3. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793843012020015" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S1793843012020015</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.volume=04&rft.pages=1-3&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793843012020015&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=BEN&rft.au=Ikle%27%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-kajsotala.fi-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-kajsotala.fi_3-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSotalaValpola2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sotala, Kaj; Valpola, Harri (June 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://kajsotala.fi/Papers/CoalescingMinds.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Coalescing minds: brain uploading-related group mind scenarios"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>04</b> (1): 293–312. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793843012400173" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S1793843012400173</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6230653" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6230653</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Coalescing+minds%3A+brain+uploading-related+group+mind+scenarios&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=293-312&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793843012400173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6230653%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sotala&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft.au=Valpola%2C+Harri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkajsotala.fi%2FPapers%2FCoalescingMinds.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKayNaselarisPrengerGallant2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kay KN, Naselaris T, Prenger RJ, Gallant JL (March 2008). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556484" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Identifying natural images from human brain activity"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>452</b> (7185): 352–5. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.452..352K" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2008Natur.452..352K</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature06713" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/nature06713</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3556484" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">3556484</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18322462" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18322462</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Identifying+natural+images+from+human+brain+activity&rft.volume=452&rft.issue=7185&rft.pages=352-5&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3556484%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18322462&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature06713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.452..352K&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=KN&rft.au=Naselaris%2C+T&rft.au=Prenger%2C+RJ&rft.au=Gallant%2C+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3556484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Roadmap-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Roadmap_5-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSandbergBoström2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Sandberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anders Sandberg">Sandberg, Anders</a>; <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nick Bostrom">Boström, Nick</a> (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/Reports/2008-3.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. Technical Report #2008‐3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">5 April</span> 2009</span>. <q style="quotes: "\"" "\"" "'" "'";">The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain.</q></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Whole+Brain+Emulation%3A+A+Roadmap&rft.series=Technical+Report+%232008%E2%80%903&rft.pub=Future+of+Humanity+Institute%2C+Oxford+University&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Sandberg&rft.aufirst=Anders&rft.au=Bostr%C3%B6m%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fhi.ox.ac.uk%2FReports%2F2008-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGoertzel2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Goertzel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ben Goertzel">Goertzel, Ben</a> (December 2007). <a class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?cluster=4599202374830957934" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Human-level artificial general intelligence and the possibility of a technological singularity: a reaction to Ray Kurzweil's The Singularity Is Near, and McDermott's critique of Kurzweil"</a>. <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>171</b> (18, Special Review Issue): 1161–1173. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.artint.2007.10.011</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Human-level+artificial+general+intelligence+and+the+possibility+of+a+technological+singularity%3A+a+reaction+to+Ray+Kurzweil%27s+The+Singularity+Is+Near%2C+and+McDermott%27s+critique+of+Kurzweil&rft.volume=171&rft.issue=18%2C+Special+Review+Issue&rft.pages=1161-1173&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.artint.2007.10.011&rft.aulast=Goertzel&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fcluster%3D4599202374830957934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHopfield1982" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hopfield, J. J. (1982-04-01). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346238" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>79</b> (8): 2554–2558. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982PNAS...79.2554H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1982PNAS...79.2554H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.79.8.2554" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1073/pnas.79.8.2554</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0027-8424</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC346238" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">346238</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6953413" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">6953413</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Neural+networks+and+physical+systems+with+emergent+collective+computational+abilities.&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2554-2558&rft.date=1982-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC346238%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982PNAS...79.2554H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6953413&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.79.8.2554&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Hopfield&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC346238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ieee_conscious-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-ieee_conscious_8-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-ieee_conscious_8-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKochTononi2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giulio_Tononi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Giulio Tononi">Koch, Christof</a>; Tononi, Giulio (2008). <a class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/11693/1/KOCieeespec08.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Can machines be conscious?"</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>IEEE Spectrum</i>. <b>45</b> (6): 55. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSPEC.2008.4531463" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1109/MSPEC.2008.4531463</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7226896" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">7226896</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Spectrum&rft.atitle=Can+machines+be+conscious%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMSPEC.2008.4531463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7226896%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Christof&rft.au=Tononi%2C+Giulio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F11693%2F1%2FKOCieeespec08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-spectrum.ieee.org-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-spectrum.ieee.org_9-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFnull" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">null. <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090501102356/http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/jun08/6277" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Tech Luminaries Address Singularity"</a>. <i>ieee.org</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.spectrum.ieee.org/jun08/6277" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2009-05-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2009-04-02</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ieee.org&rft.atitle=Tech+Luminaries+Address+Singularity&rft.au=null&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectrum.ieee.org%2Fjun08%2F6277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Minsky, Conscious Machines, in 'Machinery of Consciousness', Proceedings, National Research Council of Canada, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.</span></li><li id="cite_note-Llinas-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Llinas_11-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLlinas2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Llinas, R (2001). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_of_the_vortex:_from_neurons_to_self" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="I of the vortex: from neurons to self"><i>I of the vortex: from neurons to self</i></a>. Cambridge: MIT Press. pp. 261–262. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-62163-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-62163-2"><bdi>978-0-262-62163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+of+the+vortex%3A+from+neurons+to+self&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=261-262&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-262-62163-2&rft.aulast=Llinas&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRay_Kurzweil2000" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Kurzweil" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ray Kurzweil">Ray Kurzweil</a> (February 2000). <a class="external text" href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/live-forever-uploading-the-human-braincloser-than-you-think" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Live Forever–Uploading The Human Brain...Closer Than You Think"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Psychology+Today&rft.atitle=Live+Forever%E2%80%93Uploading+The+Human+Brain...Closer+Than+You+Think&rft.date=2000-02&rft.au=Ray+Kurzweil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Flive-forever-uploading-the-human-braincloser-than-you-think&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/the-future/transhumanism-upload-mind-computer/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Transhumanists want to upload their minds to a computer. They really won't like the result"</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transhumanists+want+to+upload+their+minds+to+a+computer.+They+really+won%27t+like+the+result&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbigthink.com%2Fthe-future%2Ftranshumanism-upload-mind-computer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Martin_1971_339-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Martin_1971_339_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMartin_GM1971" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Martin GM (1971). "Brief proposal on immortality: an interim solution". <i>Perspectives in Biology and Medicine</i>. <b>14</b> (2): 339–340. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpbm.1971.0015" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1353/pbm.1971.0015</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5546258" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5546258</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:71120068" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">71120068</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+in+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.atitle=Brief+proposal+on+immortality%3A+an+interim+solution&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=339-340&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A71120068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5546258&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fpbm.1971.0015&rft.au=Martin+GM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFPrisco2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Prisco, Giulio (12 December 2012). <a class="external text" href="http://www.kurzweilai.net/uploaded-e-crews-for-interstellar-missions" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Uploaded e-crews for interstellar missions"</a>. <i>kurzweilai.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">31 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kurzweilai.net&rft.atitle=Uploaded+e-crews+for+interstellar+missions&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft.aulast=Prisco&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kurzweilai.net%2Fuploaded-e-crews-for-interstellar-missions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-SIM-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SIM_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140103135545/http://www.carboncopies.org/substrate-independent-minds" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Substrate-Independent Minds - Carboncopies.org Foundation"</a>. <i>carboncopies.org</i>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.carboncopies.org/substrate-independent-minds" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> on 2014-01-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2014-01-03</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carboncopies.org&rft.atitle=Substrate-Independent+Minds+-+Carboncopies.org+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carboncopies.org%2Fsubstrate-independent-minds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roadmap p.11 "Given the complexities and conceptual issues of consciousness we will not examine criteria 6abc, but mainly examine achieving criteria 1‐5."</span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://bluebrainproject.epfl.ch/FAQs.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bluebrain - EPFL"</a>. <i>epfl.ch</i>. 19 May 2015.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=epfl.ch&rft.atitle=Bluebrain+-+EPFL&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbluebrainproject.epfl.ch%2FFAQs.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18924.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Blue Brain Project FAQ</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127195551/http://bluebrain.epfl.ch/page18924.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2007-01-27 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2004</span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFJonathan_Fildes2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="new" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonathan_Fildes&action=edit&redlink=1" style="background: none; color: #dd3333; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jonathan Fildes (page does not exist)">Jonathan Fildes</a> (22 July 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8164060.stm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Artificial brain '10 years away'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Artificial+brain+%2710+years+away%27&rft.date=2009-07-22&rft.au=Jonathan+Fildes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2F8164060.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFEpstein2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Epstein, Robert (18 May 2016). <a class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/your-brain-does-not-process-information-and-it-is-not-a-computer" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The empty brain"</a>. <i>Aeon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=The+empty+brain&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fyour-brain-does-not-process-information-and-it-is-not-a-computer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFTheil2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Theil, Stefan (2015-10-01). <a class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-human-brain-project-went-wrong-and-how-to-fix-it/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Why the human brain project went wrong and how to fix it"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2021-04-04</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Why+the+human+brain+project+went+wrong+and+how+to+fix+it&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Theil&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle%2Fwhy-the-human-brain-project-went-wrong-and-how-to-fix-it%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2010/11/new-imaging-method-developed-at-stanford-reveals-stunning-details-of-brain-connections.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"New imaging method developed at Stanford reveals stunning details of brain connections"</a>. Stanford Medicine.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+imaging+method+developed+at+Stanford+reveals+stunning+details+of+brain+connections&rft.pub=Stanford+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmed.stanford.edu%2Fnews%2Fall-news%2F2010%2F11%2Fnew-imaging-method-developed-at-stanford-reveals-stunning-details-of-brain-connections.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Merkle_1989-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Merkle_1989_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merkle, R., 1989, <a class="external text" href="http://www.merkle.com/merkleDir/brainAnalysis.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Large scale analysis of neural structures</a>, CSL-89-10 November 1989, [P89-00173]</span></li><li id="cite_note-ATLUM_Project-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_25-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-ATLUM_Project_25-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/lichtman/ATLUM/ATLUM_web.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">ATLUM Project</a> <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080201055512/http://www.mcb.harvard.edu/lichtman/ATLUM/ATLUM_web.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Archived</a> 2008-02-01 at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHagmannCammounGigandetMeuli2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hagmann, Patric; Cammoun, Leila; Gigandet, Xavier; Meuli, Reto; Honey, Christopher J.; Wedeen, Van J.; Sporns, Olaf; Friston, Karl J. (2008). Friston, Karl J. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443193" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mapping the Structural Core of Human Cerebral Cortex"</a>. <i>PLOS Biology</i>. <b>6</b> (7): e159. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060159" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1371/journal.pbio.0060159</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2443193" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2443193</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18597554" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18597554</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biology&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+Structural+Core+of+Human+Cerebral+Cortex&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e159&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2443193%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18597554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0060159&rft.aulast=Hagmann&rft.aufirst=Patric&rft.au=Cammoun%2C+Leila&rft.au=Gigandet%2C+Xavier&rft.au=Meuli%2C+Reto&rft.au=Honey%2C+Christopher+J.&rft.au=Wedeen%2C+Van+J.&rft.au=Sporns%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Friston%2C+Karl+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2443193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGloverBowtell2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Glover, Paul; Bowtell, Richard (2009). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457971a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Medical imaging: MRI rides the wave"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>457</b> (7232): 971–2. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Natur.457..971G" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2009Natur.457..971G</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F457971a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/457971a</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19225512" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">19225512</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205044426" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">205044426</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Medical+imaging%3A+MRI+rides+the+wave&rft.volume=457&rft.issue=7232&rft.pages=971-2&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F457971a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205044426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19225512&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Natur.457..971G&rft.aulast=Glover&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Bowtell%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F457971a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFFranco_Cortese2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Franco Cortese (June 17, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/06/17/clearing-up-misconceptions-about-mind-uploading/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Clearing Up Misconceptions About Mind Uploading"</a>. <i>h+ Media</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h%2B+Media&rft.atitle=Clearing+Up+Misconceptions+About+Mind+Uploading&rft.date=2013-06-17&rft.au=Franco+Cortese&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhplusmagazine.com%2F2013%2F06%2F17%2Fclearing-up-misconceptions-about-mind-uploading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYoonsuck_ChoeJaerock_KwonJi_Ryang_Chung2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Yoonsuck Choe; Jaerock Kwon; Ji Ryang Chung (2012). <a class="external text" href="http://faculty.cs.tamu.edu/choe/ftp/publications/choe-ijmc12-preprint.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Time, Consciousness, and Mind Uploading"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>04</b> (1): 257. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS179384301240015X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S179384301240015X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Time%2C+Consciousness%2C+and+Mind+Uploading&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=257&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS179384301240015X&rft.au=Yoonsuck+Choe&rft.au=Jaerock+Kwon&rft.au=Ji+Ryang+Chung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.cs.tamu.edu%2Fchoe%2Fftp%2Fpublications%2Fchoe-ijmc12-preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.benbest.com/philo/doubles.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Duplicates Paradox (The Duplicates Problem)"</a>. <i>benbest.com</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=benbest.com&rft.atitle=The+Duplicates+Paradox+%28The+Duplicates+Problem%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.benbest.com%2Fphilo%2Fdoubles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Schneider-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Schneider_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Schneider_31-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSchneider2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schneider, Susan (March 2, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/the-philosophy-of-her/?_php=true&_type=blogs&_r=0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Philosophy of 'Her'<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">May 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Philosophy+of+%27Her%27&rft.date=2014-03-02&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopinionator.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F02%2Fthe-philosophy-of-her%2F%3F_php%3Dtrue%26_type%3Dblogs%26_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><i>Fundamental neuroscience</i>. Squire, Larry R. (3rd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier / Academic Press. 2008. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123740199" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780123740199"><bdi>9780123740199</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/190867431" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">190867431</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+neuroscience&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Elsevier+%2F+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F190867431&rft.isbn=9780123740199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-The_Transhumanist_Reader-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-The_Transhumanist_Reader_33-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHughes2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hughes, James (2013). <a class="external text" href="http://eu.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118334299.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Transhumanism and Personal Identity</i></a>. Wiley.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transhumanism+and+Personal+Identity&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feu.wiley.com%2FWileyCDA%2FWileyTitle%2FproductCd-1118334299.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWiley2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wiley, Keith (March 20, 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://hplusmagazine.com/2014/03/26/response-to-susan-schneiders-the-philosophy-of-her/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Response to Susan Schneider's "Philosophy of 'Her"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>H+Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">7 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=H%2BMagazine&rft.atitle=Response+to+Susan+Schneider%27s+%22Philosophy+of+%27Her%22&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhplusmagazine.com%2F2014%2F03%2F26%2Fresponse-to-susan-schneiders-the-philosophy-of-her%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-WileyK_Taxonomy-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-WileyK_Taxonomy_35-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFWiley2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wiley, Keith (Sep 2014). <a class="external text" href="http://alautunpress.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>A Taxonomy and Metaphysics of Mind-Uploading</i></a> (1st ed.). Humanity+ Press and Alautun Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0692279847" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0692279847"><bdi>978-0692279847</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">16 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Taxonomy+and+Metaphysics+of+Mind-Uploading&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Humanity%2B+Press+and+Alautun+Press&rft.date=2014-09&rft.isbn=978-0692279847&rft.aulast=Wiley&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falautunpress.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFRuparel2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ruparel, Bhavik (2018-07-30). <a class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@anthrobot/on-achieving-immortality-3ed1d567f7a2" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"On Achieving Immortality"</a>. <i>Bhavik Ruparel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bhavik+Ruparel&rft.atitle=On+Achieving+Immortality&rft.date=2018-07-30&rft.aulast=Ruparel&rft.aufirst=Bhavik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40anthrobot%2Fon-achieving-immortality-3ed1d567f7a2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMichael_Hauskeller2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Michael Hauskeller (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1246312" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"My Brain, my Mind, and I: Some Philosophical Problems of Mind-Uploading"</a>. <i>Academia.edu</i>. <b>04</b> (1): 187–200.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Academia.edu&rft.atitle=My+Brain%2C+my+Mind%2C+and+I%3A+Some+Philosophical+Problems+of+Mind-Uploading&rft.volume=04&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=187-200&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Michael+Hauskeller&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1246312&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFGeorge_Dvorsky2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">George Dvorsky (April 17, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://io9.com/you-ll-probably-never-upload-your-mind-into-a-computer-474941498" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"You Might Never Upload Your Brain Into a Computer"</a>. <i>io9</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=io9&rft.atitle=You+Might+Never+Upload+Your+Brain+Into+a+Computer&rft.date=2013-04-17&rft.au=George+Dvorsky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2Fyou-ll-probably-never-upload-your-mind-into-a-computer-474941498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFBrandon_Oto2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brandon Oto (2011), <a class="external text" href="http://degreesofclarity.com/writing/oto_mind_uploading.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Seeking normative guidelines for novel future forms of consciousness</i></a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>, University of California, Santa Cruz</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+normative+guidelines+for+novel+future+forms+of+consciousness&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+Santa+Cruz&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Brandon+Oto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdegreesofclarity.com%2Fwriting%2Foto_mind_uploading.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBen_Goertzel2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ben Goertzel (2012). <a class="external text" href="http://goertzel.org/Goertzel_IJMC_Special_Issue.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"When Should Two Minds Be Considered Versions of One Another?"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=When+Should+Two+Minds+Be+Considered+Versions+of+One+Another%3F&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Ben+Goertzel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoertzel.org%2FGoertzel_IJMC_Special_Issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFSally_Morem2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Sally Morem (April 21, 2013). <a class="external text" href="http://hplusmagazine.com/2013/04/21/goertzel-contra-dvorsky-on-mind-uploading/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Goertzel Contra Dvorsky on Mind Uploading"</a>. <i>h+ Media</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=h%2B+Media&rft.atitle=Goertzel+Contra+Dvorsky+on+Mind+Uploading&rft.date=2013-04-21&rft.au=Sally+Morem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhplusmagazine.com%2F2013%2F04%2F21%2Fgoertzel-contra-dvorsky-on-mind-uploading%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMartine_Rothblatt2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Martine Rothblatt (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827213457/http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Terasem Mind Uploading Experiment"</a><span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 141–158. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793843012400070" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S1793843012400070</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://www.terasemcentral.org/docs/Terasem%20Mind%20Uploading%20Experiment%20IJMC.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 2013-08-27.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=The+Terasem+Mind+Uploading+Experiment&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-158&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793843012400070&rft.au=Martine+Rothblatt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terasemcentral.org%2Fdocs%2FTerasem%2520Mind%2520Uploading%2520Experiment%2520IJMC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPatrick_D._Hopkins2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Patrick D. Hopkins (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120906145410/http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Why Uploading Will Not Work, or, the Ghosts Haunting Transhumanism"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Journal of Machine Consciousness</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 229–243. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793843012400136" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S1793843012400136</a>. Archived from <a class="external text" href="http://home.millsaps.edu/hopkipd/IJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span> on 2012-09-06.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Machine+Consciousness&rft.atitle=Why+Uploading+Will+Not+Work%2C+or%2C+the+Ghosts+Haunting+Transhumanism&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=229-243&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS1793843012400136&rft.au=Patrick+D.+Hopkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.millsaps.edu%2Fhopkipd%2FIJMC-Preprint-HopkinsUploading.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-SandbergEthics2014-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SandbergEthics2014_44-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAnders_Sandberg2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Anders Sandberg (14 Apr 2014). "Ethics of brain emulations". <i>Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>26</b> (3): 439–457. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0952813X.2014.895113" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/0952813X.2014.895113</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14545074" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14545074</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Experimental+%26+Theoretical+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Ethics+of+brain+emulations&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=439-457&rft.date=2014-04-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0952813X.2014.895113&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14545074%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Anders+Sandberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bancroft2013-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bancroft2013_45-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bancroft2013_45-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTyler_D._Bancroft2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tyler D. Bancroft (Aug 2013). "Ethical Aspects of Computational Neuroscience". <i>Neuroethics</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 415–418. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12152-012-9163-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s12152-012-9163-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1874-5504" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1874-5504</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145511899" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">145511899</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroethics&rft.atitle=Ethical+Aspects+of+Computational+Neuroscience&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=415-418&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145511899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-5504&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12152-012-9163-7&rft.au=Tyler+D.+Bancroft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChalmers2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Chalmers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Chalmers">Chalmers, David</a> (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://wwnorton.com/books/reality" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Reality+: Virtual Worlds and the Problems of Philosophy</i></a>. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393635805" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780393635805"><bdi>9780393635805</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reality%2B%3A+Virtual+Worlds+and+the+Problems+of+Philosophy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9780393635805&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwwnorton.com%2Fbooks%2Freality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-bostrom2014-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-bostrom2014_47-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBostrom2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bostrom, Nick (2014). <i>Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199678112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199678112"><bdi>978-0199678112</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superintelligence%3A+Paths%2C+Dangers%2C+Strategies&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199678112&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-EckersleySandberg2013-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-EckersleySandberg2013_48-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPeter_EckersleyAnders_Sandberg2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Peter Eckersley; Anders Sandberg (Dec 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Is Brain Emulation Dangerous?"</a>. <i>Journal of Artificial General Intelligence</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 170–194. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAGI....4..170E" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013JAGI....4..170E</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2478/jagi-2013-0011</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-0163" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1946-0163</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Is+Brain+Emulation+Dangerous%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=170-194&rft.date=2013-12&rft.issn=1946-0163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0011&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JAGI....4..170E&rft.au=Peter+Eckersley&rft.au=Anders+Sandberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fjagi-2013-0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Muzyka2013-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Muzyka2013_49-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Muzyka2013_49-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKamil_Muzyka2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Kamil Muzyka (Dec 2013). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0010" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Outline of Personhood Law Regarding Artificial Intelligences and Emulated Human Entities"</a>. <i>Journal of Artificial General Intelligence</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 164–169. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013JAGI....4..164M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013JAGI....4..164M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0010" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2478/jagi-2013-0010</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1946-0163" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1946-0163</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Artificial+General+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Outline+of+Personhood+Law+Regarding+Artificial+Intelligences+and+Emulated+Human+Entities&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=164-169&rft.date=2013-12&rft.issn=1946-0163&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2478%2Fjagi-2013-0010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013JAGI....4..164M&rft.au=Kamil+Muzyka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2478%252Fjagi-2013-0010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-laakasuo2022-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-laakasuo2022_50-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMichael_LaakasuJukka_SundvallMarianna_DrosinouIvar_Hannikainen2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Michael Laakasu; Jukka Sundvall; Marianna Drosinou; Ivar Hannikainen; Anton Kunnari; Kathryn B. Francis; Jussi Palomäki (2022). <a class="external text" href="https://psyarxiv.com/ge8t4/download" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #faa700; outline-color: rgb(51, 102, 204); overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em;">"Would you exchange your soul for immortality? – Existential Meaning and Afterlife Beliefs Predict Mind Upload Approval"</a>. <i>PsyArXiv</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.31234%2Fosf.io%2Fge8t4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.31234/osf.io/ge8t4</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PsyArXiv&rft.atitle=Would+you+exchange+your+soul+for+immortality%3F+%E2%80%93+Existential+Meaning+and+Afterlife+Beliefs+Predict+Mind+Upload+Approval&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.31234%2Fosf.io%2Fge8t4&rft.au=Michael+Laakasu&rft.au=Jukka+Sundvall&rft.au=Marianna+Drosinou&rft.au=Ivar+Hannikainen&rft.au=Anton+Kunnari&rft.au=Kathryn+B.+Francis&rft.au=Jussi+Palom%C3%A4ki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsyarxiv.com%2Fge8t4%2Fdownload&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHurtado_Hurtado2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hurtado Hurtado, Joshua (2022-07-18). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13576275.2022.2100250" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Envisioning postmortal futures: six archetypes on future societal approaches to seeking immortality"</a>. <i>Mortality</i>. <b>0</b> (0): 1–19. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1080/13576275.2022.2100250</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1357-6275" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1357-6275</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mortality&rft.atitle=Envisioning+postmortal+futures%3A+six+archetypes+on+future+societal+approaches+to+seeking+immortality&rft.volume=0&rft.issue=0&rft.pages=1-19&rft.date=2022-07-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250&rft.issn=1357-6275&rft.aulast=Hurtado+Hurtado&rft.aufirst=Joshua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13576275.2022.2100250&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-hanson-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-hanson_52-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-hanson_52-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHanson2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hanson" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Robin Hanson">Hanson, Robin</a> (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://ageofem.com/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>The Age of Em</i></a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 528. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198754626" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780198754626"><bdi>9780198754626</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Em&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=528&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780198754626&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fageofem.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-abondonallhopetoupload-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-abondonallhopetoupload_53-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFMiller2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Miller, Kenneth D. (October 10, 2015). <a class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/opinion/sunday/will-you-ever-be-able-to-upload-your-brain.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Will You Ever Be Able to Upload Your Brain?"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+You+Ever+Be+Able+to+Upload+Your+Brain%3F&rft.date=2015-10-10&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fwill-you-ever-be-able-to-upload-your-brain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-ShulmanSandberg2010-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-ShulmanSandberg2010_54-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFShulmanAnders_Sandberg2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Shulman, Carl; Anders Sandberg (2010). Mainzer, Klaus (ed.). <a class="external text" href="http://intelligence.org/files/SoftwareLimited.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Implications of a Software-Limited Singularity"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>ECAP10: VIII European Conference on Computing and Philosophy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECAP10%3A+VIII+European+Conference+on+Computing+and+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Implications+of+a+Software-Limited+Singularity&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Shulman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Anders+Sandberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2Ffiles%2FSoftwareLimited.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Hanson2009-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Hanson2009_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Hanson2009_55-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHanson2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hanson, Robin (26 Nov 2009). <a class="external text" href="http://www.overcomingbias.com/2009/11/bad-emulation-advance.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bad Emulation Advance"</a>. <i>Overcoming Bias</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Overcoming+Bias&rft.atitle=Bad+Emulation+Advance&rft.date=2009-11-26&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.overcomingbias.com%2F2009%2F11%2Fbad-emulation-advance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-MuehlhauserSalamon2012-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-MuehlhauserSalamon2012_56-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMuehlhauserAnna_Salamon2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Muehlhauser, Luke; Anna Salamon (2012). <a class="external text" href="http://intelligence.org/files/IE-EI.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Intelligence Explosion: Evidence and Import"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. In Amnon Eden; Johnny Søraker; James H. Moor; Eric Steinhart (eds.). <i>Singularity Hypotheses: A Scientific and Philosophical Assessment</i>. Springer.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Intelligence+Explosion%3A+Evidence+and+Import&rft.btitle=Singularity+Hypotheses%3A+A+Scientific+and+Philosophical+Assessment&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Muehlhauser&rft.aufirst=Luke&rft.au=Anna+Salamon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2Ffiles%2FIE-EI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-SalamonMuehlhauser2012-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-SalamonMuehlhauser2012_57-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFAnna_SalamonLuke_Muehlhauser2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Anna Salamon; Luke Muehlhauser (2012). <a class="external text" href="https://intelligence.org/files/SS11Workshop.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Singularity Summit 2011 Workshop Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Machine Intelligence Research Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">28 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Machine+Intelligence+Research+Institute&rft.atitle=Singularity+Summit+2011+Workshop+Report&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Anna+Salamon&rft.au=Luke+Muehlhauser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fintelligence.org%2Ffiles%2FSS11Workshop.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Bostrom2014-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-Bostrom2014_58-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBostrom2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bostrom, Nick (2014). "Ch. 14: The strategic picture". <i>Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies</i>. Oxford University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199678112" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199678112"><bdi>978-0199678112</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+14%3A+The+strategic+picture&rft.btitle=Superintelligence%3A+Paths%2C+Dangers%2C+Strategies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199678112&rft.aulast=Bostrom&rft.aufirst=Nick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFRussell2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_J._Russell" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stuart J. Russell">Russell, Stuart</a> (2019). <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Compatible" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Human Compatible">Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control</a></i>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_Press" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Viking Press">Viking Press</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55861-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-525-55861-3"><bdi>978-0-525-55861-3</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1113410915" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1113410915</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Compatible%3A+Artificial+Intelligence+and+the+Problem+of+Control&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1113410915&rft.isbn=978-0-525-55861-3&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMind+uploading"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.frc.ri.cmu.edu/~hpm/project.archive/general.articles/1978/analog.1978.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Today's Computers, Intelligent Machines and Our Future</a> by Hans Moravec, 1979, <a class="extiw" href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115765733" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wikidata:Q115765733">wikidata</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-moravec1988-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-moravec1988_61-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Moravec, <i>Mind Children</i>, 1988</span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mind_uploading#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/mind-uploading-2045-futurists_n_3458961" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'Mind Uploading' & Digital Immortality May Be Reality By 2045, Futurists Say"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i>. June 18, 2013.</span></li></ol></div></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-50319095521020634612023-04-22T04:50:00.001-07:002023-04-22T04:50:16.804-07:00Re-teching the Psyche the coming into being of digital consciousness<p> </p><h1><br /></h1><h2>Brain Rotman</h2><p></p><hr align="LEFT" /><p></p><p>Two and a half thousand years ago, the Greeks encountered alphabetic writing and made it their own in a way that would change the world forever: their inventions using it -- drama, philosophy, mathematical reasoning, democracy -- became the celebrated armature of Western culture. Writing is a powwerful medium, a relentlessly invasive technology which limits, overturns and destroys in order to create. Certainly, at the beginning of its deployment, reporting on Socrates who spoke but didn't write, Plato couldn't forgive its limitations: by being detached from a speaker and masking its origin writing could (and did) fall into the wrong hands; by only repeating itself and never reacting or responding, it was inferior to speech; and by allowing people to write down and forget what they'd previously made an intimate part of themselves, it weakened the power of memory. In one move, writing destroyed millenia of accumulated tradition, putting a literate, abstract and anonymous culture in place of a face-to-face, oral one.</p><p> </p><p>We know this about writing because Plato wrote it. Writing reminds us that it re-minds us. Such a reflexive effect is not confined to writing, it is the paradox of all media: they allow us to articulate the meaning of their absence. Without them, we cannot even formulate what was there, what we had before they arrived and changed it forever.</p><p> </p><p>Now it is the turn of writing to be displaced. We are at a juncture when computer technology, a medium as awesomely powerful, transformative, delimiting and invasive as writing once was, is changing the world forever; we've reached a point when 'writingî, as the linguist Roy Harris put it, has 'dwindled to microchip proportionsî [The Origin of Writing: ]. We are living in momentous times: the inventions spawned by computing and the digital logic that goes with it are gobbling, at an accelerating pace, ever larger chunks of human culture and rendering obsolete practices that have lasted for hundreds and sometimes thousands of years. As the medium of writing displaced orality and changed forever how humans encounter, respond and imagine each other, so the medium of computing, just as totally and relentlessly, is displacing literacy.</p><p> </p><p>Displacing not eliminating: obviously writing will not disappear, any more than speech and orality disappeared. Writing eclipsed the oral mode, denying its role as the vehicle for cultural replication whilst at the same time transforming and re-routing speech into other functions. The medium of computation is repeating the move on writing, eclipsing the literate-textual mode as chief cognitive technology of our culture and re-routing and re-territorializing writing. This means that not only writing but speech also is being reconfigured, leading the scholar Walter Ong to predict the partial return of its old centrality in the form of the emergence within contemporary electronic culture of a 'secondary oralityî. Without doubt the fate of writing is a key site in any attempt to map the experiential shape of the present moment. According to Marshall McLuhan, new media use existing media as their content; and this certainly is true of the written text as it becomes one medium among many in a computer-mediated world. But this in itself says little about the overall fate of literacy, about the emergence of an illiterate or post-literate self that operates in such a world. According to the paradox of media, only the computer and its accompanying tools can tell us (in a way that has to transcend both speech and its inscriptions precisely through these tools) what it means for the era of writing to be coming to an end.</p><p> </p><p>The computer's earliest manifestation (as machine rather than idea) was in the second world war as a symbol-crunching calculational engine for code-breaking in the UK and chain-reaction simulation for atomic bomb production in the US. In the period after the war, these functions devolved into a powerful set of ideas which joined those from cybernetics and informatics to make feasible the project of externalizing thought and intelligence encapsulated in the idea of an 'electronic brain' and, conversely, in projects to build computer models of human thought. From there this machinic vocabulary of cognition and the computer technologic driving it has broken over us in two huge waves. The first, circa 1970, which initiated our irreversible symbiosis with computers and coincided with the advent of postmodernism, was the time of the mainframe. It led to the construction of large-scale infrastructure systems and databases from airline reservations to social security. Like any tool th at reshapes its environment so as to potentiate its deployment, these systems crystallized the very connectivity and distributed effects they claimed to be servicing. This outering of data-processing intelligence allowed the modern corporation (origin circa 1900) to be re-organized into its postmodern, multinational form, and likewise transformed the market cognate with this corporation into its distributed global, financial-instruments version. The second wave, circa now, is in the process of impelling us into a digital era, in which what we are and are not as sentient beings will be forever altered. This contemporary computer re-teching of our psyches and the putting into place of a new, digital form of consciousness can be organized as four large-scale mutations or transformative upheavals in:</p><p> </p><p>* vision The explosion of images: the semiotic shift from describing to visualizing scientific/conceptual knowledge. The creation of transoptic modes of 'seeing' via the interaction of digital technology and visual art and the emergence of the combined tv-pc machine.</p><p> </p><p>* abstract thought The re-conceptualizing and practical implementation of computing technology from serial to parallel processing; the re-rendering of machinic/mathematical intelligence from an individual (imagined, naturally given, transcendental) to a collective (softwared, made, materially realized) project.</p><p> </p><p>* selfhood The replacement of a unitary, indivisible, autonomous and mirror-reproducible I by a multi-beinged, parallel self -- post-literate, mobile, collaboratively interactive as an agent in its self-reproduction.</p><p> </p><p>* transacting The putting into place of digital (electronic, incorporeal, distributed) money together with an all-encompassing global market and emergent re-entrant capitalism as the matrix for the working out and creation of all human futures.</p><p> </p><p>I shall open up these mutations by considering a series of vectors that go from circa 1970-computing to the present moment. Taken together, these stories point to a large, still unfolding epochal movement; a technologically-created transmogrification taking place within Western (and eventually, it seems, world) culture. This transmutation, the coming into being and putting into operation of the digital era, looks to be as charged, momentous and transformative for us -- we people of the book -- as our coming was to the world's oral cultures three millenia ago.</p><p> </p><h2>mutation 1 liquid info: digital image</h2><p>CHAPTER 1 From alphanumeric to diagrammatic: deterritorializing syntax, visualizing data and multiplying media</p><p> </p><p>In Notre Dame de Paris Victor Hugo has a priest dramatize the demise of stained glass and architecture as the vehicle of knowledge for an illiterate population by holding a book against the cathedral and declaiming 'Ceci tuera celaî -- this will overcome that. Since the end of the middle ages words and numbers have dominated the handling of information. Thiis five hundred year reign is at an end. Now the computer screen will overcome the book, and visual images -- maps, charts, grids, models, diagrams, graphs -- are the preferred mode for communicating knowledge and information. Pictures, once conceived as fixed, self-identical and true, like irreducible propositions of language, are now endlessly retrievable, mutable, combinable and morphable -- the result of digitization re-creating the image at the molecular level by introducing a linear syntax and numbered ordering of pixels. At the same time, at the level of content, seriality and linear syntax are swept away: knowledge h as become fluid, streams of data flowing in circuits; the discrete seriality, sharp boundaries and either/or logic of words and numbers are no longer appropriate to control it. Baudrillard announces 'the age of simulation begins with a liquifaction of all referentialsî [Simulations:4] at the point when the liquid crystal screen makes it possible to understand how facts are no longer isolated, fixed and particulate representations of the real, but elements of a constructed and re-shaped reality; recent formations -- 'liquid architecture', 'liquid television', 'liquid typography' are furthering this effect. The 'second computer revolutionnî (as Richard Friedhoff subtitles his book Visualization) is the implementation and working out of this switch in the handling of information from the alphanumeric to the visual image; it does for the whole informational scene what a graph does to a million arithmetic data points: replaces an opaque list by a suggestive shape.</p><p> </p><p>Media philosophers Mark Taylor + Esa Saarinen: 'Ours is the age of post-literacy. How does one write for a post-literate age? This question will remain unanswerable as long as we do not distinguish post-literacy from illiteracy. .... The illiterate cannot read while the post-literate read otherwise.î [Imagology] The fruits of literacy -- sequential reasoning, controlled and boundaried distinctions, logical argument -- are being dislodged from their millenia-llong dominance over Western thought. Is rational thinking itself being marginalized inside a post-literate semiotic? Are the moves from writing to pictures, reading to looking, books to multimedia presentations, part of a retrogressive and irrationalist dumbing down of our culture which replaces vertical chains of deep thought by horizontal webs of superficial mind bites, great and difficult literature by universally accessible digital comics? Or do they, on the contrary, allow the dizzying possibilities of unlimited enrich ment, of signifying more and different at the same time? The question can be asked as the switch from an endogenous, linear mind to an amorphous collective of beings operating in parallel; from the familiar hard-edged rigors of individualism to the dread and wonder of the hive mind. In distopias: Ayn Rand or the Borg?</p><p> </p><p>CHAPTER 2 From monocular to transocular: embedding 500 year old mirror perspectivism into interactive-multiple screen viewing</p><p>Within contemporary visual art, videoart, architecture and design, digitization has midwifed a convergence of art and technology within which an explosion of forms and techniques has allowed the image (already parallel with respect to words and numbers) to repeat the effect and become doubly present. This second refusal of seriality inserts single seeing (one image after another, each the center of itself) into a growing array of virtual, recapitulative and variously multiple imaging practices as well as interactive, kinesthetic/perambulatory and haptic modes of visualization, such as fly-through architectural and medical simulations. Each of these contemporary practices and visualization modes feeds into the creation of a compound or transoptic eye -- decentered, distributed, multi-directional and collaborative -- which takes over from the monocular regime of Cartesian perrspectivism. As a consequence, the concept and function of an individual Point of View (POV), which funct ions within perspectivism as the initiating abstraction of Brunelleschi's mirror/pinhole seeing, is replaced by a collectively specified and mobile Surface of View. The result is that the POV and its apparatus of representations -- from photography and film to video -- are re-territorealized. Instead of the reproduction of visual 'truth' (the camera doeesn't lie), the undigitized image becomes identified with a chemical record, a silver halide sample of the world operating not as a description, but as style, a piece of the (old, unprocessed) real quoted within an image.</p><p> </p><p> </p><h2>mutation 2 machinic/rational mind(s)</h2><p>CHAPTER 3: From serial to parallel processing: machinic thought goes collective, acquires a thickness.</p><p> </p><p>In the last two decades computer scientists have implemented a conceptual and technical revolution in their subject. Where once seriality was the unquestioned mode, 'computing' consisting of doing one thing after another in a linear chain of processing acts, the concepts of parallelism and distributivity with their non-linear internal connections have taken over. Stanford computer scientist John Koza: 'Parallel computers are the future of computing. Period.î [Quoted by Kevin Kelly, Out of Control:397] The crucial aspect of parallel processing is its replacement of the logic of individuals by the bio-logic and socio-logic of collectivities (packs, colonies, hives, reefs, corporations, institutions, workgroups). Thus, counting/calculating, assumed for several millenia to be productions of a serial, isolated and individual self, become distributed and co-occurrent activities. The von Neumann computer (despite its apparent multi-tasking) is an idealization of this self, and the on e-dimensional Turing machine (and the strict procedural languages that co-evolved with it) underpinning presentday theories of computation is its extreme. One consequence, on the level of epistemology, is a direct denial of the conception of 'logic' as the rule-book of individual, introspectively experienced persuasion (a conclusion in line with rhetoric's understanding of reasoning as crowd persuasion). Simulations achieved via the iterative parallel logic and emergent effects of cellular automata, are difficult to conceptualise inside the serial order of logical (con)sequence. On the level of the computer's interface with our psyches, this collaborative logic appears as the working of an elaborate system of linkages between our cognitive heads and the wired offices and networked environments in which they operate. Evolutionary scientist Merlin Donald see this as part of a general phenomenon of mental development: 'As we develop new external symbolic configurations and modali ties, we reconfigure our own mental architecture ... .î [Originsof the Modern Mind: 382] In the present case, this means the computer wiring of (a collectively produced) digital consciousness, in its cognitive/computational form, directly into our brains.</p><p> </p><p>CHAPTER 4 From imagined to realizable mathematical objects: rise of pragmatic thought and eclipse of pure reason.</p><p> </p><p>The programmable computer (brainchild of mathematical logic's idealization of mechanism; until recently, despised by mathematicians as a glorified adding machine), already responsible for changes in the content and practice of mathematics, is likely to dominate the development of the subject from now on. Without doubt, no single event in the history of mathematics has been comparable. In essence, the event is the coming into being of experimental mathematics -- from numerical solutions of equations, through visual explorations (cellular automata simulations, topological structures, and the creation of previously undrawable objects like fractals) to computer-aided, computer-designed and computable-amenable proofs. This ongoing process is transforming mathematical objects from imagined, invisible and transcendental mental constructs (such as dimensionless Euclidean points) to simulated, virtual and realized effects (dimensioned, embodied pixels) on a screen. Pixellation, echoed by attempts in quantum physics to replace the infinitely dense real continuum by a still to be theorized discretum, becomes an inaugurating gesture of an emergent experimental/corporealized mathematics. It signals the end of classical infinity as a 'natural' property and the beginning of a post-Aristotelean understanding of numbers and their progression. In Ad Infinitum ... I spelled out how this leads to a radically new (embodied, non-transcendental) interpretation of arithmetic that I called non-Euclidean. This inauguration of experimental mathematics, which is obviously inseparable from the computer's refusal of infinity, results in an insistence on calculability and physical realizability as soon as mathematics comes into contact with any reality under the computer's sway. As Media theorist Friedrich Kittler has observed: 'Only the revolution replacing real numbers and their infinite number of places behind the decimal point with calculable quantities of whole numbers has been able to bring about the modern manipulation of images.î [nterview 1992].</p><p> </p><h2>mutation 3 the exp/imploded, post-literate I</h2><p>CHAPTER 5 From unity to 'unity': the always-plural-put-together-from-the-outside self.</p><p> </p><p>Once, the self or soul was whole, unitary, stable and separate from its surroundings; a self-identical, particular thing persisting through time with an indivisible interior and inner meaning. In this, it was like the written word: its model and controlling avatar since the inception of writing. The model was extended in the Renaissance, when written works became printed and authored and selves became autonomous individuals. In the post-literate era the written soul has collapsed and the nature and existence of the self is questioned: Psychologist Raymond Barglow: 'But who is this 'self' that longs for validation, nurturing, and realization, and why is it that at this particular juncture in the history of Western societies the very identity of the self becomes problematic?î [The Crisis of the Self in the Age of Information: 1] In post-literacy, the computer is the avatar, its technologic -- that of the digitized, liquid screen not the page -- is the site where subjects and sel ves are created and reproduced; semiotically, our souls are no longer alphabetic but diagrammatic, pictorial. Like the networks of information within which it acts and is made real, the I is constructed pragmatically as a shifting nexus of many circuits, to the extent of appearing (to anybody but itself) as 'a ghost, an ephemeral shroudî [Kelly, Out of Control:57]; Like the visual practices that metaphorize its interiority, the self is multiply and interactively constituted, no longer a point but a pixellated surface. And like parallel computational systems with their collaborative logic, the self is increasingly collectivized and co-occurrent, In the post-literate era, I (the work of many 'authors') and they bleed into each other: what was private becomes public; what was historical-social appears to the soul as personal destiny. Writer Robert Louis Stevenson: 'Man is ... truly two. I say two, because the state of my own knowledge does not pass beyond that point. Others will ... outstrip me on the same lines; I hazard the guess that man wll be ultimately known for a mere polity of multifarious, incongruous and independent denizens.î[Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde]. The individual self, cognized a century ago by Stevenson, William James, Freud and others as double, split and always already plural, is variously re-cognized as such within contemporary neuro- and cognitive science. If schizophrenia (splitting of an original whole) was the emblem/symptom and condition of postmodernity, then multiple personality (the site of attempts to re-territorialize this plurality onto 'selves') now takes on that role: multiple personas become the sensitives, the prescient and aberrant town-criers of a future in which we will all be going parallel and beside ourselves.</p><p> </p><h2>mutation 4 futuring our psyches?</h2><p>CHAPTER 6 From multinational to global/re-entrant capitalism: developing markets in human and quasi-human futures.</p><p> </p><p>With the demise of any workable form of systematized communitarianism, non-capitalist forms of economic exchange are non-existent. The ongoing introduction of digital money as the incorporeal medium of exchange for demographically conceived, distributed consumers signals the beginning of globalized, all-embracing free market capitalism. The few primitive microeconomies operating outside global capital confirm the system's triumph: all futures of the human go through capitalism. Deprived of a geo-political other and of external markets in which to expand, capitalism increases its resolution and becomes re-entrant: the system continues on the path of commodifying itself by transacting its own activities and actants from marketing markets and franchises to buying/selling the future through an unlimited proliferation of options and futures contracts. One potent source of self-commodification (besides devoting itself to producing consumer identities) is to create value-added human differences via services that capitalize on social and medical hierarchies. For example, the creation of markets in body parts, genes, cell-lines, organ transplants, genetic alteration, re-combinant surgery, on-line brain implants. An aspect of this irresistibly profitable source of bio-medical and neuro-digital differentiation is the threatened disappearence of the human race as old-style, physically interchangeable humans with a common fate are confronted by divergently altered, long-living quasi-humans. This threatened dissolution is already being answered by an old techno-utopic dream of unity. From the moment the telegraph made the possibility of planetary simultaneity a thinkable reality, the ideas of a world time, world language, world government, and a world brain have shaped numerous projects. In the present era, the theory of individual consciousness emerging from a plurality of mind/brain systems has given rise to an external and inverted double of itself: a supra-i ndividual form of digital sentience -- conceived variously as a od of the Net, a global mind, a rhizomic crowd, a planetary cortex with humans as individual nervve cells -- which many believe is about to emerge (or can be made to do so) and produce effects as alien as they are inescapable.</p><p> </p><p>Is this a dream of healing and salvation by a humanly facilitated electronic deity, a ghost inside the current, and by far the deepest so far, incarnation of our idea of a machine? Or, lonely and seemingly trapped here inside the solar system, is it our only hope at the moment (apart from abduction by aliens) of being touched by an Other? Or is it a staging, as dramatic, urgent, apocalyptic as it deserves, of our encounter with the awesomely destructive/productive consequences of our own technological imaginations?</p><p></p><hr align="LEFT" /><p></p><address>Brian Rotman</address><address> </address><address>Louisiana State University</address><address>Baton Rouge, Louisiana</address><address>brotman@lsu.edu</address><address> </address><address>received 10 August 1997</address>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-63402004177745664622023-04-01T05:44:00.003-07:002023-04-01T05:49:40.061-07:00Quantum Baysesianism<p> </p><p><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: none; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #3366cc; display: inline !important; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"></a></p><div class="vector-toc-text" style="display: inline !important; padding: 6px 0px;">The following subject has direct importance for Conciousness Research and for the development of Multi0-Dimensional Science /RS</div><nav aria-label="Contents" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" id="mw-panel-toc" role="navigation" style="align-self: start; background-color: white; contain: paint; grid-area: toc / toc / toc / toc; height: 11595px; margin-left: -22px; overflow-anchor: none;"><div class="vector-pinned-container" id="vector-toc-pinned-container" style="margin-top: 1.715em; position: sticky; top: 0px;"><div class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element" id="vector-toc" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: calc(100vh - 16px); overflow: hidden auto; padding: 1.125em 14px 24px 22px;"><ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1" id="toc-mw-content-text" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;"><br /></div></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-History_and_development" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#History_and_development" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">History and development</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-History_and_development-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-Core_positions" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Core_positions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Core positions</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Core_positions-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-Reception_and_criticism" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Reception_and_criticism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Reception and criticism</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Reception_and_criticism-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-Relation_to_other_interpretations" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Relation_to_other_interpretations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Relation to other interpretations</div></a><button aria-controls="toc-Relation_to_other_interpretations-sublist" aria-expanded="true" class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand mw-ui-icon-small vector-toc-toggle" style="appearance: none; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; cursor: pointer; display: block; flex-basis: 1em; font-size: 0.75em; height: 1.834em; left: calc(-1.834em - 1px); line-height: 1em; margin: 2px 0px 0px; min-height: 1em; min-width: 1em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute; text-overflow: ellipsis; top: 1px; transform: rotate(0deg); transition: all 100ms ease 0s; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; width: 1.834em;">Toggle Relation to other interpretations subsection</button><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Relation_to_other_interpretations-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2" id="toc-Copenhagen_interpretations" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Copenhagen_interpretations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Copenhagen interpretations</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Copenhagen_interpretations-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2" id="toc-Other_epistemic_interpretations" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Other_epistemic_interpretations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Other epistemic interpretations</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Other_epistemic_interpretations-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2" id="toc-Von_Neumann's_views" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Von_Neumann's_views" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Von Neumann's views</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Von_Neumann's_views-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2" id="toc-Relational_quantum_mechanics" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Relational_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Relational quantum mechanics</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Relational_quantum_mechanics-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2" id="toc-Other_uses_of_Bayesian_probability_in_quantum_physics" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 8px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Other_uses_of_Bayesian_probability_in_quantum_physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Other uses of Bayesian probability in quantum physics</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Other_uses_of_Bayesian_probability_in_quantum_physics-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-Technical_developments_and_reconstructing_quantum_theory" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Technical_developments_and_reconstructing_quantum_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">Technical developments and reconstructing quantum theory</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-Technical_developments_and_reconstructing_quantum_theory-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-See_also" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#See_also" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">See also</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-See_also-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded vector-toc-level-1-active vector-toc-list-item-active" id="toc-References" style="color: #202122; display: block; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#References" style="background: none; color: #202122; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; font-weight: bold; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px; width: calc(100% + 14px);">References</div></a><ul class="vector-toc-list" id="toc-References-sublist" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></ul></li><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded vector-toc-level-1-active vector-toc-list-item-active" id="toc-References" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px; width: calc(100% + 14px);"><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;">Quantum Baysesianism</span></div></li></ul><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; overflow: hidden;"><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">"QBism" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>.</div><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist nowraplinks" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); clear: right; float: right; font-size: 12.32px; line-height: 1.4em; margin: 0.5em 0px 1em 1em; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; width: 19em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;">Part of a series of articles about</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size: 17.864px; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.1em 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Quantum mechanics">Quantum mechanics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 14.5376px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle i\hbar {\frac {\partial }{\partial t}}|\psi (t)\rangle ={\hat {H}}|\psi (t)\rangle }" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0de8741a7d26ae98689c7b3339e97dfafea9fd26" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 5.509ex; vertical-align: -2.005ex; width: 21.692ex;" /></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size: 11.088px; font-style: italic; line-height: 1.2em; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist nowrap" style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); display: block; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 0.4em; padding: 0.3em 0.8em; white-space: nowrap;"><ul style="line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Introduction to quantum mechanics">Introduction</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_elementary_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Glossary of elementary quantum mechanics">Glossary</a></li><li style="display: inline; margin: 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="History of quantum mechanics">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Background</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Fundamentals</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Experiments</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Formulations</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Equations</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">Interpretations</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Advanced topics</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding: 0px 0.5em 0.4em;"><div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed mw-made-collapsible"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size: 12.936px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.6em; padding: 0px 0.4em;">Scientists</div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="border-top: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 14.168px; padding: 0.1em 0.4em 0.4em; text-align: right;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="display: inline; font-size: 12.4678px;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Quantum mechanics"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Quantum mechanics"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Quantum_mechanics&action=edit" style="background: none !important; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="border-bottom: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch_Sphere.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="185" data-file-width="163" decoding="async" height="250" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bloch_Sphere.svg/220px-Bloch_Sphere.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bloch_Sphere.svg/330px-Bloch_Sphere.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Bloch_Sphere.svg/440px-Bloch_Sphere.svg.png 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="220" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bloch_Sphere.svg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Each point in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloch_sphere" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bloch sphere">Bloch ball</a> is a possible quantum state for a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qubit">qubit</a>. In QBism, all quantum states are representations of personal probabilities.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physics">physics</a> and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of physics">philosophy of physics</a>, <b>quantum Bayesianism</b> is a collection of related approaches to the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interpretation of quantum mechanics">interpretation of quantum mechanics</a>, of which the most prominent is <b>QBism</b> (pronounced "cubism"). QBism is an interpretation that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central concerns of the theory. QBism deals with common questions in the interpretation of quantum theory about the nature of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wavefunction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wavefunction">wavefunction</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_superposition" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum superposition">superposition</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measurement_problem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Measurement problem">quantum measurement</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:21_1-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:22-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> According to QBism, many, but not all, aspects of the quantum formalism are subjective in nature. For example, in this interpretation, a quantum state is not an element of reality—instead it represents the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Degree of belief">degrees of belief</a> an agent has about the possible outcomes of measurements. For this reason, some <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of science">philosophers of science</a> have deemed QBism a form of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anti-realism">anti-realism</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup> The originators of the interpretation disagree with this characterization, proposing instead that the theory more properly aligns with a kind of realism they call "<b>participatory realism</b>", wherein reality consists of <i>more</i> than can be captured by any putative third-person account of it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:5-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">This interpretation is distinguished by its use of a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian probability">subjective Bayesian</a> account of probabilities to understand the quantum mechanical <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Born rule">Born rule</a> as a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Normative">normative</a> addition to good <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Decision theory">decision-making</a>. Rooted in the prior work of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlton_M._Caves" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carlton M. Caves">Carlton Caves</a>, Christopher Fuchs, and Rüdiger Schack during the early 2000s, QBism itself is primarily associated with Fuchs and Schack and has more recently been adopted by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mermin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Mermin">David Mermin</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:12_7-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:12-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> QBism draws from the fields of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian probability">Bayesian probability</a> and aims to eliminate the interpretational conundrums that have beset quantum theory. The QBist interpretation is historically derivative of the views of the various physicists that are often grouped together as "the" <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:25_9-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:25-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> but is itself distinct from them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:25_9-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:25-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:13_10-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:13-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Theodor Hänsch</a> has characterized QBism as sharpening those older views and making them more consistent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">More generally, any work that uses a Bayesian or personalist (a.k.a. "subjective") treatment of the probabilities that appear in quantum theory is also sometimes called <i>quantum Bayesian</i>. QBism, in particular, has been referred to as "the radical Bayesian interpretation".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:6-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In addition to presenting an interpretation of the existing mathematical structure of quantum theory, some QBists have advocated a research program of <i>reconstructing</i> quantum theory from basic physical principles whose QBist character is manifest. The ultimate goal of this research is to identify what aspects of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontology">ontology</a> of the physical world make quantum theory a good tool for agents to use.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> However, the QBist interpretation itself, as described in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Core_positions" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">§ Core positions</a>, does not depend on any particular reconstruction.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History_and_development">History and development</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History and development">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 258px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="329" data-file-width="396" decoding="async" height="213" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg/256px-30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg/384px-30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="256" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:30._Frank_Ramsey.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>British philosopher, mathematician, and economist <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank Ramsey</a>, whose interpretation of probability theory closely matches the one adopted by QBism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_14-0" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:9-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Thompson_Jaynes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edwin Thompson Jaynes">E. T. Jaynes</a>, a promoter of the use of Bayesian probability in statistical physics, once suggested that quantum theory is "[a] peculiar mixture describing in part realities of Nature, in part incomplete human information about Nature—all scrambled up by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a> into an omelette that nobody has seen how to unscramble".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> QBism developed out of efforts to separate these parts using the tools of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum information">quantum information theory</a> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_probability#Dutch_book_approach" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian probability">personalist Bayesian probability theory</a>.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">There are many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability_interpretations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Probability interpretations">interpretations of probability theory</a>. Broadly speaking, these interpretations fall into one of three categories: those which assert that a probability is an objective property of reality (the propensity school), those who assert that probability is an objective property of the measuring process (frequentists), and those which assert that a probability is a cognitive construct which an agent may use to quantify their ignorance or degree of belief in a proposition (Bayesians). QBism begins by asserting that all probabilities, even those appearing in quantum theory, are most properly viewed as members of the latter category. Specifically, QBism adopts a personalist Bayesian interpretation along the lines of Italian mathematician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_de_Finetti" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bruno de Finetti">Bruno de Finetti</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:16_16-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:16-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> and English philosopher <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_P._Ramsey" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frank P. Ramsey">Frank Ramsey</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:0-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to QBists, the advantages of adopting this view of probability are twofold. First, for QBists the role of quantum states, such as the wavefunctions of particles, is to efficiently encode probabilities; so quantum states are ultimately degrees of belief themselves. (If one considers any single measurement that is a minimal, informationally complete <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POVM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="POVM">POVM</a>, this is especially clear: A quantum state is mathematically equivalent to a single probability distribution, the distribution over the possible outcomes of that measurement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:2-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup>) Regarding quantum states as degrees of belief implies that the event of a quantum state changing when a measurement occurs—the "<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collapse_of_the_wave_function" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Collapse of the wave function">collapse of the wave function</a>"—is simply the agent updating her beliefs in response to a new experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Second, it suggests that quantum mechanics can be thought of as a local theory, because the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einstein_Podolsky_Rosen_Paradox" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox">Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR)</a> criterion of reality can be rejected. The EPR criterion states: "If, without in any way disturbing a system, we can predict with certainty (i.e., with probability equal to <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="1">unity</a>) the value of a physical quantity, then there exists an element of reality corresponding to that quantity."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:14_20-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:14-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup> Arguments that quantum mechanics should be considered a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_nonlocality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum nonlocality">nonlocal theory</a> depend upon this principle, but to a QBist, it is invalid, because a personalist Bayesian considers all probabilities, even those equal to unity, to be degrees of belief.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:1-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> Therefore, while many <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Interpretations of quantum mechanics">interpretations of quantum theory</a> conclude that quantum mechanics is a nonlocal theory, QBists do not.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:19_23-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:19-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Fuchs introduced the term "QBism" and outlined the interpretation in more or less its present form in 2010,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:11_24-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:11-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> carrying further and demanding consistency of ideas broached earlier, notably in publications from 2002.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:15_26-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:15-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> Several subsequent works have expanded and elaborated upon these foundations, notably a <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reviews_of_Modern_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Reviews of Modern Physics">Reviews of Modern Physics</a></i> article by Fuchs and Schack;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:2-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> an <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i> article by Fuchs, Mermin, and Schack;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:19_23-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:19-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Physical_Society" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Italian Physical Society">Enrico Fermi Summer School</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> lecture notes by Fuchs and Stacey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_22-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:1-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Prior to the 2010 article, the term "quantum Bayesianism" was used to describe the developments which have since led to QBism in its present form. However, as noted above, QBism subscribes to a particular kind of Bayesianism which does not suit everyone who might apply Bayesian reasoning to quantum theory (see, for example, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Other_uses_of_Bayesian_probability_in_quantum_physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">§ Other uses of Bayesian probability in quantum physics</a> below). Consequently, Fuchs chose to call the interpretation "QBism", pronounced "cubism", preserving the Bayesian spirit via the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_case" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Camel case">CamelCase</a> in the first two letters, but distancing it from Bayesianism more broadly. As this <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neologism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neologism">neologism</a> is a homophone of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> the art movement, it has motivated conceptual comparisons between the two,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:10_28-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:10-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> and media coverage of QBism has been illustrated with art by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:12_7-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:12-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Gris" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Juan Gris">Gris</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:17_29-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:17-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> However, QBism itself was not influenced or motivated by Cubism and has no lineage to a potential <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger#Influence_on_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Metzinger">connection between Cubist art and Bohr's views on quantum theory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-30" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[30]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Core_positions">Core positions</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Core positions">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">According to QBism, quantum theory is a tool which an agent may use to help manage his or her expectations, more like probability theory than a conventional physical theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> Quantum theory, QBism claims, is fundamentally a guide for decision making which has been shaped by some aspects of physical reality. Chief among the tenets of QBism are the following:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-notwithstanding_31-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-notwithstanding-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">All probabilities, including those equal to zero or one, are valuations that an agent ascribes to his or her degrees of belief in possible outcomes. As they define and update probabilities, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_operator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Density operator">quantum states (density operators)</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_channel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum channel">channels (completely positive trace-preserving maps)</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POVM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="POVM">measurements (positive operator-valued measures)</a> are also the personal judgements of an agent.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Born rule">Born rule</a> is <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Normative">normative</a>, not descriptive. It is a relation to which an agent should strive to adhere in his or her probability and quantum-state assignments.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">Quantum measurement outcomes are personal experiences for the agent gambling on them. Different agents may confer and agree upon the consequences of a measurement, but the outcome is the experience each of them individually has.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A measurement apparatus is conceptually an extension of the agent. It should be considered analogous to a sense organ or prosthetic limb—simultaneously a tool and a part of the individual.</li></ol><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reception_and_criticism">Reception and criticism</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Reception and criticism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 310px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_1912,_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9,_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9,_oil_on_canvas,_146.1_x_114.3_cm,_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery,_Buffalo,_New_York.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="2285" data-file-width="1799" decoding="async" height="391" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg/308px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg/462px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0a/Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg/616px-Jean_Metzinger%2C_1912%2C_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9%2C_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9%2C_oil_on_canvas%2C_146.1_x_114.3_cm%2C_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery%2C_Buffalo%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="308" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jean_Metzinger,_1912,_Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9,_Dancer_in_a_caf%C3%A9,_oil_on_canvas,_146.1_x_114.3_cm,_Albright-Knox_Art_Gallery,_Buffalo,_New_York.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Metzinger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jean Metzinger">Jean Metzinger</a>, 1912, <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danseuse_au_caf%C3%A9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Danseuse au café">Danseuse au café</a></i>. One advocate of QBism, physicist <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Mermin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Mermin">David Mermin</a>, describes his rationale for choosing that term over the older and more general "quantum Bayesianism": "I prefer [the] term 'QBist' because [this] view of quantum mechanics differs from others as radically as cubism differs from renaissance painting ..."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:10_28-1" style="font-size: 9.89632px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:10-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Reactions to the QBist interpretation have ranged from enthusiastic<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:10_28-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:10-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup> to strongly negative.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:28_32-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:28-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> Some who have criticized QBism claim that it fails to meet the goal of resolving paradoxes in quantum theory. Bacciagaluppi argues that QBism's treatment of measurement outcomes does not ultimately resolve the issue of nonlocality,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[33]</a></sup> and Jaeger finds QBism's supposition that the interpretation of probability is key for the resolution to be unnatural and unconvincing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:6-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup> Norsen<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[34]</a></sup> has accused QBism of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solipsism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Solipsism">solipsism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wallace_(physicist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="David Wallace (physicist)">Wallace</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[35]</a></sup> identifies QBism as an instance of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instrumentalism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Instrumentalism">instrumentalism</a>; QBists have argued insistently that these characterizations are misunderstandings, and that QBism is neither solipsist nor instrumentalist.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:0-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[36]</a></sup> A critical article by Nauenberg<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:28_32-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:28-32" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[32]</a></sup> in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Journal_of_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="American Journal of Physics">American Journal of Physics</a></i> prompted a reply by Fuchs, Mermin, and Schack.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[37]</a></sup> Some assert that there may be inconsistencies; for example, Stairs argues that when a probability assignment equals one, it cannot be a degree of belief as QBists say.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Stairs_38-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-Stairs-38" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[38]</a></sup> Further, while also raising concerns about the treatment of probability-one assignments, Timpson suggests that QBism may result in a reduction of explanatory power as compared to other interpretations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:21_1-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:21-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Fuchs and Schack replied to these concerns in a later article.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[39]</a></sup> Mermin advocated QBism in a 2012 <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics_Today" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physics Today">Physics Today</a></i> article,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:22_2-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:22-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> which prompted considerable discussion. Several further critiques of QBism which arose in response to Mermin's article, and Mermin's replies to these comments, may be found in the <i>Physics Today</i> readers' forum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:27_40-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:27-40" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[40]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[41]</a></sup> Section 2 of the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i> entry on QBism also contains a summary of objections to the interpretation, and some replies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:23_42-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:23-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup> Others are opposed to QBism on more general philosophical grounds; for example, Mohrhoff criticizes QBism from the standpoint of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kantian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kantian philosophy">Kantian philosophy</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[43]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Certain authors find QBism internally self-consistent, but do not subscribe to the interpretation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[44]</a></sup> For example, Marchildon finds QBism well-defined in a way that, to him, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Many-worlds_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Many-worlds interpretation">many-worlds interpretations</a> are not, but he ultimately prefers a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Broglie-Bohm_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="De Broglie-Bohm theory">Bohmian interpretation</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[45]</a></sup> Similarly, Schlosshauer and Claringbold state that QBism is a consistent interpretation of quantum mechanics, but do not offer a verdict on whether it should be preferred.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[46]</a></sup> In addition, some agree with most, but perhaps not all, of the core tenets of QBism; Barnum's position,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[47]</a></sup> as well as Appleby's,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[48]</a></sup> are examples.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Popular science">Popularized</a> or semi-popularized media coverage of QBism has appeared in <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Scientist" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>,</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[49]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[50]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature (journal)"><i>Nature</i></a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:24_51-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:24-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_News" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Science News">Science News</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[52]</a></sup> the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundational_Questions_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foundational Questions Institute">FQXi Community</a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[53]</a></sup> the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:17_29-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:17-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup> <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Magazine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quanta Magazine">Quanta Magazine</a></i>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:16_16-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:16-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aeon (digital magazine)"><i>Aeon</i></a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[54]</a></sup> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discover_(magazine)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discover (magazine)"><i>Discover</i></a>,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:29_55-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:29-55" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[55]</a></sup> and <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_Quarterly" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nautilus Quarterly">Nautilus Quarterly</a>.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[56]</a></sup> In 2018, two popular-science books about the interpretation of quantum mechanics, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ball" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Ball">Ball</a>'s <i>Beyond Weird</i> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Ananthaswamy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anil Ananthaswamy">Ananthaswamy</a>'s <i>Through Two Doors at Once</i>, devoted sections to QBism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[57]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[58]</a></sup> Furthermore, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> published a popularized treatment of the subject, <i>QBism: The Future of Quantum Physics</i>, in 2016.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The philosophy literature has also discussed QBism from the viewpoints of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structuralism_(philosophy_of_science)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Structuralism (philosophy of science)">structural realism</a> and of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">phenomenology</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[59]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[60]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[61]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relation_to_other_interpretations">Relation to other interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relation to other interpretations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; margin: 0.5em 0px 1.3em 1.4em; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 362px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="404" data-file-width="1024" decoding="async" height="142" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg/360px-Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg/540px-Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg/720px-Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" width="360" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Being_Bayesian_in_a_Quantum_World_2005_conference_photo_at_University_of_Konstanz.jpg" style="background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Group photo from the 2005 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Konstanz">University of Konstanz</a> conference Being Bayesian in a Quantum World.</div></div></div><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Copenhagen_interpretations">Copenhagen interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Copenhagen interpretations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The views of many physicists (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Bohr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Niels Bohr">Bohr</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Rosenfeld" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Léon Rosenfeld">Rosenfeld</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">von Weizsäcker</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Peres" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asher Peres">Peres</a>, etc.) are often grouped together as the "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Copenhagen interpretation">Copenhagen interpretation</a>" of quantum mechanics. Several authors have deprecated this terminology, claiming that it is historically misleading and obscures differences between physicists that are as important as their similarities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_14-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:9-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-62" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[62]</a></sup> QBism shares many characteristics in common with the ideas often labeled as "the Copenhagen interpretation", but the differences are important; to conflate them or to regard QBism as a minor modification of the points of view of Bohr or Heisenberg, for instance, would be a substantial misrepresentation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:13_10-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:13-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-notwithstanding_31-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-notwithstanding-31" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[31]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">QBism takes probabilities to be personal judgments of the individual agent who is using quantum mechanics. This contrasts with older Copenhagen-type views, which hold that probabilities are given by quantum states that are in turn fixed by objective facts about preparation procedures.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:8_13-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:8-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[63]</a></sup> QBism considers a measurement to be any action that an agent takes to elicit a response from the world and the outcome of that measurement to be the experience the world's response induces back on that agent. As a consequence, communication between agents is the only means by which different agents can attempt to compare their internal experiences. Most variants of the Copenhagen interpretation, however, hold that the outcomes of experiments are agent-independent pieces of reality for anyone to access.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:13_10-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:13-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup> QBism claims that these points on which it differs from previous Copenhagen-type interpretations resolve the obscurities that many critics have found in the latter, by changing the role that quantum theory plays (even though QBism does not yet provide a specific underlying <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ontology">ontology</a>). Specifically, QBism posits that quantum theory is a <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normative" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Normative">normative</a> tool which an agent may use to better navigate reality, rather than a set of mechanics governing it.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_22-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:1-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:23_42-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:23-42" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[42]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_epistemic_interpretations">Other epistemic interpretations</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other epistemic interpretations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Approaches to quantum theory, like QBism,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[64]</a></sup> which treat quantum states as expressions of information, knowledge, belief, or expectation are called "epistemic" interpretations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:5-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup> These approaches differ from each other in what they consider quantum states to be information or expectations "about", as well as in the technical features of the mathematics they employ. Furthermore, not all authors who advocate views of this type propose an answer to the question of what the information represented in quantum states concerns. In the words of the paper that introduced the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spekkens_Toy_Model" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Spekkens Toy Model">Spekkens Toy Model</a>:</p><blockquote style="border-left: none; margin: 1em 0px; overflow: hidden; padding: 8px 32px;"><p style="margin: 0px;">if a quantum state is a state of knowledge, and it is not knowledge of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_locality" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Principle of locality">local</a> and noncontextual <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidden-variable_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hidden-variable theory">hidden variables</a>, then what is it knowledge about? We do not at present have a good answer to this question. We shall therefore remain completely agnostic about the nature of the reality to which the knowledge represented by quantum states pertains. This is not to say that the question is not important. Rather, we see the epistemic approach as an unfinished project, and this question as the central obstacle to its completion. Nonetheless, we argue that even in the absence of an answer to this question, a case can be made for the epistemic view. The key is that one can hope to identify phenomena that are characteristic of states of incomplete knowledge regardless of what this knowledge is about.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[65]</a></sup></p></blockquote><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Leifer and Spekkens propose a way of treating quantum probabilities as Bayesian probabilities, thereby considering quantum states as epistemic, which they state is "closely aligned in its philosophical starting point" with QBism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-leifer-spekkens_66-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-leifer-spekkens-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> However, they remain deliberately agnostic about what physical properties or entities quantum states are information (or beliefs) about, as opposed to QBism, which offers an answer to that question.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-leifer-spekkens_66-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-leifer-spekkens-66" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[66]</a></sup> Another approach, advocated by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Bub" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jeffrey Bub">Bub</a> and Pitowsky, argues that quantum states are information about propositions within event spaces that form <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum logic">non-Boolean lattices</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:7_67-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:7-67" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[67]</a></sup> On occasion, the proposals of Bub and Pitowsky are also called "quantum Bayesianism".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[68]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a> and Brukner have also proposed an interpretation of quantum mechanics in which "information" is a fundamental concept, and in which quantum states are epistemic quantities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[69]</a></sup> Unlike QBism, the Brukner–Zeilinger interpretation treats some probabilities as objectively fixed. In the Brukner–Zeilinger interpretation, a quantum state represents the information that a hypothetical observer in possession of all possible data would have. Put another way, a quantum state belongs in their interpretation to an <i>optimally informed</i> agent, whereas in QBism, <i>any</i> agent can formulate a state to encode her own expectations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[70]</a></sup> Despite this difference, in Cabello's classification, the proposals of Zeilinger and Brukner are also designated as "participatory realism", as QBism and the Copenhagen-type interpretations are.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:5-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Bayesian, or epistemic, interpretations of quantum probabilities were proposed in the early 1990s by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Baez" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John C. Baez">Baez</a> and Youssef.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_71-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:3-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[72]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span id="Von_Neumann.27s_views"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Von_Neumann's_views">Von Neumann's views</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Von Neumann's views">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._F._Streater" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="R. F. Streater">R. F. Streater</a> argued that "[t]he first quantum Bayesian was <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_von_Neumann" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John von Neumann">von Neumann</a>", basing that claim on von Neumann's textbook <i><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische_Grundlagen_der_Quantenmechanik" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik">The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics</a></i>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[73]</a></sup> Blake Stacey disagrees, arguing that the views expressed in that book on the nature of quantum states and the interpretation of probability are not compatible with QBism, or indeed, with any position that might be called quantum Bayesianism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:9_14-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:9-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Relational_quantum_mechanics">Relational quantum mechanics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Relational quantum mechanics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Comparisons have also been made between QBism and the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational_quantum_mechanics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Relational quantum mechanics">relational quantum mechanics</a> (RQM) espoused by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Rovelli" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Carlo Rovelli">Carlo Rovelli</a> and others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[74]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[75]</a></sup> In both QBism and RQM, quantum states are not intrinsic properties of physical systems.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[76]</a></sup> Both QBism and RQM deny the existence of an absolute, universal wavefunction. Furthermore, both QBism and RQM insist that quantum mechanics is a fundamentally <i>local</i> theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:19_23-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:19-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:20_77-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:20-77" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[77]</a></sup> In addition, Rovelli, like several QBist authors, advocates reconstructing quantum theory from physical principles in order to bring clarity to the subject of quantum foundations.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[78]</a></sup> (The QBist approaches to doing so are different from Rovelli's, and are described <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#Technical_developments_and_reconstructing_quantum_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">below</a>.) One important distinction between the two interpretations is their philosophy of probability: RQM does not adopt the Ramsey–de Finetti school of personalist Bayesianism.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:5_6-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:5-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_17-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:0-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> Moreover, RQM does not insist that a measurement outcome is necessarily an agent's experience.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:0_17-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:0-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses_of_Bayesian_probability_in_quantum_physics">Other uses of Bayesian probability in quantum physics</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Other uses of Bayesian probability in quantum physics">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">QBism should be distinguished from other applications of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a> in quantum physics, and from quantum analogues of Bayesian inference.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_19-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:2-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_71-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:3-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup> For example, some in the field of computer science have introduced a kind of quantum <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_network" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian network">Bayesian network</a>, which they argue could have applications in "medical diagnosis, monitoring of processes, and genetics".<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[79]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Moreira16_80-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-Moreira16-80" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[80]</a></sup> Bayesian inference has also been applied in quantum theory for updating probability densities over quantum states,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[81]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_maximum_entropy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Principle of maximum entropy">MaxEnt</a> methods have been used in similar ways.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:3_71-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:3-71" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[71]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[82]</a></sup> Bayesian methods for <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_tomography" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum tomography">quantum state and process tomography</a> are an active area of research.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[83]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Technical_developments_and_reconstructing_quantum_theory">Technical developments and reconstructing quantum theory</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Technical developments and reconstructing quantum theory">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Conceptual concerns about the interpretation of quantum mechanics and the meaning of probability have motivated technical work. A quantum version of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Finetti%27s_theorem" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="De Finetti's theorem">de Finetti theorem</a>, introduced by Caves, Fuchs, and Schack (independently reproving a result found using different means by Størmer<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-84" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[84]</a></sup>) to provide a Bayesian understanding of the idea of an "unknown quantum state",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[85]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[86]</a></sup> has found application elsewhere, in topics like <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_key_distribution" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum key distribution">quantum key distribution</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-87" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[87]</a></sup> and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum entanglement">entanglement</a> detection.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[88]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Adherents of several interpretations of quantum mechanics, QBism included, have been motivated to reconstruct quantum theory. The goal of these research efforts has been to identify a new set of axioms or postulates from which the mathematical structure of quantum theory can be derived, in the hope that with such a reformulation, the features of nature which made quantum theory the way it is might be more easily identified.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:24_51-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:24-51" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[51]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[89]</a></sup> Although the core tenets of QBism do not demand such a reconstruction, some QBists—Fuchs,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:15_26-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:15-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup> in particular—have argued that the task should be pursued.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">One topic prominent in the reconstruction effort is the set of mathematical structures known as symmetric, informationally-complete, positive operator-valued measures (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SIC-POVM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="SIC-POVM">SIC-POVMs</a>). QBist foundational research stimulated interest in these structures, which now have applications in quantum theory outside of foundational studies<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-90" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[90]</a></sup> and in pure mathematics.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[91]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The most extensively explored QBist reformulation of quantum theory involves the use of SIC-POVMs to rewrite quantum states (either pure or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Density matrix">mixed</a>) as a set of probabilities defined over the outcomes of a "Bureau of Standards" measurement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[92]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[93]</a></sup> That is, if one expresses a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_matrix" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Density matrix">density matrix</a> as a probability distribution over the outcomes of a SIC-POVM experiment, one can reproduce all the statistical predictions implied by the density matrix from the SIC-POVM probabilities instead.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[94]</a></sup> The <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_rule" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Born rule">Born rule</a> then takes the role of relating one valid probability distribution to another, rather than of deriving probabilities from something apparently more fundamental. Fuchs, Schack, and others have taken to calling this restatement of the Born rule the <i>urgleichung,</i> from the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="German language">German</a> for "primal equation" (see <a class="extiw" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ur-" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="wiktionary:ur-"><i>Ur-</i> prefix</a>), because of the central role it plays in their reconstruction of quantum theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_19-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:2-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_95-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:4-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[96]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The following discussion presumes some familiarity with the mathematics of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_information" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum information">quantum information</a> theory, and in particular, the modeling of measurement procedures by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/POVM" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="POVM">POVMs</a>. Consider a quantum system to which is associated a <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle d}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle d}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle d}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/252135f29da0e9f9e130ff2d53be5df2f7044d99" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.176ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.338ex; width: 1.216ex;" /></span>-dimensional <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert_space" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hilbert space">Hilbert space</a>. If a set of <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle d^{2}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle d^{2}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle d^{2}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3452de6102448c701d97ea7a784596fc6ce4dab6" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.509ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.338ex; width: 2.272ex;" /></span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rank_(linear_algebra)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rank (linear algebra)">rank</a>-1 <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projection_(linear_algebra)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Projection (linear algebra)">projectors</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23a55630327ac76a4ec1bc961178c987acc1182a" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.176ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.543ex;" /></span> satisfying</p><div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {\Pi }}_{j}={\frac {d\delta _{ij}+1}{d+1}}}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {\Pi }}_{j}={\frac {d\delta _{ij}+1}{d+1}}}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {\Pi }}_{j}={\frac {d\delta _{ij}+1}{d+1}}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f94d6793e9ed9bad1acffa06d1b0035ff81f2e12" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 6.009ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -2.171ex; width: 19.062ex;" /></div>exists, then one may form a SIC-POVM <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle {\hat {H}}_{i}={\frac {1}{d}}{\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\hat {H}}_{i}={\frac {1}{d}}{\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle {\hat {H}}_{i}={\frac {1}{d}}{\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d87ca3be597bc8f2c8325d9c0ee5041bbec47648" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.843ex; vertical-align: -1.338ex; width: 10.2ex;" /></span>. An arbitrary quantum state <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\hat {\rho }}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.676ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 1.376ex;" /></span> may be written as a linear combination of the SIC projectors<div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]{\hat {\Pi }}_{i},}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]{\hat {\Pi }}_{i},}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]{\hat {\Pi }}_{i},}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d5f5c8d6d6bb46296ba035fa30604572bfd2261a" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 7.676ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -3.005ex; width: 32.454ex;" /></div>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle P(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {H}}_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle P(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {H}}_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle P(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {H}}_{i}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e989aba9da32c8cb03ea42f18f0e449c937d4ca5" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.343ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 15.826ex;" /></span> is the Born rule probability for obtaining SIC measurement outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle H_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="H_{i}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bd0312f590cc5a400008938f3cc304d42ad3986" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.509ex; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.731ex;" /></span> implied by the state assignment <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\hat {\rho }}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.676ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 1.376ex;" /></span>. We follow the convention that operators have hats while experiences (that is, measurement outcomes) do not. Now consider an arbitrary quantum measurement, denoted by the POVM <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {D}}_{j}\}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{{\hat {D}}_{j}\}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \{{\hat {D}}_{j}\}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9d0a69f96de34ed23cb59ef20699a34ff744a6b3" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.509ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 5.159ex;" /></span>. The urgleichung is the expression obtained from forming the Born rule probabilities, <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle Q(D_{j})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {D}}_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle Q(D_{j})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {D}}_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle Q(D_{j})=\operatorname {tr} {\hat {\rho }}{\hat {D}}_{j}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e4f0d9a9a8e951261bee86d608a31cd1bb469020" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.509ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 15.993ex;" /></span>, for the outcomes of this quantum measurement,<div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}),}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}),}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}),}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ddfb1738aaf31b5500021523c8405853e7a4800c" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 7.676ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -3.005ex; width: 46.074ex;" /></div>where <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})\equiv \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {D}}_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})\equiv \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {D}}_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})\equiv \operatorname {tr} {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}{\hat {D}}_{j}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3004a27869806e77c67560bbf785230a03661227" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.509ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 21.735ex;" /></span> is the Born rule probability for obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle D_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="D_{j}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41eafa45dbe60f5e03b0281cfef1c2eca6bdc4d2" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 2.834ex;" /></span> implied by the state assignment <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/23a55630327ac76a4ec1bc961178c987acc1182a" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.176ex; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.543ex;" /></span>. The <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c44cb87bd38ea895a306bc1667665c6da56ba3a" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 11.057ex;" /></span> term may be understood to be a conditional probability in a cascaded measurement scenario: Imagine that an agent plans to perform two measurements, first a SIC measurement and then the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle \{D_{j}\}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{D_{j}\}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle \{D_{j}\}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4d5fd6e0534c3bd83a43036f70c9777b6be171c5" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 5.159ex;" /></span> measurement. After obtaining an outcome from the SIC measurement, the agent will update her state assignment to a new quantum state <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}'}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}'}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}'}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3a0aea9a77a415467400024b3bb784bd8c5926ba" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 2.06ex;" /></span> before performing the second measurement. If she uses the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerhart_L%C3%BCders" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Gerhart Lüders">Lüders</a> rule<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[97]</a></sup> for state update and obtains outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle H_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="H_{i}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bd0312f590cc5a400008938f3cc304d42ad3986" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.509ex; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.731ex;" /></span> from the SIC measurement, then <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle {\hat {\rho }}'={\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\hat {\rho }}'={\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle {\hat {\rho }}'={\hat {\Pi }}_{i}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/72a992f3e338b5201ee985c6a24942a2e783dabf" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.343ex; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 7.702ex;" /></span>. Thus the probability for obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle D_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="D_{j}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41eafa45dbe60f5e03b0281cfef1c2eca6bdc4d2" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 2.834ex;" /></span> for the second measurement conditioned on obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle H_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="H_{i}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bd0312f590cc5a400008938f3cc304d42ad3986" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.509ex; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.731ex;" /></span> for the SIC measurement is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j}\mid H_{i})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1c44cb87bd38ea895a306bc1667665c6da56ba3a" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 11.057ex;" /></span>.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Note that the urgleichung is structurally very similar to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_total_probability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Law of total probability">law of total probability</a>, which is the expression</p><div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}P(H_{i})P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}P(H_{i})P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}P(H_{i})P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/87dafa89144bd518f5f0a01a333bb27244065827" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 7.676ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -3.005ex; width: 31.219ex;" /></div>They functionally differ only by a dimension-dependent <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_transformation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Affine transformation">affine transformation</a> of the SIC probability vector. As QBism says that quantum theory is an empirically-motivated normative addition to probability theory, Fuchs and others find the appearance of a structure in quantum theory analogous to one in probability theory to be an indication that a reformulation featuring the urgleichung prominently may help to reveal the properties of nature which made quantum theory so successful.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:2_19-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:2-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:1_22-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:1-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">It is important to recognize that the urgleichung does not <i>replace</i> the law of total probability. Rather, the urgleichung and the law of total probability apply in different scenarios because <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28624409d9035306812ba29f76d83608fe2dcf56" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 6.389ex;" /></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d680b199c09b5d3f19edacc26257b16521a8cabf" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 6.482ex;" /></span> refer to different situations. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle P(D_{j})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28624409d9035306812ba29f76d83608fe2dcf56" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 6.389ex;" /></span> is the probability that an agent assigns for obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle D_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="D_{j}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41eafa45dbe60f5e03b0281cfef1c2eca6bdc4d2" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 2.834ex;" /></span> on her second of two planned measurements, that is, for obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle D_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="D_{j}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41eafa45dbe60f5e03b0281cfef1c2eca6bdc4d2" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 2.834ex;" /></span> after first making the SIC measurement and obtaining one of the <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle H_{i}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H_{i}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="H_{i}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7bd0312f590cc5a400008938f3cc304d42ad3986" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.509ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.671ex; width: 2.731ex;" /></span> outcomes. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle Q(D_{j})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d680b199c09b5d3f19edacc26257b16521a8cabf" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.009ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 6.482ex;" /></span>, on the other hand, is the probability an agent assigns for obtaining outcome <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle D_{j}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D_{j}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="D_{j}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/41eafa45dbe60f5e03b0281cfef1c2eca6bdc4d2" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 2.834ex;" /></span> <i>when she does not plan to first make the SIC measurement.</i> The law of total probability is a consequence of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(philosophical_gambling_strategy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)">coherence</a> within the operational context of performing the two measurements as described. The urgleichung, in contrast, is a relation between different contexts which finds its justification in the predictive success of quantum physics.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The SIC representation of quantum states also provides a reformulation of quantum dynamics. Consider a quantum state <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\hat {\rho }}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.676ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 1.376ex;" /></span> with SIC representation <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle P(H_{i})}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle P(H_{i})}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle P(H_{i})}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a137031357f0003fa365066ebbdc5b329ed0d101" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 6.286ex;" /></span>. The time evolution of this state is found by applying a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_operator" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Unitary operator">unitary operator</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\displaystyle {\hat {U}}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0b536251ac73007654d586ca8d5b4682c8294082" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.338ex; width: 1.783ex;" /></span> to form the new state <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle {\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle {\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle {\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/35077efbe12418f0aafe6bc61acbf83d8f5e874a" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 3.843ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 5.903ex;" /></span>, which has the SIC representation</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p><div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} \left[({\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }){\hat {H}}_{i}\right]=\operatorname {tr} \left[{\hat {\rho }}({\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{i}{\hat {U}})\right].}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} \left[({\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }){\hat {H}}_{i}\right]=\operatorname {tr} \left[{\hat {\rho }}({\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{i}{\hat {U}})\right].}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{i})=\operatorname {tr} \left[({\hat {U}}{\hat {\rho }}{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }){\hat {H}}_{i}\right]=\operatorname {tr} \left[{\hat {\rho }}({\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{i}{\hat {U}})\right].}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2e27955da58e172f918b160e0a0dbd3ea44ad17c" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 4.843ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -1.838ex; width: 42.876ex;" /></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The second equality is written in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heisenberg_picture" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Heisenberg picture">Heisenberg picture</a> of quantum dynamics, with respect to which the time evolution of a quantum system is captured by the probabilities associated with a rotated SIC measurement <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\textstyle \{D_{j}\}=\{{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{j}{\hat {U}}\}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\textstyle \{D_{j}\}=\{{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{j}{\hat {U}}\}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\textstyle \{D_{j}\}=\{{\hat {U}}^{\dagger }{\hat {H}}_{j}{\hat {U}}\}}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9909ce34cfdfbd6092a8463dbd0ccc4efa1ee0c0" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 4.009ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -1.005ex; width: 18.083ex;" /></span> of the original quantum state <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; font-size: 16.52px; height: 1px; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\hat {\rho }}}</annotation></semantics></math></span><img alt="{\hat {\rho }}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a71ec0653c9ec1cad5e168085772c88e293fedef" style="border: 0px; display: inline-block; height: 2.676ex; margin: 0px; vertical-align: -0.838ex; width: 1.376ex;" /></span>. Then the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger_equation" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Schrödinger equation">Schrödinger equation</a> is completely captured in the urgleichung for this measurement:</p><div class="mwe-math-element" style="max-width: 100%; overflow-x: auto;"><div class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); display: none; height: 1px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto; margin-top: 0.6em; opacity: 0; overflow: hidden; position: absolute; width: 1px;"><math alttext="{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}" display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}</annotation></semantics></math></div><img alt="{\displaystyle P_{t}(H_{j})=\sum _{i=1}^{d^{2}}\left[(d+1)P(H_{i})-{\frac {1}{d}}\right]P(D_{j}\mid H_{i}).}" aria-hidden="true" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display" src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a03bce466c6694c638e29504c52cf43ef961d728" style="border: 0px; display: block; height: 7.676ex; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 1.6em !important; margin-right: auto !important; margin-top: 0.6em; vertical-align: -3.005ex; width: 46.561ex;" /></div>In these terms, the Schrödinger equation is an instance of the Born rule applied to the passing of time; an agent uses it to relate how she will gamble on informationally complete measurements potentially performed at different times.<p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Those QBists who find this approach promising are pursuing a complete reconstruction of quantum theory featuring the urgleichung as the key postulate.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_95-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:4-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> (The urgleichung has also been discussed in the context of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category theory">category theory</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-98" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[98]</a></sup>) Comparisons between this approach and others not associated with QBism (or indeed with any particular interpretation) can be found in a book chapter by Fuchs and Stacey<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[99]</a></sup> and an article by Appleby <i>et al.</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:4_95-2" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:4-95" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[95]</a></sup> As of 2017, alternative QBist reconstruction efforts are in the beginning stages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-:26_100-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_note-:26-100" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[100]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright" role="navigation" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); box-sizing: border-box; clear: right; display: table; float: right; list-style: none; margin: 0.5em 0px 0.5em 1em; max-width: 175px; padding: 0.1em;"><li class="portalbox-entry" style="display: table-row; font-size: 11.9px; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; height: 1.9em; line-height: 13.09px; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="portalbox-image" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em; text-align: center; vertical-align: middle;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" class="noviewer" data-file-height="600" data-file-width="530" decoding="async" height="28" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="25" /></a></span><span class="portalbox-link" style="display: table-cell; padding: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em; vertical-align: middle;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Physics">Physics portal</a></span></li></ul><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayes_factor" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayes factor">Bayes factor</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayesian_inference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bayesian inference">Bayesian inference</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credible_intervals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Credible intervals">Credible intervals</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Degree_of_belief" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Degree of belief">Degree of belief</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doxastic_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doxastic logic">Doxastic logic</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum logic">Quantum logic</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_probability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum probability">Quantum probability</a></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical_inference" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Statistical inference">Statistical inference</a></li></ul></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-:21-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:21_1-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:21_1-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTimpson2008" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Timpson, Christopher Gordon (2008). <a class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~bras2317/qb_s.ps" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Quantum Bayesianism: A study"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(postscript)</span>. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 579–609. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0804.2047" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0804.2047</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008SHPMP..39..579T" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2008SHPMP..39..579T</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2008.03.006" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2008.03.006</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16775153" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16775153</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Quantum+Bayesianism%3A+A+study&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=579-609&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0804.2047&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16775153%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2008.03.006&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008SHPMP..39..579T&rft.aulast=Timpson&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F~bras2317%2Fqb_s.ps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:22-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:22_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:22_2-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2012-07-01). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Commentary: Quantum mechanics: Fixing the shifty split"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>65</b> (7): 8–10. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65g...8M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012PhT....65g...8M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1618" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/PT.3.1618</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Quantum+mechanics%3A+Fixing+the+shifty+split&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=8-10&rft.date=2012-07-01&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.1618&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhT....65g...8M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252FPT.3.1618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBub2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bub, Jeffrey (2016). <i>Bananaworld: Quantum Mechanics for Primates</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 232. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198718536" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198718536"><bdi>978-0198718536</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bananaworld%3A+Quantum+Mechanics+for+Primates&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0198718536&rft.aulast=Bub&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFLadymanRossSpurrettCollier2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ladyman, James; Ross, Don; Spurrett, David; Collier, John (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingmustgo00lady" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized</i></a></span>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/everythingmustgo00lady/page/n196" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">184</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199573097" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780199573097"><bdi>9780199573097</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Every+Thing+Must+Go%3A+Metaphysics+Naturalized&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199573097&rft.aulast=Ladyman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Ross%2C+Don&rft.au=Spurrett%2C+David&rft.au=Collier%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feverythingmustgo00lady&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For "participatory realism", see, e.g.:<ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFuchs2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017). "On Participatory Realism". In Durham, Ian T.; Rickles, Dean (eds.). <i>Information and Interaction: Eddington, Wheeler, and the Limits of Knowledge</i>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1601.04360" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1601.04360</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016arXiv160104360F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2016arXiv160104360F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319437606" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783319437606"><bdi>9783319437606</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/967844832" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">967844832</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Participatory+Realism&rft.btitle=Information+and+Interaction%3A+Eddington%2C+Wheeler%2C+and+the+Limits+of+Knowledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1601.04360&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F967844832&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016arXiv160104360F&rft.isbn=9783319437606&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></li><li style="break-inside: avoid-column; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsTimpson" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Timpson, Christopher G. <a class="external text" href="http://fqxi.org/grants/large/awardees/view/__details/2016/fuchs" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Does Participatory Realism Make Sense? The Role of Observership in Quantum Theory"</a>. <i>FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FQXi%3A+Foundational+Questions+Institute&rft.atitle=Does+Participatory+Realism+Make+Sense%3F+The+Role+of+Observership+in+Quantum+Theory&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Timpson%2C+Christopher+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffqxi.org%2Fgrants%2Flarge%2Fawardees%2Fview%2F__details%2F2016%2Ffuchs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></li></ul></span></li><li id="cite_note-:5-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:5_6-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:5_6-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:5_6-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:5_6-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCabello2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cabello, Adán (2017). "Interpretations of quantum theory: A map of madness". In <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olimpia_Lombardi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Olimpia Lombardi">Lombardi, Olimpia</a>; Fortin, Sebastian; Holik, Federico; López, Cristian (eds.). <i>What is Quantum Information?</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 138–143. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.04711" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1509.04711</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015arXiv150904711C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015arXiv150904711C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781316494233.009" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/9781316494233.009</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107142114" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781107142114"><bdi>9781107142114</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118419619" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">118419619</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Interpretations+of+quantum+theory%3A+A+map+of+madness&rft.btitle=What+is+Quantum+Information%3F&rft.pages=138-143&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118419619%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015arXiv150904711C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.04711&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781316494233.009&rft.isbn=9781107142114&rft.aulast=Cabello&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:12-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:12_7-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:12_7-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2014-03-27). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F507421a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Physics: QBism puts the scientist back into science"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>507</b> (7493): 421–423. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F507421a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/507421a</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24678539" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24678539</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Physics%3A+QBism+puts+the+scientist+back+into+science&rft.volume=507&rft.issue=7493&rft.pages=421-423&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F507421a&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24678539&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F507421a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFTammaro2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tammaro, Elliott (2014-08-09). "Why Current Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics are Deficient". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1408.2093" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1408.2093</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Why+Current+Interpretations+of+Quantum+Mechanics+are+Deficient&rft.date=2014-08-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1408.2093&rft.aulast=Tammaro&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:25-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:25_9-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:25_9-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSchlosshauerKoflerZeilinger2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Kofler, Johannes; Zeilinger, Anton (2013-08-01). "A snapshot of foundational attitudes toward quantum mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B</i>. <b>44</b> (3): 222–230. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.1069" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1301.1069</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SHPMP..44..222S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013SHPMP..44..222S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2013.04.004</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55537196" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">55537196</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B&rft.atitle=A+snapshot+of+foundational+attitudes+toward+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=222-230&rft.date=2013-08-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.1069&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55537196%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2013.04.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SHPMP..44..222S&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Kofler%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:13-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:13_10-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:13_10-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:13_10-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2017-01-01). "Why QBism Is Not the Copenhagen Interpretation and What John Bell Might Have Thought of It". In Bertlmann, Reinhold; Zeilinger, Anton (eds.). <i>Quantum [Un]Speakables II</i>. The Frontiers Collection. Springer International Publishing. pp. 83–93. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.2454" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1409.2454</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-38987-5_4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319389851" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783319389851"><bdi>9783319389851</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118458259" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">118458259</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+QBism+Is+Not+the+Copenhagen+Interpretation+and+What+John+Bell+Might+Have+Thought+of+It&rft.btitle=Quantum+%5BUn%5DSpeakables+II&rft.series=The+Frontiers+Collection&rft.pages=83-93&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1409.2454&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118458259%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_4&rft.isbn=9783319389851&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHänsch" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hänsch, Theodor. <a class="external text" href="http://www.pas.va/content/accademia/en/publications/acta/acta23/haensch.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Changing Concepts of Light and Matter"</a>. <i>The Pontifical Academy of Sciences</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Pontifical+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Changing+Concepts+of+Light+and+Matter&rft.aulast=H%C3%A4nsch&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pas.va%2Fcontent%2Faccademia%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Facta%2Facta23%2Fhaensch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:6-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:6_12-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:6_12-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJaeger2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jaeger, Gregg (2009). "3.7. The radical Bayesian interpretation". <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entanglementinfo00jaeg_248" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Entanglement, information, and the interpretation of quantum mechanics</i></a></span>(Online-Ausg. ed.). Berlin: Springer. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/entanglementinfo00jaeg_248/page/n181" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">170</a>–179. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92127-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-92127-1"><bdi>978-3-540-92127-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3.7.+The+radical+Bayesian+interpretation&rft.btitle=Entanglement%2C+information%2C+and+the+interpretation+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=170-179&rft.edition=Online-Ausg.&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-540-92127-1&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fentanglementinfo00jaeg_248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:8-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:8_13-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFvon_Baeyer2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">von Baeyer, Hans Christian (2016). <i>QBism: The Future of Quantum Physics</i>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674504646" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674504646"><bdi>978-0674504646</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=QBism%3A+The+Future+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0674504646&rft.aulast=von+Baeyer&rft.aufirst=Hans+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:9-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:9_14-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:9_14-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:9_14-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStacey2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Stacey, Blake C. (2016-05-28). "Von Neumann Was Not a Quantum Bayesian". <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences</i>. <b>374</b> (2068): 20150235. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.2409" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1412.2409</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016RSPTA.37450235S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2016RSPTA.37450235S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsta.2015.0235" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1098/rsta.2015.0235</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1364-503X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1364-503X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27091166" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">27091166</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16829387" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16829387</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+A%3A+Mathematical%2C+Physical+and+Engineering+Sciences&rft.atitle=Von+Neumann+Was+Not+a+Quantum+Bayesian&rft.volume=374&rft.issue=2068&rft.pages=20150235&rft.date=2016-05-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16829387%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016RSPTA.37450235S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1412.2409&rft.issn=1364-503X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsta.2015.0235&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27091166&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Blake+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJaynes1990" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jaynes, E. T. (1990). "Probability in Quantum Theory". In Zurek, W. H. (ed.). <i>Complexity, Entropy, and the Physics of Information</i>. Redwood City, CA: Addison-Wesley. p. 381.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Probability+in+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=Complexity%2C+Entropy%2C+and+the+Physics+of+Information&rft.place=Redwood+City%2C+CA&rft.pages=381&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Jaynes&rft.aufirst=E.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:16-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:16_16-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:16_16-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFGefter" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Gefter, Amanda. <a class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150604-quantum-bayesianism-qbism/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Private View of Quantum Reality"</a>. <i>Quanta</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-24</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quanta&rft.atitle=A+Private+View+of+Quantum+Reality&rft.aulast=Gefter&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.quantamagazine.org%2F20150604-quantum-bayesianism-qbism%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:0-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:0_17-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:0_17-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:0_17-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:0_17-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsSchlosshauerStacey2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Stacey, Blake C. (2014-05-10). "My Struggles with the Block Universe". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.2390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1405.2390</a></span>[<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=My+Struggles+with+the+Block+Universe&rft.date=2014-05-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1405.2390&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schlosshauer%2C+Maximilian&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Blake+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFKeynes2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes, John Maynard</a> (2012-01-01). "F. P. Ramsey". <i>Essays in biography</i>. Martino Fine Books. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614273264" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614273264"><bdi>978-1614273264</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/922625832" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">922625832</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=F.+P.+Ramsey&rft.btitle=Essays+in+biography&rft.pub=Martino+Fine+Books&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F922625832&rft.isbn=978-1614273264&rft.aulast=Keynes&rft.aufirst=John+Maynard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:2-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:2_19-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:2_19-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:2_19-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:2_19-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:2_19-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsSchack2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Rüdiger (2013-01-01). "Quantum-Bayesian coherence". <i>Reviews of Modern Physics</i>. <b>85</b> (4): 1693–1715. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.3274" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1301.3274</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013RvMP...85.1693F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013RvMP...85.1693F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.85.1693" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/RevModPhys.85.1693</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18256163" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18256163</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Quantum-Bayesian+coherence&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1693-1715&rft.date=2013-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.3274&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18256163%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.85.1693&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013RvMP...85.1693F&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:14-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:14_20-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFine2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fine, Arthur (2016-01-01). <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/qt-epr/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen Argument in Quantum Theory"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Fall 2016 ed.). Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Einstein%E2%80%93Podolsky%E2%80%93Rosen+Argument+in+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Fall+2016&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Ffall2016%2Fentries%2Fqt-epr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The issue of the interpretation of probabilities equal to unity in quantum theory occurs even for probability distributions over a finite number of alternatives, and thus it is distinct from the issue of events that happen <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almost_surely" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Almost surely">almost surely</a> in <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure_theory" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Measure theory">measure-theoretic</a> treatments of probability.</span></li><li id="cite_note-:1-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:1_22-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:1_22-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:1_22-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:1_22-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsStacey2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Stacey, Blake C. (2016-12-21). "QBism: Quantum Theory as a Hero's Handbook". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.07308" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1612.07308</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=QBism%3A+Quantum+Theory+as+a+Hero%27s+Handbook&rft.date=2016-12-21&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1612.07308&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Blake+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:19-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:19_23-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:19_23-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:19_23-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsMerminSchack2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Mermin, N. David; Schack, Ruediger (2014-07-22). "An introduction to QBism with an application to the locality of quantum mechanics". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>82</b> (8): 749–754. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1311.5253" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1311.5253</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AmJPh..82..749F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2014AmJPh..82..749F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4874855" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1119/1.4874855</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0002-9505</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56387090" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">56387090</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=An+introduction+to+QBism+with+an+application+to+the+locality+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=749-754&rft.date=2014-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56387090%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014AmJPh..82..749F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1311.5253&rft.issn=0002-9505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.4874855&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rft.au=Schack%2C+Ruediger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:11-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:11_24-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFFuchs2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A. (2010-03-26). "QBism, the Perimeter of Quantum Bayesianism". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.5209" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1003.5209</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=QBism%2C+the+Perimeter+of+Quantum+Bayesianism&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1003.5209&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCavesFuchsSchack2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Caves, Carlton M.; Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Ruediger (2002-01-01). "Quantum probabilities as Bayesian probabilities". <i>Physical Review A</i>. <b>65</b> (2): 022305. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0106133" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0106133</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PhRvA..65b2305C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2002PhRvA..65b2305C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.65.022305" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.65.022305</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119515728" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119515728</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Quantum+probabilities+as+Bayesian+probabilities&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=022305&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0106133&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119515728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.65.022305&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PhRvA..65b2305C&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Carlton+M.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+Ruediger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:15-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:15_26-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:15_26-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">C. A. Fuchs, "Quantum Mechanics as Quantum Information (and only a little more)", in <i>Quantum Theory: Reconsideration of Foundations</i>, edited by A. Khrennikov (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A4xj%C3%B6_University" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Växjö University">Växjö University</a> Press, Växjö, Sweden, 2002), pp. 463–543. <a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0205039" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">arXiv:quant-ph/0205039</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.sif.it/attivita/scuola_fermi" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"International School of Physics "Enrico Fermi"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>Italian Physical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Italian+Physical+Society&rft.atitle=International+School+of+Physics+%22Enrico+Fermi%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sif.it%2Fattivita%2Fscuola_fermi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:10-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:10_28-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:10_28-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:10_28-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2013-01-28). "Annotated Interview with a QBist in the Making". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1301.6551" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1301.6551</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Annotated+Interview+with+a+QBist+in+the+Making&rft.date=2013-01-28&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1301.6551&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:17-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:17_29-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:17_29-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" id="CITEREFvon_Rauchhaupt2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">von Rauchhaupt, Ulf (9 February 2014). <a class="external text" href="https://www.faz.net/aktuell/wissen/physik-chemie/philosophische-quantenphysik-ganz-im-auge-des-betrachters-12792104.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Philosophische Quantenphysik : Ganz im Auge des Betrachters"</a>. <i>Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung</i> (in German). Vol. 6. p. 62<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frankfurter+Allgemeine+Sonntagszeitung&rft.atitle=Philosophische+Quantenphysik+%3A+Ganz+im+Auge+des+Betrachters&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2014-02-09&rft.aulast=von+Rauchhaupt&rft.aufirst=Ulf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.faz.net%2Faktuell%2Fwissen%2Fphysik-chemie%2Fphilosophische-quantenphysik-ganz-im-auge-des-betrachters-12792104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-30" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-30" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/167261302?from=outro-embed" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Q3: Quantum Metaphysics Panel"</a>. <i>Vimeo</i>. 13 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vimeo&rft.atitle=Q3%3A+Quantum+Metaphysics+Panel&rft.date=2016-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvimeo.com%2F167261302%3Ffrom%3Doutro-embed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-notwithstanding-31" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-notwithstanding_31-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-notwithstanding_31-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchs2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017). "Notwithstanding Bohr, the Reasons for QBism". <i>Mind and Matter</i>. <b>15</b>: 245–300. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1705.03483" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1705.03483</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017arXiv170503483F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017arXiv170503483F</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Matter&rft.atitle=Notwithstanding+Bohr%2C+the+Reasons+for+QBism&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=245-300&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1705.03483&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017arXiv170503483F&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:28-32" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:28_32-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:28_32-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFNauenberg2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Nauenberg, Michael (2015-03-01). "Comment on QBism and locality in quantum mechanics". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>83</b> (3): 197–198. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.00123" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1502.00123</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AmJPh..83..197N" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015AmJPh..83..197N</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4907264" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1119/1.4907264</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0002-9505</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117823345" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">117823345</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Comment+on+QBism+and+locality+in+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-198&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117823345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AmJPh..83..197N&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.00123&rft.issn=0002-9505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.4907264&rft.aulast=Nauenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-33" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-33" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBacciagaluppi2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bacciagaluppi, Guido (2014-01-01). "A Critic Looks at QBism". In Galavotti, Maria Carla; Dieks, Dennis; Gonzalez, Wenceslao J.; Hartmann, Stephan; Uebel, Thomas; Weber, Marcel (eds.). <i>New Directions in the Philosophy of Science</i>. The Philosophy of Science in a European Perspective. Springer International Publishing. pp. 403–416. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-04382-1_27" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-04382-1_27</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319043814" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783319043814"><bdi>9783319043814</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Critic+Looks+at+QBism&rft.btitle=New+Directions+in+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.series=The+Philosophy+of+Science+in+a+European+Perspective&rft.pages=403-416&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-04382-1_27&rft.isbn=9783319043814&rft.aulast=Bacciagaluppi&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-34" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-34" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol" id="CITEREFNorsen2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Norsen, Travis (2014). <a class="external text" href="http://www.ijqf.org/wps/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Norsen-Bell-paper.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Quantum Solipsism and Non-Locality"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Int. J. Quant. Found</i>. John Bell Workshop.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Int.+J.+Quant.+Found.&rft.atitle=Quantum+Solipsism+and+Non-Locality&rft.volume=John+Bell+Workshop&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Norsen&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijqf.org%2Fwps%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F12%2FNorsen-Bell-paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-35" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-35" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFWallace2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Wallace, David (2007-12-03). "The Quantum Measurement Problem: State of Play". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.0149" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0712.0149</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+Quantum+Measurement+Problem%3A+State+of+Play&rft.date=2007-12-03&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0712.0149&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-36" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-36" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDeBrotaFuchs2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">DeBrota, John B.; Fuchs, Christopher A. (2017-05-17). "Negativity Bounds for Weyl-Heisenberg Quasiprobability Representations". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>47</b> (8): 1009–1030. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.08272" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1703.08272</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FoPh...47.1009D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017FoPh...47.1009D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-017-0098-z" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-017-0098-z</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119428587" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119428587</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Negativity+Bounds+for+Weyl-Heisenberg+Quasiprobability+Representations&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1009-1030&rft.date=2017-05-17&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1703.08272&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119428587%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-017-0098-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017FoPh...47.1009D&rft.aulast=DeBrota&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-37" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-37" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsMerminSchack2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Mermin, N. David; Schack, Ruediger (2015-02-10). "Reading QBism: A Reply to Nauenberg". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>83</b>(3): 198. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1502.02841" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1502.02841</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AmJPh..83..198F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015AmJPh..83..198F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4907361" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1119/1.4907361</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Reading+QBism%3A+A+Reply+to+Nauenberg&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=198&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1502.02841&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.4907361&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015AmJPh..83..198F&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Mermin%2C+N.+David&rft.au=Schack%2C+Ruediger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Stairs-38" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-Stairs_38-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStairs2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Stairs, Allen (2011). <a class="external text" href="http://www.terpconnect.umd.edu/~stairs/papers/Loose_and_Separate_Certainty.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A loose and separate certainty: Caves, Fuchs and Schack on quantum probability one"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 158–166. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SHPMP..42..158S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011SHPMP..42..158S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2011.02.001" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2011.02.001</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=A+loose+and+separate+certainty%3A+Caves%2C+Fuchs+and+Schack+on+quantum+probability+one&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=158-166&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2011.02.001&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011SHPMP..42..158S&rft.aulast=Stairs&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.terpconnect.umd.edu%2F~stairs%2Fpapers%2FLoose_and_Separate_Certainty.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-39" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-39" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsSchack2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Rüdiger (2015-01-01). "QBism and the Greeks: why a quantum state does not represent an element of physical reality". <i>Physica Scripta</i>. <b>90</b> (1): 015104. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1412.4211" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1412.4211</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PhyS...90a5104F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015PhyS...90a5104F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F015104" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1088/0031-8949/90/1/015104</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1402-4896" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1402-4896</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14553716" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">14553716</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=QBism+and+the+Greeks%3A+why+a+quantum+state+does+not+represent+an+element+of+physical+reality&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=015104&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14553716%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PhyS...90a5104F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1412.4211&rft.issn=1402-4896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0031-8949%2F90%2F1%2F015104&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:27-40" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:27_40-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2012-11-30). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1803" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Measured responses to quantum Bayesianism"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>65</b> (12): 12–15. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PhT....65l..12M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2012PhT....65l..12M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.1803" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/PT.3.1803</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Measured+responses+to+quantum+Bayesianism&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=12-15&rft.date=2012-11-30&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.1803&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PhT....65l..12M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252FPT.3.1803&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-41" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-41" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2013-06-28). "Impressionism, Realism, and the aging of Ashcroft and Mermin". <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>66</b> (7): 8. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhT....66R...8M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013PhT....66R...8M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.3.2024" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/PT.3.2024</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0031-9228</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Impressionism%2C+Realism%2C+and+the+aging+of+Ashcroft+and+Mermin&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2013-06-28&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.3.2024&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhT....66R...8M&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:23-42" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:23_42-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:23_42-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFHealey2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Healey, Richard (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/quantum-bayesian/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Quantum-Bayesian and Pragmatist Views of Quantum Theory"</a>. In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <i>Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Quantum-Bayesian+and+Pragmatist+Views+of+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fquantum-bayesian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-43" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-43" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFMohrhoff2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mohrhoff, Ulrich (2014-09-10). "QBism: A Critical Appraisal". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1409.3312" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1409.3312</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=QBism%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal&rft.date=2014-09-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1409.3312&rft.aulast=Mohrhoff&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-44" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-44" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMarchildon2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marchildon, Louis (2015-07-01). "Why I am not a QBist". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>45</b> (7): 754–761. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1403.1146" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1403.1146</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015FoPh...45..754M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015FoPh...45..754M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-015-9875-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-015-9875-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119196825" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119196825</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Why+I+am+not+a+QBist&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=754-761&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119196825%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015FoPh...45..754M&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1403.1146&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-015-9875-8&rft.aulast=Marchildon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFLeifer" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Leifer, Matthew. <a class="external text" href="http://fmoldove.blogspot.com/2015/05/interview-with-anti-quantum-zealot-on.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Interview with an anti-Quantum zealot"</a>. <i>Elliptic Composability</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">10 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Elliptic+Composability&rft.atitle=Interview+with+an+anti-Quantum+zealot&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmoldove.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F05%2Finterview-with-anti-quantum-zealot-on.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-45" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-45" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMarchildon2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marchildon, Louis (2015). "Multiplicity in Everett's interpretation of quantum mechanics". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>52</b> (B): 274–284. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.04835" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1504.04835</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SHPMP..52..274M" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2015SHPMP..52..274M</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2015.08.010" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2015.08.010</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118398374" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">118398374</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Multiplicity+in+Everett%27s+interpretation+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=B&rft.pages=274-284&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1504.04835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118398374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2015.08.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SHPMP..52..274M&rft.aulast=Marchildon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-46" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-46" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFSchlosshauerClaringbold2015" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Schlosshauer, Maximilian; Claringbold, Tangereen V. B. (2015). <a class="external text" href="http://ebooks.cambridge.org/ref/id/CBO9781107706927A085" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Entanglement, scaling, and the meaning of the wave function in protective measurement"</a>. <i>Protective Measurement and Quantum Reality: Towards a New Understanding of Quantum Mechanics</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 180–194. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1402.1217" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1402.1217</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9781107706927.014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1017/cbo9781107706927.014</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107706927" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781107706927"><bdi>9781107706927</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118003617" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">118003617</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Entanglement%2C+scaling%2C+and+the+meaning+of+the+wave+function+in+protective+measurement&rft.btitle=Protective+Measurement+and+Quantum+Reality%3A+Towards+a+New+Understanding+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.pages=180-194&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1402.1217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118003617%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9781107706927.014&rft.isbn=9781107706927&rft.aulast=Schlosshauer&rft.aufirst=Maximilian&rft.au=Claringbold%2C+Tangereen+V.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Febooks.cambridge.org%2Fref%2Fid%2FCBO9781107706927A085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-47" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-47" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFBarnum2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Barnum, Howard N. (2010-03-23). "Quantum Knowledge, Quantum Belief, Quantum Reality: Notes of a QBist Fellow Traveler". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1003.4555" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1003.4555</a></span>[<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Quantum+Knowledge%2C+Quantum+Belief%2C+Quantum+Reality%3A+Notes+of+a+QBist+Fellow+Traveler&rft.date=2010-03-23&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1003.4555&rft.aulast=Barnum&rft.aufirst=Howard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-48" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-48" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFAppleby2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Appleby, D. M. (2007-01-01). "Concerning Dice and Divinity". <i>AIP Conference Proceedings</i>. <b>889</b>: 30–39. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0611261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0611261</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007AIPC..889...30A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007AIPC..889...30A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2713444" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/1.2713444</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119529426" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119529426</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AIP+Conference+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Concerning+Dice+and+Divinity&rft.volume=889&rft.pages=30-39&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0611261&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119529426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2713444&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007AIPC..889...30A&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-49" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-49" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFChalmers2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chalmers, Matthew (2014-05-07). <a class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg22229680.400-qbism-is-quantum-uncertainty-all-in-the-mind.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"QBism: Is quantum uncertainty all in the mind?"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=QBism%3A+Is+quantum+uncertainty+all+in+the+mind%3F&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Chalmers&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg22229680.400-qbism-is-quantum-uncertainty-all-in-the-mind.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span> Mermin criticized some aspects of this coverage; see <cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFMermin2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Mermin, N. David (2014-06-05). "QBism in the New Scientist". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1406.1573" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1406.1573</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=QBism+in+the+New+Scientist&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1406.1573&rft.aulast=Mermin&rft.aufirst=N.+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br />See also <cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFWebb2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Webb, Richard (2016-11-30). <a class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/2114398-physics-may-be-a-small-but-crucial-fraction-of-our-reality/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Physics may be a small but crucial fraction of our reality"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Physics+may+be+a+small+but+crucial+fraction+of+our+reality&rft.date=2016-11-30&rft.aulast=Webb&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2F2114398-physics-may-be-a-small-but-crucial-fraction-of-our-reality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br />See also <cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFBall2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ball, Philip (2017-11-08). <a class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg23631510-200-consciously-quantum-how-you-make-everything-real/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Consciously quantum"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Consciously+quantum&rft.date=2017-11-08&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg23631510-200-consciously-quantum-how-you-make-everything-real%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-50" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-50" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFvon_Baeyer2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">von Baeyer, Hans Christian (2013). "Quantum Weirdness? It's All in Your Mind". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>308</b> (6): 46–51. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SciAm.308f..46V" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013SciAm.308f..46V</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0613-46" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/scientificamerican0613-46</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23729070" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">23729070</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Quantum+Weirdness%3F+It%27s+All+in+Your+Mind&rft.volume=308&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=46-51&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23729070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0613-46&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SciAm.308f..46V&rft.aulast=von+Baeyer&rft.aufirst=Hans+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:24-51" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:24_51-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:24_51-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBall2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Ball, Philip (2013-09-12). <a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F501154a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Physics: Quantum quest"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>501</b>(7466): 154–156. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Natur.501..154B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013Natur.501..154B</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F501154a" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/501154a</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24025823" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">24025823</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Physics%3A+Quantum+quest&rft.volume=501&rft.issue=7466&rft.pages=154-156&rft.date=2013-09-12&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24025823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F501154a&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Natur.501..154B&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F501154a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-52" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-52" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFSiegfried2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Siegfried, Tom (2014-01-30). <a class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/context/qbists-tackle-quantum-problems-adding-subjective-aspect-science" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"<span class="cs1-kern-left" style="padding-left: 0.2em;"></span>'QBists' tackle quantum problems by adding a subjective aspect to science"</a>. <i>Science News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+News&rft.atitle=%27QBists%27+tackle+quantum+problems+by+adding+a+subjective+aspect+to+science&rft.date=2014-01-30&rft.aulast=Siegfried&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencenews.org%2Fblog%2Fcontext%2Fqbists-tackle-quantum-problems-adding-subjective-aspect-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-53" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-53" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFWaldrop" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Waldrop, M. Mitchell. <a class="external text" href="http://fqxi.org/community/articles/display/218" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Painting a QBist Picture of Reality"</a>. <i>fqxi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fqxi.org&rft.atitle=Painting+a+QBist+Picture+of+Reality&rft.aulast=Waldrop&rft.aufirst=M.+Mitchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffqxi.org%2Fcommunity%2Farticles%2Fdisplay%2F218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-54" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-54" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFFrank2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Frank" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Adam Frank">Frank, Adam</a> (2017-03-13). Powell, Corey S. (ed.). <a class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/materialism-alone-cannot-explain-the-riddle-of-consciousness" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Materialism alone cannot explain the riddle of consciousness"</a>. <i>Aeon</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=Materialism+alone+cannot+explain+the+riddle+of+consciousness&rft.date=2017-03-13&rft.aulast=Frank&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fmaterialism-alone-cannot-explain-the-riddle-of-consciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:29-55" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:29_55-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFFolger2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Folger" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tim Folger">Folger, Tim</a> (May 2017). <a class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2017/may-2017/the-war-over-reality" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The War Over Reality"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+War+Over+Reality&rft.date=2017-05&rft.aulast=Folger&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2017%2Fmay-2017%2Fthe-war-over-reality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-56" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-56" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHenderson2022" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Henderson, Bob (2022-02-23). <a class="external text" href="https://nautil.us/my-quantum-leap-14132/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"My Quantum Leap"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautilus_Quarterly" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nautilus Quarterly">Nautilus Quarterly</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2022-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nautilus+Quarterly&rft.atitle=My+Quantum+Leap&rft.date=2022-02-23&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnautil.us%2Fmy-quantum-leap-14132%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-57" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-57" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBall2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Ball" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Philip Ball">Ball, Philip</a> (2018). <i>Beyond Weird: Why Everything You Thought You Knew About Quantum Physics is Different</i>. London: Penguin Random House. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847924575" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781847924575"><bdi>9781847924575</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1031304139" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1031304139</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Weird%3A+Why+Everything+You+Thought+You+Knew+About+Quantum+Physics+is+Different&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1031304139&rft.isbn=9781847924575&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-58" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-58" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAnanthaswamy2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anil_Ananthaswamy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Anil Ananthaswamy">Ananthaswamy, Anil</a> (2018). <i>Through Two Doors at Once: The Elegant Experiment That Captures the Enigma of Our Quantum Reality</i>. New York: Penguin Random House. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101986097" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9781101986097"><bdi>9781101986097</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1089112651" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1089112651</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+Two+Doors+at+Once%3A+The+Elegant+Experiment+That+Captures+the+Enigma+of+Our+Quantum+Reality&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1089112651&rft.isbn=9781101986097&rft.aulast=Ananthaswamy&rft.aufirst=Anil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-59" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-59" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRickles2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Rickles" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Dean Rickles">Rickles, Dean</a> (2019). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/imp/mm/2019/00000017/00000002/art00005" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Johntology: Participatory Realism and its Problems"</a>. <i>Mind and Matter</i>. <b>17</b> (2): 205–211.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mind+and+Matter&rft.atitle=Johntology%3A+Participatory+Realism+and+its+Problems&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=205-211&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rickles&rft.aufirst=Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ingentaconnect.com%2Fcontent%2Fimp%2Fmm%2F2019%2F00000017%2F00000002%2Fart00005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-60" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-60" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBitbol2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Bitbol" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Michel Bitbol">Bitbol, Michel</a> (2020). <a class="external text" href="http://philsci-archive.pitt.edu/19512/1/Quantum_Merleau_Michel_HW_PB.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Phenomenological Ontology for Physics: Merleau-Ponty and QBism"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. In Wiltsche, Harald; Berghofer, Philipp (eds.). <i>Phenomenological Approaches to Physics</i>. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science). Vol. 429. Springer. pp. 227–242. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-46973-3_11" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-030-46973-3_11</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46972-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46972-6"><bdi>978-3-030-46972-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1193285104" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1193285104</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226714879" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">226714879</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Phenomenological+Ontology+for+Physics%3A+Merleau-Ponty+and+QBism&rft.btitle=Phenomenological+Approaches+to+Physics&rft.series=Synthese+Library+%28Studies+in+Epistemology%2C+Logic%2C+Methodology%2C+and+Philosophy+of+Science%29&rft.pages=227-242&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193285104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226714879%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-46973-3_11&rft.isbn=978-3-030-46972-6&rft.aulast=Bitbol&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilsci-archive.pitt.edu%2F19512%2F1%2FQuantum_Merleau_Michel_HW_PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-61" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-61" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFde_La_Tremblaye2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">de La Tremblaye, Laura (2020). "QBism from a Phenomenological Point of View: Husserl and QBism". In Wiltsche, Harald; Berghofer, Philipp (eds.). <i>Phenomenological Approaches to Physics</i>. Synthese Library (Studies in Epistemology, Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science). Vol. 429. Springer. pp. 243–260. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-46973-3_12" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-030-46973-3_12</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46972-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-46972-6"><bdi>978-3-030-46972-6</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1193285104" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1193285104</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226670546" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">226670546</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=QBism+from+a+Phenomenological+Point+of+View%3A+Husserl+and+QBism&rft.btitle=Phenomenological+Approaches+to+Physics&rft.series=Synthese+Library+%28Studies+in+Epistemology%2C+Logic%2C+Methodology%2C+and+Philosophy+of+Science%29&rft.pages=243-260&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1193285104&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A226670546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-46973-3_12&rft.isbn=978-3-030-46972-6&rft.aulast=de+La+Tremblaye&rft.aufirst=Laura&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-62" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-62" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPeres2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Peres, Asher (2002-03-01). "Karl Popper and the Copenhagen interpretation". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 23–34. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9910078" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/9910078</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002SHPMP..33...23P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2002SHPMP..33...23P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1355-2198%2801%2900034-X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/S1355-2198(01)00034-X</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Karl+Popper+and+the+Copenhagen+interpretation&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-34&rft.date=2002-03-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9910078&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1355-2198%2801%2900034-X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002SHPMP..33...23P&rft.aulast=Peres&rft.aufirst=Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFŻukowski2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Żukowski, Marek (2017-01-01). "Bell's Theorem Tells Us Not What Quantum Mechanics Is, but What Quantum Mechanics Is Not". In Bertlmann, Reinhold; Zeilinger, Anton (eds.). <i>Quantum [Un]Speakables II</i>. The Frontiers Collection. Springer International Publishing. pp. 175–185. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1501.05640" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1501.05640</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_10" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-38987-5_10</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319389851" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783319389851"><bdi>9783319389851</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119214547" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119214547</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bell%27s+Theorem+Tells+Us+Not+What+Quantum+Mechanics+Is%2C+but+What+Quantum+Mechanics+Is+Not&rft.btitle=Quantum+%5BUn%5DSpeakables+II&rft.series=The+Frontiers+Collection&rft.pages=175-185&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1501.05640&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119214547%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_10&rft.isbn=9783319389851&rft.aulast=%C5%BBukowski&rft.aufirst=Marek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCamilleri2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Camilleri, Kristian (2009-02-01). <a class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/259149" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Constructing the Myth of the Copenhagen Interpretation"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Science</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 26–57. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fposc.2009.17.1.26" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1162/posc.2009.17.1.26</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1530-9274" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1530-9274</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57559199" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">57559199</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Science&rft.atitle=Constructing+the+Myth+of+the+Copenhagen+Interpretation&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26-57&rft.date=2009-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57559199%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1530-9274&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fposc.2009.17.1.26&rft.aulast=Camilleri&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F259149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-63" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-63" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPeres1984" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asher_Peres" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asher Peres">Peres, Asher</a> (1984-07-01). "What is a state vector?". <i>American Journal of Physics</i>. <b>52</b> (7): 644–650. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984AmJPh..52..644P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1984AmJPh..52..644P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119%2F1.13586" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1119/1.13586</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9505" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0002-9505</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=What+is+a+state+vector%3F&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=644-650&rft.date=1984-07-01&rft.issn=0002-9505&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1119%2F1.13586&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984AmJPh..52..644P&rft.aulast=Peres&rft.aufirst=Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCavesFuchsSchack2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Caves, Carlton M.; Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Rüdiger (2007-06-01). "Subjective probability and quantum certainty". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. Probabilities in quantum mechanics. <b>38</b> (2): 255–274. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0608190" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0608190</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007SHPMP..38..255C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007SHPMP..38..255C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2006.10.007" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2006.10.007</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119549678" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119549678</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Subjective+probability+and+quantum+certainty&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=255-274&rft.date=2007-06-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0608190&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119549678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2006.10.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007SHPMP..38..255C&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Carlton+M.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-64" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-64" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHarriganSpekkens2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Harrigan, Nicholas; Spekkens, Robert W. (2010-02-01). "Einstein, Incompleteness, and the Epistemic View of Quantum States". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>40</b> (2): 125–157. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0706.2661" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0706.2661</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FoPh...40..125H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2010FoPh...40..125H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9347-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-009-9347-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32755624" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">32755624</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Einstein%2C+Incompleteness%2C+and+the+Epistemic+View+of+Quantum+States&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-157&rft.date=2010-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32755624%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010FoPh...40..125H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0706.2661&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9347-0&rft.aulast=Harrigan&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=Spekkens%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-65" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-65" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSpekkens2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Spekkens, Robert W. (2007-01-01). "Evidence for the epistemic view of quantum states: A toy theory". <i>Physical Review A</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 032110. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0401052" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0401052</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007PhRvA..75c2110S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007PhRvA..75c2110S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.75.032110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.75.032110</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:117284016" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">117284016</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Evidence+for+the+epistemic+view+of+quantum+states%3A+A+toy+theory&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=032110&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0401052&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A117284016%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.75.032110&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007PhRvA..75c2110S&rft.aulast=Spekkens&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-leifer-spekkens-66" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-leifer-spekkens_66-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-leifer-spekkens_66-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFLeiferSpekkens2013" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Leifer, Matthew S.; Spekkens, Robert W. (2013). "Towards a Formulation of Quantum Theory as a Causally Neutral Theory of Bayesian Inference". <i>Phys. Rev. A</i>. <b>88</b> (5): 052130. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1107.5849" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1107.5849</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013PhRvA..88e2130L" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2013PhRvA..88e2130L</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.88.052130" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.88.052130</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43563970" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">43563970</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phys.+Rev.+A&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Formulation+of+Quantum+Theory+as+a+Causally+Neutral+Theory+of+Bayesian+Inference&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=052130&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1107.5849&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43563970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.88.052130&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013PhRvA..88e2130L&rft.aulast=Leifer&rft.aufirst=Matthew+S.&rft.au=Spekkens%2C+Robert+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:7-67" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:7_67-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBubPitowsky2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bub, Jeffrey; Pitowsky, Itamar (2010-01-01). <a class="external text" href="https://philpapers.org/rec/BUBTDA" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Two dogmas about quantum mechanics"</a>. In Saunders, Simon; Barrett, Jonathan; Kent, Adrian; Wallace, David (eds.). <i>Many Worlds?: Everett, Quantum Theory & Reality</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 433–459. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0712.4258" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0712.4258</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007arXiv0712.4258B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007arXiv0712.4258B</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Two+dogmas+about+quantum+mechanics&rft.btitle=Many+Worlds%3F%3A+Everett%2C+Quantum+Theory+%26+Reality&rft.pages=433-459&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0712.4258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007arXiv0712.4258B&rft.aulast=Bub&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rft.au=Pitowsky%2C+Itamar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphilpapers.org%2Frec%2FBUBTDA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-68" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-68" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDuwell2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Duwell, Armond (2011). "Uncomfortable bedfellows: Objective quantum Bayesianism and the von Neumann–Lüders projection postulate". <i>Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part B: Studies in History and Philosophy of Modern Physics</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 167–175. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011SHPMP..42..167D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011SHPMP..42..167D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2011.04.003" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/j.shpsb.2011.04.003</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Science+Part+B%3A+Studies+in+History+and+Philosophy+of+Modern+Physics&rft.atitle=Uncomfortable+bedfellows%3A+Objective+quantum+Bayesianism+and+the+von+Neumann%E2%80%93L%C3%BCders+projection+postulate&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=167-175&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.shpsb.2011.04.003&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011SHPMP..42..167D&rft.aulast=Duwell&rft.aufirst=Armond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-69" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-69" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBruknerZeilinger2001" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brukner, Časlav; Zeilinger, Anton (2001). "Conceptual inadequacy of the Shannon information in quantum measurements". <i>Physical Review A</i>. <b>63</b> (2): 022113. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0006087" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0006087</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PhRvA..63b2113B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2001PhRvA..63b2113B</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.63.022113" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.63.022113</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119381924" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119381924</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Conceptual+inadequacy+of+the+Shannon+information+in+quantum+measurements&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=022113&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0006087&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119381924%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.63.022113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001PhRvA..63b2113B&rft.aulast=Brukner&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Caslav&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBruknerZeilinger2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brukner, Časlav; Zeilinger, Anton (2009). "Information Invariance and Quantum Probabilities". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>39</b> (7): 677–689. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0905.0653" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0905.0653</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009FoPh...39..677B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2009FoPh...39..677B</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9316-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-009-9316-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73599204" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">73599204</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Information+Invariance+and+Quantum+Probabilities&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=677-689&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0905.0653&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73599204%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9316-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009FoPh...39..677B&rft.aulast=Brukner&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Caslav&rft.au=Zeilinger%2C+Anton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-70" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-70" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFKhrennikov2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Khrennikov, Andrei (2016). "Reflections on Zeilinger–Brukner information interpretation of quantum mechanics". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>46</b> (7): 836–844. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1512.07976" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1512.07976</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016FoPh...46..836K" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2016FoPh...46..836K</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-016-0005-z" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-016-0005-z</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119267791" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119267791</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+Zeilinger%E2%80%93Brukner+information+interpretation+of+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=836-844&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1512.07976&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119267791%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-016-0005-z&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016FoPh...46..836K&rft.aulast=Khrennikov&rft.aufirst=Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:3-71" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:3_71-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:3_71-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:3_71-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFBaez2003" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Baez, John (2003-09-12). <a class="external text" href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/bayes.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Bayesian Probability Theory and Quantum Mechanics"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bayesian+Probability+Theory+and+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.date=2003-09-12&rft.aulast=Baez&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fbayes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-72" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-72" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYoussef1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Youssef, Saul (1991). <a class="external text" href="https://physics.bu.edu/~youssef/quantum/mpl.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"A Reformulation of Quantum Mechanics"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics_Letters_A" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modern Physics Letters A">Modern Physics Letters A</a></i>. <b>6</b> (3): 225–236. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991MPLA....6..225Y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1991MPLA....6..225Y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217732391000191" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S0217732391000191</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=A+Reformulation+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0217732391000191&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991MPLA....6..225Y&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.bu.edu%2F~youssef%2Fquantum%2Fmpl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFYoussef1994" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Youssef, Saul (1994). "Quantum Mechanics as Bayesian Complex Probability Theory". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Physics_Letters_A" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Modern Physics Letters A">Modern Physics Letters A</a></i>. <b>9</b> (28): 2571–2586. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9307019" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">hep-th/9307019</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994MPLA....9.2571Y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1994MPLA....9.2571Y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217732394002422" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S0217732394002422</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18506337" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18506337</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Physics+Letters+A&rft.atitle=Quantum+Mechanics+as+Bayesian+Complex+Probability+Theory&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=2571-2586&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fhep-th%2F9307019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18506337%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0217732394002422&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994MPLA....9.2571Y&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-73" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-73" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFStreater2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Streater, R. F. (2007). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostcausesphysic00stre" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Lost Causes in and beyond Physics</i></a></span>. Springer. p. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lostcausesphysic00stre/page/n76" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">70</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-36581-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-36581-5"><bdi>978-3-540-36581-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Causes+in+and+beyond+Physics&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-540-36581-5&rft.aulast=Streater&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flostcausesphysic00stre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-74" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-74" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBrukner2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Brukner, Časlav (2017-01-01). "On the Quantum Measurement Problem". In Bertlmann, Reinhold; Zeilinger, Anton (eds.). <i>Quantum [Un]Speakables II</i>. The Frontiers Collection. Springer International Publishing. pp. 95–117. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1507.05255" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1507.05255</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-319-38987-5_5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783319389851" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783319389851"><bdi>9783319389851</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116892322" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">116892322</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+Quantum+Measurement+Problem&rft.btitle=Quantum+%5BUn%5DSpeakables+II&rft.series=The+Frontiers+Collection&rft.pages=95-117&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing&rft.date=2017-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1507.05255&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116892322%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-38987-5_5&rft.isbn=9783319389851&rft.aulast=Brukner&rft.aufirst=%C4%8Caslav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFMarlow2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Marlow, Thomas (2006-03-07). "Relationalism vs. Bayesianism". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/gr-qc/0603015" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">gr-qc/0603015</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Relationalism+vs.+Bayesianism&rft.date=2006-03-07&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fgr-qc%2F0603015&rft.aulast=Marlow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPusey2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pusey, Matthew F. (2018-09-18). "An inconsistent friend". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature Physics">Nature Physics</a></i>. <b>14</b>(10): 977–978. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatPh..14..977P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2018NatPh..14..977P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0293-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/s41567-018-0293-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:126294105" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">126294105</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Physics&rft.atitle=An+inconsistent+friend&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=977-978&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A126294105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41567-018-0293-7&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatPh..14..977P&rft.aulast=Pusey&rft.aufirst=Matthew+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-75" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-75" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFPienaar2021" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Pienaar, Jacques (2021). <a class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10701-021-00501-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"QBism and Relational Quantum Mechanics compared"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foundations of Physics">Foundations of Physics</a></i>. <b>51</b> (5): 96. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.13977" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2108.13977</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021FoPh...51...96P" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2021FoPh...51...96P</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-021-00501-5" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-021-00501-5</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:237363865" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">237363865</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=QBism+and+Relational+Quantum+Mechanics+compared&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=96&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A237363865%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021FoPh...51...96P&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2108.13977&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-021-00501-5&rft.aulast=Pienaar&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-021-00501-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-76" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-76" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCabelloGuGühneLarsson2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cabello, Adán; Gu, Mile; Gühne, Otfried; Larsson, Jan-Åke; Wiesner, Karoline (2016-01-01). "Thermodynamical cost of some interpretations of quantum theory". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_Review_A" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Physical Review A">Physical Review A</a></i>. <b>94</b> (5): 052127. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.03641" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1509.03641</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016PhRvA..94e2127C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2016PhRvA..94e2127C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.94.052127" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.94.052127</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:601271" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">601271</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Thermodynamical+cost+of+some+interpretations+of+quantum+theory&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=052127&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.03641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A601271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.94.052127&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016PhRvA..94e2127C&rft.aulast=Cabello&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A1n&rft.au=Gu%2C+Mile&rft.au=G%C3%BChne%2C+Otfried&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Jan-%C3%85ke&rft.au=Wiesner%2C+Karoline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:20-77" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:20_77-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSmerlakRovelli2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Smerlak, Matteo; Rovelli, Carlo (2007-02-26). "Relational EPR". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations_of_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Foundations of Physics">Foundations of Physics</a></i>. <b>37</b> (3): 427–445. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0604064" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0604064</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007FoPh...37..427S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2007FoPh...37..427S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9105-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-007-9105-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11816650" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">11816650</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Relational+EPR&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-445&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11816650%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007FoPh...37..427S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0604064&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-007-9105-0&rft.aulast=Smerlak&rft.aufirst=Matteo&rft.au=Rovelli%2C+Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-78" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-78" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRovelli1996" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rovelli, Carlo (1996-08-01). "Relational quantum mechanics". <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Journal_of_Theoretical_Physics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="International Journal of Theoretical Physics">International Journal of Theoretical Physics</a></i>. <b>35</b> (8): 1637–1678. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9609002" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/9609002</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996IJTP...35.1637R" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1996IJTP...35.1637R</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02302261" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/BF02302261</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0020-7748" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0020-7748</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16325959" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">16325959</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Theoretical+Physics&rft.atitle=Relational+quantum+mechanics&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1637-1678&rft.date=1996-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16325959%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1996IJTP...35.1637R&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9609002&rft.issn=0020-7748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02302261&rft.aulast=Rovelli&rft.aufirst=Carlo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-79" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-79" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFTucci1995" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Tucci, Robert R. (1995-01-30). "Quantum bayesian nets". <i>International Journal of Modern Physics B</i>. <b>09</b> (3): 295–337. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9706039" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/9706039</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995IJMPB...9..295T" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1995IJMPB...9..295T</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS0217979295000148" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1142/S0217979295000148</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0217-9792" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0217-9792</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18217167" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">18217167</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Modern+Physics+B&rft.atitle=Quantum+bayesian+nets&rft.volume=09&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=295-337&rft.date=1995-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18217167%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1995IJMPB...9..295T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9706039&rft.issn=0217-9792&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2FS0217979295000148&rft.aulast=Tucci&rft.aufirst=Robert+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Moreira16-80" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-Moreira16_80-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFMoreiraWichert2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moreira, Catarina; Wichert, Andreas (2016). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726808" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Quantum-Like Bayesian Networks for Modeling Decision Making"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>7</b>: 11. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00011</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4726808" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">4726808</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26858669" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">26858669</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Quantum-Like+Bayesian+Networks+for+Modeling+Decision+Making&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4726808%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26858669&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00011&rft.aulast=Moreira&rft.aufirst=Catarina&rft.au=Wichert%2C+Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4726808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-81" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-81" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFJones1991" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Jones, K. R. W. (1991). "Principles of quantum inference". <i>Annals of Physics</i>. <b>207</b> (1): 140–170. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991AnPhy.207..140J" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1991AnPhy.207..140J</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0003-4916%2891%2990182-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0003-4916(91)90182-8</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Principles+of+quantum+inference&rft.volume=207&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=140-170&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0003-4916%2891%2990182-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991AnPhy.207..140J&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=K.+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-82" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-82" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFBužekDerkaAdamKnight1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Bužek, V.; Derka, R.; Adam, G.; Knight, P. L. (1998). "Reconstruction of Quantum States of Spin Systems: From Quantum Bayesian Inference to Quantum Tomography". <i>Annals of Physics</i>. <b>266</b> (2): 454–496. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998AnPhy.266..454B" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1998AnPhy.266..454B</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Faphy.1998.5802" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1006/aphy.1998.5802</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Reconstruction+of+Quantum+States+of+Spin+Systems%3A+From+Quantum+Bayesian+Inference+to+Quantum+Tomography&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=454-496&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Faphy.1998.5802&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998AnPhy.266..454B&rft.aulast=Bu%C5%BEek&rft.aufirst=V.&rft.au=Derka%2C+R.&rft.au=Adam%2C+G.&rft.au=Knight%2C+P.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-83" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-83" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFGranadeCombesCory2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Granade, Christopher; Combes, Joshua; Cory, D. G. (2016-01-01). "Practical Bayesian tomography". <i>New Journal of Physics</i>. <b>18</b> (3): 033024. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1509.03770" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1509.03770</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NJPh...18c3024G" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2016NJPh...18c3024G</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F18%2F3%2F033024" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1088/1367-2630/18/3/033024</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1367-2630" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1367-2630</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:88521187" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">88521187</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Journal+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Practical+Bayesian+tomography&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=033024&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A88521187%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NJPh...18c3024G&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1509.03770&rft.issn=1367-2630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1367-2630%2F18%2F3%2F033024&rft.aulast=Granade&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Combes%2C+Joshua&rft.au=Cory%2C+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-84" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-84" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFStørmer1969" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Størmer, E. (1969). "Symmetric states of infinite tensor products of C*-algebras". <i>J. Funct. Anal</i>. <b>3</b>: 48–68. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0022-1236%2869%2990050-0" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1016/0022-1236(69)90050-0</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10852%2F45014" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10852/45014</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J.+Funct.+Anal.&rft.atitle=Symmetric+states+of+infinite+tensor+products+of+C%2A-algebras&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=48-68&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10852%2F45014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0022-1236%2869%2990050-0&rft.aulast=St%C3%B8rmer&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-85" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-85" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFCavesFuchsSchack2002" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Caves, Carlton M.; Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Ruediger (2002-08-20). "Unknown quantum states: The quantum de Finetti representation". <i>Journal of Mathematical Physics</i>. <b>43</b> (9): 4537–4559. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0104088" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0104088</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JMP....43.4537C" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2002JMP....43.4537C</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1494475" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1063/1.1494475</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2488" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0022-2488</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17416262" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">17416262</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Unknown+quantum+states%3A+The+quantum+de+Finetti+representation&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=4537-4559&rft.date=2002-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17416262%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JMP....43.4537C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0104088&rft.issn=0022-2488&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.1494475&rft.aulast=Caves&rft.aufirst=Carlton+M.&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+Ruediger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-86" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-86" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFJ._Baez2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Baez" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="John C. Baez">J. Baez</a> (2007). <a class="external text" href="http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/week251.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"This Week's Finds in Mathematical Physics (Week 251)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+Week%27s+Finds+in+Mathematical+Physics+%28Week+251%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=J.+Baez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmath.ucr.edu%2Fhome%2Fbaez%2Fweek251.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-87" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-87" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFRenner2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Renner, Renato (2005-12-30). "Security of Quantum Key Distribution". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0512258" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0512258</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Security+of+Quantum+Key+Distribution&rft.date=2005-12-30&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0512258&rft.aulast=Renner&rft.aufirst=Renato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-88" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-88" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFDohertyParriloSpedalieri2005" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Doherty, Andrew C.; Parrilo, Pablo A.; Spedalieri, Federico M. (2005-01-01). <a class="external text" href="http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:76023/UQ76023.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">"Detecting multipartite entanglement"</a> <span class="cs1-format" style="font-size: 11.97px;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physical Review A</i>. <b>71</b>(3): 032333. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0407143" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0407143</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005PhRvA..71c2333D" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2005PhRvA..71c2333D</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevA.71.032333" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1103/PhysRevA.71.032333</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44241800" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">44241800</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+A&rft.atitle=Detecting+multipartite+entanglement&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=032333&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0407143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44241800%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevA.71.032333&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005PhRvA..71c2333D&rft.aulast=Doherty&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft.au=Parrilo%2C+Pablo+A.&rft.au=Spedalieri%2C+Federico+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fespace.library.uq.edu.au%2Fview%2FUQ%3A76023%2FUQ76023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-89" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-89" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFChiribellaSpekkens2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chiribella, Giulio; Spekkens, Rob W. (2016). "Introduction". <i>Quantum Theory: Informational Foundations and Foils</i>. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Vol. 181. Springer. pp. 1–18. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1208.4123" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1208.4123</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-7303-4" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-94-017-7303-4</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7302-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-7302-7"><bdi>978-94-017-7302-7</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118699215" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">118699215</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Quantum+Theory%3A+Informational+Foundations+and+Foils&rft.series=Fundamental+Theories+of+Physics&rft.pages=1-18&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1208.4123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118699215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-7303-4&rft.isbn=978-94-017-7302-7&rft.aulast=Chiribella&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.au=Spekkens%2C+Rob+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-90" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-90" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technical references on SIC-POVMs include the following:<br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFScott2006" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Scott, A. J. (2006-01-01). "Tight informationally complete quantum measurements". <i>Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General</i>. <b>39</b> (43): 13507–13530. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0604049" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph/0604049</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JPhA...3913507S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2006JPhA...3913507S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F0305-4470%2F39%2F43%2F009" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1088/0305-4470/39/43/009</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4470" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0305-4470</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33144766" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">33144766</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Physics+A%3A+Mathematical+and+General&rft.atitle=Tight+informationally+complete+quantum+measurements&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=13507-13530&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33144766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006JPhA...3913507S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F0604049&rft.issn=0305-4470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F0305-4470%2F39%2F43%2F009&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFWoottersSussman2007" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wootters" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="William Wootters">Wootters, William K.</a>; Sussman, Daniel M. (2007). "Discrete phase space and minimum-uncertainty states". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0704.1277" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0704.1277</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=Discrete+phase+space+and+minimum-uncertainty+states&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0704.1277&rft.aulast=Wootters&rft.aufirst=William+K.&rft.au=Sussman%2C+Daniel+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFApplebyBengtssonBrierleyGrassl2012" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Appleby, D. M.; Bengtsson, Ingemar; Brierley, Stephen; Grassl, Markus; Gross, David; Larsson, Jan-Åke (2012-05-01). <a class="external text" href="http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2230996.2230999" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Monomial Representations of the Clifford Group"</a>. <i>Quantum Information & Computation</i>. <b>12</b> (5–6): 404–431. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1102.1268" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1102.1268</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011arXiv1102.1268A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011arXiv1102.1268A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.26421%2FQIC12.5-6-3" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.26421/QIC12.5-6-3</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1533-7146" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1533-7146</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1250951" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1250951</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quantum+Information+%26+Computation&rft.atitle=The+Monomial+Representations+of+the+Clifford+Group&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=404-431&rft.date=2012-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1250951%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011arXiv1102.1268A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1102.1268&rft.issn=1533-7146&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.26421%2FQIC12.5-6-3&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Bengtsson%2C+Ingemar&rft.au=Brierley%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Grassl%2C+Markus&rft.au=Gross%2C+David&rft.au=Larsson%2C+Jan-%C3%85ke&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fcitation.cfm%3Fid%3D2230996.2230999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span><br /><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFHouTangShangZhu2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hou, Zhibo; Tang, Jun-Feng; Shang, Jiangwei; Zhu, Huangjun; Li, Jian; Yuan, Yuan; Wu, Kang-Da; Xiang, Guo-Yong; Li, Chuan-Feng (2018-04-12). <a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897416" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Deterministic realization of collective measurements via photonic quantum walks"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_Communications" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>9</b> (1): 1414. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.10045" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1710.10045</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.1414H" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2018NatCo...9.1414H</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03849-x" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1038/s41467-018-03849-x</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2041-1723" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2041-1723</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5897416" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">5897416</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29650977" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">29650977</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=Deterministic+realization+of+collective+measurements+via+photonic+quantum+walks&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1414&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897416%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.1414H&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.10045&rft.issn=2041-1723&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-03849-x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29650977&rft.aulast=Hou&rft.aufirst=Zhibo&rft.au=Tang%2C+Jun-Feng&rft.au=Shang%2C+Jiangwei&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Huangjun&rft.au=Li%2C+Jian&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Yuan&rft.au=Wu%2C+Kang-Da&rft.au=Xiang%2C+Guo-Yong&rft.au=Li%2C+Chuan-Feng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5897416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-91" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-91" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFApplebyFlammiaMcConnellYard2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Appleby, Marcus; Flammia, Steven; McConnell, Gary; Yard, Jon (2017-04-24). "SICs and Algebraic Number Theory". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>47</b> (8): 1042–1059. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1701.05200" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1701.05200</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017FoPh...47.1042A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017FoPh...47.1042A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-017-0090-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-017-0090-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119334103" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119334103</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=SICs+and+Algebraic+Number+Theory&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1042-1059&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119334103%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017FoPh...47.1042A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1701.05200&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-017-0090-7&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Flammia%2C+Steven&rft.au=McConnell%2C+Gary&rft.au=Yard%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-92" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-92" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsSchack2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Schack, Rüdiger (2010-01-08). "A Quantum-Bayesian Route to Quantum-State Space". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 345–356. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0912.4252" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0912.4252</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FoPh...41..345F" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011FoPh...41..345F</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9404-8" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-009-9404-8</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119277535" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119277535</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=A+Quantum-Bayesian+Route+to+Quantum-State+Space&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=345-356&rft.date=2010-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119277535%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011FoPh...41..345F&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0912.4252&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-009-9404-8&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Schack%2C+R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-93" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-93" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFApplebyEricssonFuchs2010" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Appleby, D. M.; Ericsson, Åsa; Fuchs, Christopher A. (2010-04-27). "Properties of QBist State Spaces". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>41</b> (3): 564–579. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0910.2750" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0910.2750</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FoPh...41..564A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011FoPh...41..564A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-010-9458-7" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-010-9458-7</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119296426" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119296426</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Properties+of+QBist+State+Spaces&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=564-579&rft.date=2010-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119296426%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011FoPh...41..564A&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F0910.2750&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-010-9458-7&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=D.+M.&rft.au=Ericsson%2C+%C3%85sa&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-94" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-94" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFRosado2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rosado, José Ignacio (2011-01-28). "Representation of Quantum States as Points in a Probability Simplex Associated to a SIC-POVM". <i>Foundations of Physics</i>. <b>41</b> (7): 1200–1213. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1007.0715" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1007.0715</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011FoPh...41.1200R" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2011FoPh...41.1200R</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10701-011-9540-9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/s10701-011-9540-9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0015-9018" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">0015-9018</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119102347" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119102347</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Representation+of+Quantum+States+as+Points+in+a+Probability+Simplex+Associated+to+a+SIC-POVM&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1200-1213&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119102347%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011FoPh...41.1200R&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1007.0715&rft.issn=0015-9018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10701-011-9540-9&rft.aulast=Rosado&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ignacio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:4-95" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;">^ <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:4_95-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><span class="cite-accessibility-label" style="border: 0px !important; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px !important; position: absolute !important; top: -99999px; user-select: none; width: 1px !important;">Jump up to:</span><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:4_95-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:4_95-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><sup style="font-size: 10.08px; line-height: 1;"><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFApplebyFuchsStaceyZhu2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Appleby, Marcus; Fuchs, Christopher A.; Stacey, Blake C.; Zhu, Huangjun (2016-12-09). "Introducing the Qplex: A Novel Arena for Quantum Theory". <i>The European Physical Journal D</i>. <b>71</b> (7): 197. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1612.03234" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1612.03234</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017EPJD...71..197A" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2017EPJD...71..197A</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2017-80024-y" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1140/epjd/e2017-80024-y</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119240836" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">119240836</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+European+Physical+Journal+D&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Qplex%3A+A+Novel+Arena+for+Quantum+Theory&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=197&rft.date=2016-12-09&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1612.03234&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119240836%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2017-80024-y&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017EPJD...71..197A&rft.aulast=Appleby&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft.au=Fuchs%2C+Christopher+A.&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Blake+C.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Huangjun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-96" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-96" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFSłomczyńskiSzymusiak2020" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Słomczyński, Wojciech; Szymusiak, Anna (2020-09-30). <a class="external text" href="https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2020-09-30-338/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Morphophoric POVMs, generalised qplexes, and 2-designs"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_(journal)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quantum (journal)">Quantum</a></i>. <b>4</b>: 338. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1911.12456" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1911.12456</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019arXiv191112456S" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2019arXiv191112456S</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22331%2Fq-2020-09-30-338" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.22331/q-2020-09-30-338</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2521-327X" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">2521-327X</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221663304" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">221663304</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quantum&rft.atitle=Morphophoric+POVMs%2C+generalised+qplexes%2C+and+2-designs&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=338&rft.date=2020-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221663304%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019arXiv191112456S&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1911.12456&rft.issn=2521-327X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22331%2Fq-2020-09-30-338&rft.aulast=S%C5%82omczy%C5%84ski&rft.aufirst=Wojciech&rft.au=Szymusiak%2C+Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquantum-journal.org%2Fpapers%2Fq-2020-09-30-338%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-97" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-97" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFBuschLahti2009" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Busch_(physicist)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Paul Busch (physicist)">Busch, Paul</a>; Lahti, Pekka (2009-01-01). "Lüders Rule". In Greenberger, Daniel; Hentschel, Klaus; Weinert, Friedel (eds.). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compendiumquantu00gree" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Compendium of Quantum Physics</i></a></span>. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. <a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/compendiumquantu00gree/page/n370" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">356</a>–358. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_110" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-3-540-70626-7_110</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540706229" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9783540706229"><bdi>9783540706229</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=L%C3%BCders+Rule&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Quantum+Physics&rft.pages=356-358&rft.pub=Springer+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-540-70626-7_110&rft.isbn=9783540706229&rft.aulast=Busch&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Lahti%2C+Pekka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcompendiumquantu00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-98" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-98" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFvan_de_Wetering2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">van de Wetering, John (2018). "Quantum theory is a quasi-stochastic process theory". <i>Electronic Proceedings in Theoretical Computer Science</i>. <b>266</b> (2018): 179–196. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1704.08525" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1704.08525</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4204%2FEPTCS.266.12" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.4204/EPTCS.266.12</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53635011" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">53635011</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Proceedings+in+Theoretical+Computer+Science&rft.atitle=Quantum+theory+is+a+quasi-stochastic+process+theory&rft.volume=266&rft.issue=2018&rft.pages=179-196&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1704.08525&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A53635011%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4204%2FEPTCS.266.12&rft.aulast=van+de+Wetering&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-99" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-99" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFFuchsStacey2016" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher A.; Stacey, Blake C. (2016-01-01). "Some Negative Remarks on Operational Approaches to Quantum Theory". In Chiribella, Giulio; Spekkens, Robert W. (eds.). <i>Quantum Theory: Informational Foundations and Foils</i>. Fundamental Theories of Physics. Springer Netherlands. pp. 283–305. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.7254" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1401.7254</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-017-7303-4_9" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.1007/978-94-017-7303-4_9</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789401773027" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9789401773027"><bdi>9789401773027</bdi></a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:116428784" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">116428784</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Some+Negative+Remarks+on+Operational+Approaches+to+Quantum+Theory&rft.btitle=Quantum+Theory%3A+Informational+Foundations+and+Foils&rft.series=Fundamental+Theories+of+Physics&rft.pages=283-305&rft.pub=Springer+Netherlands&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.7254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A116428784%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-017-7303-4_9&rft.isbn=9789401773027&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Christopher+A.&rft.au=Stacey%2C+Blake+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-:26-100" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#cite_ref-:26_100-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFChiribellaCabelloKleinmann" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Chiribella, Giulio; Cabello, Adán; Kleinmann, Matthias. <a class="external text" href="http://fqxi.org/grants/large/awardees/view/__details/2016/chiribella" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"The Observer Observed: a Bayesian Route to the Reconstruction of Quantum Theory"</a>. <i>FQXi: Foundational Questions Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2017-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FQXi%3A+Foundational+Questions+Institute&rft.atitle=The+Observer+Observed%3A+a+Bayesian+Route+to+the+Reconstruction+of+Quantum+Theory&rft.aulast=Chiribella&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft.au=Cabello%2C+Ad%C3%A1n&rft.au=Kleinmann%2C+Matthias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffqxi.org%2Fgrants%2Flarge%2Fawardees%2Fview%2F__details%2F2016%2Fchiribella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quantum_Bayesianism&action=edit&section=13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://physics.bu.edu/~youssef/quantum/quantum_refs.html" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Exotic Probability Theories and Quantum Mechanics: References</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0105039" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Notes on a Paulian Idea: Foundational, Historical, Anecdotal and Forward-Looking Thoughts on the Quantum</a> – Cerro Grande Fire Series, Volume 1</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1405.2390" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">My Struggles with the Block Universe</a> – Cerro Grande Fire Series, Volume 2</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/philosopherszone/a-universe-alive-with-possibility/6802576" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Why the multiverse is all about you</a> – <a class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/philosopherszone/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">The Philosopher's Zone</a> interview with Fuchs</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150604-quantum-bayesianism-qbism/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">A Private View of Quantum Reality</a> – <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quanta_Magazine" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Quanta Magazine">Quanta Magazine</a></i> interview with Fuchs</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://intelligence.org/2014/04/29/ruediger-schack/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Rüdiger Schack on quantum Bayesianism</a> – <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machine_Intelligence_Research_Institute" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Machine Intelligence Research Institute">Machine Intelligence Research Institute</a> interview with Schack</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="http://stias.ac.za/research/projects/participatory-realism/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Participatory Realism</a> – 2017 conference at the <a class="external text" href="http://stias.ac.za/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090511060206/http://www.uni-konstanz.de/ppm/events/bbqw2005/" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Being Bayesian in a Quantum World</a> – 2005 conference at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Konstanz" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="University of Konstanz">University of Konstanz</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation news cs1" id="CITEREFCabello2017" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Cabello, Adán (September 2017). <a class="external text" href="http://www.investigacionyciencia.es/revistas/investigacion-y-ciencia/la-red-de-la-memoria-712/el-puzle-de-la-teora-cuntica-15554" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"El puzle de la teoría cuántica: ¿Es posible zanjar científicamente el debate sobre la naturaleza del mundo cuántico?"</a>. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Scientific American">Investigación y Ciencia</a></i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Investigaci%C3%B3n+y+Ciencia&rft.atitle=El+puzle+de+la+teor%C3%ADa+cu%C3%A1ntica%3A+%C2%BFEs+posible+zanjar+cient%C3%ADficamente+el+debate+sobre+la+naturaleza+del+mundo+cu%C3%A1ntico%3F&rft.date=2017-09&rft.aulast=Cabello&rft.aufirst=Ad%C3%A1n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.investigacionyciencia.es%2Frevistas%2Finvestigacion-y-ciencia%2Fla-red-de-la-memoria-712%2Fel-puzle-de-la-teora-cuntica-15554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fuchs, Christopher (presenter); Stacey, Blake (editor); Thisdell, Bill (editor) (2018-04-25). <a class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=95fKJF5frtE" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Some Tenets of QBism</i></a>. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="YouTube">YouTube</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2018-05-17</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Tenets+of+QBism&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2018-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D95fKJF5frtE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuantum+Bayesianism"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation arxiv cs1" id="CITEREFDeBrotaStacey2018" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">DeBrota, John B.; Stacey, Blake C. (2018-10-31). "FAQBism". <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.13401" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1810.13401</a></span> [<a class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/archive/quant-ph" rel="nofollow" style="background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?30a3a") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">quant-ph</a>].</cite></li></ul></div></div></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><ul class="vector-toc-contents" style="color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded" id="toc-External_links" style="display: block; list-style-type: none; margin: 0px; padding-left: 0px; position: relative;"><a class="vector-toc-link" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_Bayesianism#External_links" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; display: block; font-size: 0.875em; text-decoration-line: none; word-break: break-word;"><div class="vector-toc-text" style="padding: 6px 0px;">External links<span style="color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em;">Quantum Bayesianism</span></div></a></li></ul><div><span style="font-family: Linux Libertine, Georgia, Times, serif;"><span style="font-size: 28.8px;"><br /></span></span></div></div></div></nav><div class="mw-content-container" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; grid-area: pageContent / pageContent / pageContent / pageContent;"><main class="mw-body" id="content" role="main" style="direction: ltr; display: grid; grid-template-areas: "titlebar-cx ." "titlebar columnEnd" "toolbar columnEnd" "content columnEnd"; grid-template-columns: minmax(0px, 60em) min-content; grid-template-rows: min-content min-content min-content 1fr; margin-left: 0px; padding: 0.5em 0px 1.5em;"><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; box-shadow: rgb(162, 169, 177) 0px 1px; display: flex; grid-area: titlebar / titlebar / titlebar / titlebar; justify-content: flex-end;"><div class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" id="p-lang-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex-shrink: 0; float: right; height: 2em; margin-right: -12px; margin-top: 2px; position: relative;"><input aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 7 languages" class="vector-menu-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 32px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 151.609px; z-index: 1;" type="checkbox" /><label aria-hidden="true" class="vector-menu-heading mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" id="p-lang-btn-label" style="appearance: none; background-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.28571em; margin: 0px; max-width: 28.75em; min-height: 32px; min-width: 4em; opacity: 1; padding: 5px 12px; text-align: center; transition-duration: 100ms; transition-property: background-color, color, border-color, box-shadow; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive" style="appearance: none; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; flex-basis: 1.25em; font-size: initial; height: 1.25em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; min-height: 1.25em; min-width: 1.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; width: 1.25em;"></span><span class="vector-menu-heading-label" style="font-size: 0.875em; margin-left: 6px;"><br /></span></label></div></header></main></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-11849595394158033382023-03-22T08:12:00.003-07:002023-03-22T08:13:26.444-07:00Illuminationism<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi793phz2hLMCTtxlzKjT4N_9Zk9twq0sTGC70UTjwwU_97cL4IiqszmeUOFsv0LL-BzjARaNKbmChYKlGTHQUsGHXtGyksU7Us4nnH-9TBhphr-PvDfxXyt_Fx4nAC6wq0O1VX_PRzuzWUWAetHMLOE-QuJiexnqRBcreH53kxw4Vics-OmbmmdMjE" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1163" data-original-width="1200" height="387" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEi793phz2hLMCTtxlzKjT4N_9Zk9twq0sTGC70UTjwwU_97cL4IiqszmeUOFsv0LL-BzjARaNKbmChYKlGTHQUsGHXtGyksU7Us4nnH-9TBhphr-PvDfxXyt_Fx4nAC6wq0O1VX_PRzuzWUWAetHMLOE-QuJiexnqRBcreH53kxw4Vics-OmbmmdMjE=w400-h387" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar" style="align-items: center; background-color: white; box-shadow: rgb(162, 169, 177) 0px 1px; color: #202122; display: flex; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px; justify-content: flex-end;"><h1 class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" id="firstHeading" style="border: 0px; color: black; flex-grow: 1; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 1.8em; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="vector-menu vector-dropdown vector-menu-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" id="p-lang-btn" style="box-sizing: border-box; flex-shrink: 0; float: right; height: 2em; margin-right: -12px; margin-top: 2px; position: relative;"><input aria-haspopup="true" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" class="vector-menu-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; display: block; height: 32px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; opacity: 0; padding: 0px; position: absolute; top: 0px; width: 159.391px; z-index: 1;" type="checkbox" /><label aria-hidden="true" class="vector-menu-heading mw-ui-button mw-ui-quiet mw-ui-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" id="p-lang-btn-label" style="appearance: none; background-color: transparent; border-radius: 2px; border: 1px solid transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; display: flex; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1em; font-weight: bold; line-height: 1.28571em; margin: 0px; max-width: 28.75em; min-height: 32px; min-width: 4em; opacity: 1; padding: 5px 12px; text-align: center; transition-duration: 100ms; transition-property: background-color, color, border-color, box-shadow; user-select: none; vertical-align: middle;"><span class="mw-ui-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive" style="appearance: none; background-color: transparent; border: 0px; box-sizing: content-box; display: inline-block; flex-basis: 1.25em; font-size: initial; height: 1.25em; line-height: 0; margin: 0px; min-height: 1.25em; min-width: 1.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-overflow: ellipsis; vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; width: 1.25em;"></span><span class="vector-menu-heading-label" style="font-size: 0.875em; margin-left: 6px;"><a accesskey="c" data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" style="background: none; border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #202122; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; font-size: 0.8125em; margin-bottom: -1px; max-height: 3.15385em; padding: 18px 0px 7px; position: relative; text-align: left; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="View the content page [alt-shift-c]">Article</a></span></label></div></header><div class="vector-page-toolbar" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"><div class="vector-page-toolbar-container" style="box-shadow: rgb(200, 204, 209) 0px 1px; display: flex; font-size: 0.8125em; margin-bottom: 1px;"><div id="left-navigation" style="display: flex; flex-grow: 1; margin-left: -8px;"><nav aria-label="Namespaces"><div class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" id="p-associated-pages" style="float: left;"><div class="vector-menu-content"><ul class="vector-menu-content-list" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item" id="ca-talk" style="float: left; margin: 0px 8px; white-space: nowrap;"><a accesskey="t" data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Illuminationism" rel="discussion" style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; margin-bottom: -1px; max-height: 3.15385em; padding: 18px 0px 7px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [alt-shift-t]">Talk</a></li></ul></div></div></nav></div><div class="vector-collapsible" id="right-navigation" style="display: flex; margin-right: -8px;"><nav aria-label="Views"><div class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" id="p-views" style="float: left;"><div class="vector-menu-content" style="left: auto; right: -1px;"><ul class="vector-menu-content-list" style="list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item" id="ca-view" style="float: left; margin: 0px 8px; white-space: nowrap;"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" style="background: none; border-bottom: 1px solid; box-sizing: border-box; color: #202122; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; margin-bottom: -1px; max-height: 3.15385em; padding: 18px 0px 7px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;">Read</a></li><li class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item" id="ca-edit" style="float: left; margin: 0px 8px; white-space: nowrap;"><a accesskey="e" data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit" style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; margin-bottom: -1px; max-height: 3.15385em; padding: 18px 0px 7px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Edit this page [alt-shift-e]">Edit</a></li><li class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item" id="ca-history" style="float: left; margin: 0px 8px; white-space: nowrap;"><a accesskey="h" data-mw="interface" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=history" style="background: none; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; display: inline-flex; margin-bottom: -1px; max-height: 3.15385em; padding: 18px 0px 7px; position: relative; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Past revisions of this page [alt-shift-h]">View history</a></li></ul></div></div></nav><nav aria-label="More options" class="vector-page-tools-landmark"></nav></div></div></div><div aria-labelledby="firstHeading" class="vector-body ve-init-mw-desktopArticleTarget-targetContainer" data-mw-ve-target-container="" id="bodyContent" style="background-color: white; color: #202122; font-family: sans-serif; font-size: calc(0.875em); line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 0;"><div class="vector-body-before-content" style="overflow: hidden;"><div class="mw-indicators" style="float: right; font-size: 0.875em; line-height: 1.6; position: relative; z-index: 1;"></div><div class="noprint" id="siteSub" style="font-size: 12.8px; margin-top: 8px;">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div></div><div id="contentSub" style="color: #54595d; font-size: 11.76px; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 8px 0px 0px; width: auto;"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div><div class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" dir="ltr" id="mw-content-text" lang="en" style="margin-top: 16px;"><div class="mw-parser-output"><div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" role="note" style="font-style: italic; margin-bottom: 0.5em; padding-left: 1.6em;">Not to be confused with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_illumination" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a>.</div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><b>Illuminationism</b> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian language">Persian</a> حكمت اشراق <i>hekmat-e eshrāq</i>, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: حكمة الإشراق <i>ḥikmat al-ishrāq</i>, both meaning "Wisdom of the Rising Light"), also known as <i><b>Ishrāqiyyun</b></i> or simply <i><b>Ishrāqi</b></i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian language">Persian</a> اشراق, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الإشراق, lit. "Rising", as in "Shining of the Rising Sun") is a philosophical and mystical school of thought introduced by <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shahab_al-Din_Suhrawardi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi">Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi</a> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honorific" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Honorific">honorific</a>: <i>Shaikh al-ʿIshraq</i> or <i>Shaikh-i-Ishraq</i>, both meaning "Master of Illumination") in the twelfth century, established with his <i>Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq</i> (lit: "Book of the Wisdom of Illumination"), a fundamental text finished in 1186. Written with influence from <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicennism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peripatetic school">Peripateticism</a>, and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a>, the philosophy is nevertheless distinct as a novel and <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holistic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Holistic">holistic</a> addition to the history of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: History">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="background-color: transparent; clear: left; float: left; margin: 0.5em 1.4em 1.3em 0px; width: auto;"><div class="thumbinner" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); font-size: 13.16px; min-width: 100px; overflow: hidden; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 222px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagdad1258.jpg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img class="thumbimage" data-file-height="1464" data-file-width="2074" decoding="async" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/220px-Bagdad1258.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/330px-Bagdad1258.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bagdad1258.jpg/440px-Bagdad1258.jpg 2x" style="background-color: white; border: 1px solid rgb(200, 204, 209); vertical-align: middle;" /></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border: 0px; font-size: 12.3704px; line-height: 1.4em; padding: 3px; text-align: left;"><div class="magnify" style="float: right; margin-left: 3px; margin-right: 0px;"><a class="internal" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bagdad1258.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; background: url("/w/resources/src/mediawiki.skinning/images/magnify-clip-ltr.svg?8330e"); color: #3366cc; display: block; height: 11px; overflow-wrap: break-word; overflow: hidden; text-decoration-line: none; text-indent: 15px; user-select: none; white-space: nowrap; width: 15px;" title="Enlarge"></a></div><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Mongols besieging Baghdad</a> under the command of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a>, c. 1430.</div></div></div><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">While the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilkhanate" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>-<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol_Empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad</a> and the destruction of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Wisdom" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="House of Wisdom">House of Wisdom</a> (<a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: بيت الحكمة, romanized: Bayt al-Ḥikmah) effectively ended the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> in 1258, it also paved the way for novel philosophical invention.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-1" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></sup> Such an example is the work of philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%27l-Barak%C4%81t_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī">Abu'l-Barakāt al-Baghdādī</a>, specifically his <i>Kitāb al-Muʿtabar</i> ("The Book of What Has Been Established by Personal Reflection"); the book's challenges to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelianism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian</a> norm in Islamic philosophy along with al-Baghdādī's emphasis on “evident self-reflection” and his revival of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Plato">Platonic</a> use of light as a metaphor for phenomena like inspiration all influenced the philosophy of Suhrawardi.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Langermann_2-0" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-Langermann-2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[2]</a></sup> The philosopher and logician <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayn_al-Din_Omar_Savaji" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji">Zayn al-Din Omar Savaji</a> further inspired Suhrawardi with his foundational works on mathematics and his creativity in reconstructing the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organon" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Organon">Organon</a>;</i> Savaji's two-part logic based on "expository propositions" <i>(al-aqwāl al-šāreḥa)</i> and "proof theory" <i>(ḥojaj)</i> served as the precursory model for Suhrawardi's own "Rules of Thought" <i>(al-Żawābeṭ al-fekr).</i><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-3" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[3]</a></sup> Among the three Islamic philosophers mentioned in Suhrawardi's work, al-Baghdādī and Savaji are two of them.</p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Upon finishing his <i>Kitab Hikmat al-Ishraq</i> (lit: "Book of the Wisdom of Illumination"), the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persia" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persia">Persian</a><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-4" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[4]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-5" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[5]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-6" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[6]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-7" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[7]</a></sup> philosopher Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founded Illuminationism in 1186. The Persian and Islamic school draws on ancient <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophical</a> disciplines,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-8" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[8]</a></sup><sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-9" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[9]</a></sup> Avicennism (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avicenna">Ibn Sina</a>’s <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Early Islamic philosophy">early Islamic philosophy</a>), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoplatonism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonic</a> thought (modified by Ibn Sina), and the original ideas of Suhrawardi.</p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Key_concepts">Key concepts</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=2" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Key concepts">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In his <i>Philosophy of Illumination</i>, Suhrawardi argued that light operates at all levels and hierarchies of reality (PI, 97.7–98.11). Light produces immaterial and substantial lights, including immaterial intellects (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angel" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Angel">angels</a>), human and animal souls, and even 'dusky substances', such as bodies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-10" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[10]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Suhrawardi's metaphysics is based on two principles. The first is a form of the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principle_of_sufficient_reason" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Principle of sufficient reason">principle of sufficient reason</a>. The second principle is Aristotle's principle that an <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actual_infinity" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Actual infinity">actual infinity</a> is impossible.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-11" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[11]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ishraq"><i>Ishraq</i></span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Ishraq">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">The essential meaning of <i>ishrāq</i> (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Persian language">Persian</a> اشراق, <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: الإشراق) is "rising", specifically referring to the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunrise" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sunrise">sunrise</a>, though "illumination" is the more common translation. It has used both Arabic and Persian philosophical texts as means to signify the relation between the “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Subject (philosophy)">apprehending subject</a>” <i>(al-mawżuʿ al-modrek)</i> and the “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Object (philosophy)">apprehensible object</a>” <i>(al-modrak);</i> beyond philosophical discourse, it is a term used in common discussion. Suhrawardi utilized the ordinariness of the word in order to encompass the all that is mystical along with an array of different kinds of knowledge, including <i>elhām</i>, meaning personal inspiration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-12" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[12]</a></sup></p><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Legacy">Legacy</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">None of Suhrawardi's works was translated into Latin, so he remained unknown in the <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_West" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Latin West">Latin West</a>, although his work continued to be studied in the Islamic East.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-13" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[13]</a></sup> According to <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosein_Nasr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hosein Nasr">Hosein Nasr</a>, Suhrawardi was unknown to the west until he was translated to western languages by contemporary thinkers such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Corbin" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a>, and he remains largely unknown even in countries within the Islamic world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-14" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[14]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Suhrawardi tried to present a new perspective on questions like those of existence. He not only caused peripatetic philosophers to confront such new questions, but also gave new life to the body of philosophy after Avicenna.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-15" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[15]</a></sup> According to John Walbridge, Suhrawardi's critiques of <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peripatetic philosophy">Peripatetic philosophy</a> could be counted as an important turning point for his successors. Although Suhravardi was first a pioneer of Peripatetic philosophy, he later became a Platonist following a mystical experience. He is also counted as one who revived the ancient wisdom in Persia by his philosophy of illumination. His followers, such as Shahrzouri and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qutb_al-Din_al-Shirazi" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi">Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi</a> tried to continue the way of their teacher. Suhrewardi makes a distinction between two approaches in the philosophy of illumination: one approach is discursive and another is intuitive.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-16" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[16]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Illuminationist thinkers in the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_Isfahan" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="School of Isfahan">School of Isfahan</a> played a significant role in revitalizing academic life in the<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-17" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[17]</a></sup> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavid_empire" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Safavid empire">Safavid</a> Empire under Shah <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbas_the_Great" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Abbas the Great">Abbas</a> I. (1588-1629)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-18" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[18]</a></sup> Avicennan thought continued to inform philosophy during the reign of the Safavid Empire.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-19" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[19]</a></sup> Illuminationism was taught in Safavid <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrasa" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a> (Place of Study) established by pious shahs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-20" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[20]</a></sup></p><h3 style="color: black; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.6; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px; overflow: hidden; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mulla_Sadra">Mulla Sadra</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small; font-weight: normal; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Mulla Sadra">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h3><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation" style="background-color: #fbfbfb; border-color: rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(162, 169, 177) rgb(242, 133, 0); border-image: initial; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 10px; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px 96px;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border: none; padding: 2px 0px 2px 0.5em; text-align: center;"><div class="mbox-image-div" style="width: 52px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="40" data-file-width="40" decoding="async" height="40" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border: none; padding: 0.25em 0.5em; width: 678px;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">improve it</a> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small style="font-size: 11.9px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this template message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a> (Ṣadr ad-Dīn Muḥammad Shīrāzī) was a 17th-century Iranian philosopher who was considered a master<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-21" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[21]</a></sup> of illuminationism. He wrote a book titled al-Asfar meaning "The Yellow"<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-22" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[22]</a></sup> or "The Light." The word Asfar also denotes a journey of the soul back to Allah. He developed his book into an entire School of Thought, he did not refer to al-Asfar as a philosophy but as <a class="external text" href="http://www.mullasadra.org/new_site/English/Mullasadra/Methodology.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"wisdom."</a> Sadra taught how one could be illuminated or given wisdom until becoming a sage.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-23" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[23]</a></sup> Al-Asfar was one piece of illuminationism which is still an active part of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a> today. Al-Asfar was representative of Mulla Sadra's entire philosophical worldview.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[24]</a></sup> Like many important Arabian works it is difficult for the western world to understand because it has not been translated into English. Mulla Sadra eventually became the most significant teacher at the religious school known as Madrasa-yi<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-25" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[25]</a></sup><a class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/29816/11/Moazzen_Maryam_2011_PhD_thesis.pdf" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Icon_pdf_file.png") right center no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 8px 18px 8px 0px; text-decoration-line: none;">(Royal School.)</a> His philosophies are still taught throughout the Islamic East and South Asia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-26" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[26]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Al-Asfar is <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra's</a> book explaining his view of illuminationism. He views problems starting with a <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peripatetic_school" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Peripatetic school">Peripatetic sketch</a>.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-27" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[27]</a></sup> This Aristotelian style of teaching is reminiscent of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a> Philosopher <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Avicenna">Avicenna</a>. Mulla Sadra often refers to the Qur'an when dealing with philosophical problems. He even quotes Qur'anic verses while explaining philosophy. He wrote <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafasir_Al_Quran" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Tafasir Al Quran">exegeses</a> of the Qur'an such as his explanation of <a class="external text" href="http://en.wikishia.net/view/Mulla_Sadra%27s_Exegesis_of_the_Qur%27an_(book)" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">Al-Kursi.</a></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">Asfar means journey. In al-Asfar you are gaining on a journey to gain wisdom. Mulla Sadra used philosophy as a set spiritual exercises to become more wise. Eventually this as you go through life you continue to gain more knowledge until you become a sage, hence godlike.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-28" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[28]</a></sup></p><p style="margin: 0.5em 0px;">In Mulla Sadra's book <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transcendent_Philosophy_of_the_Four_Journeys_of_the_Intellect" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect">The Transcendent Philosophy of the Four Journeys of the Intellect</a></i> he describes the four journeys of</p><ol style="list-style-image: none; margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A journey from creation to the Truth or <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Allah">Creator</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A journey from the Truth to the Truth</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A journey that stands in relation to the first journey because it is from the Truth to creation with the Truth</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;">A journey that stands in relation to the second journey because it is from the Truth to the creation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="font-size: 11.2px; line-height: 1; unicode-bidi: isolate; white-space: nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_note-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">[29]</a></sup></li></ol><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_(theology)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Light (theology)">Light (theology)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulla_Sadra" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Mulla Sadra">Mulla Sadra</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlightenment_(spiritual)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Enlightenment (spiritual)">Enlightenment (spiritual)</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><div class="reflist" style="font-size: 12.6px; list-style-type: decimal; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns" style="column-width: 30em; margin-top: 0.3em;"><ol class="references" style="counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-parent 0 mw-references 0 list-item 0; font-size: 12.6px; list-style-image: none; list-style-type: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 0px 3.2em; padding: 0px;"><li id="cite_note-1" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-1" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/illuminationism" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"ILLUMINATIONISM – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ILLUMINATIONISM+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Filluminationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-Langermann-2" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-Langermann_2-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFLangermann1998" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Langermann, Y. Tzvi (1998), "al-Baghdadi, Abu 'l-Barakat (fl. c.1200-50)", <a class="external text" href="http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Islamic Philosophy</i></a>, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routledge_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080228095111/http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ip/rep/J008.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">archived</a>from the original on 28 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2008-02-03</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=al-Baghdadi%2C+Abu+%27l-Barakat+%28fl.+c.1200-50%29&rft.btitle=Islamic+Philosophy&rft.pub=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Langermann&rft.aufirst=Y.+Tzvi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muslimphilosophy.com%2Fip%2Frep%2FJ008.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-3" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">HOSSEIN ZIAI, "EBN SAHLĀN SĀVAJĪ, Qāżī ZAYN-AL-DĪN ʿOMAR " in Encyclopaedia Iranica <a class="external autonumber" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ebn-sahlan-savaji" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">[1]</a></span></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-4" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Walbridge, “The leaven of the ancients: Suhrawardī and the heritage of the Greeks”, State University of New York Press, 1999. Excerpt: “Suhrawardi, a 12th-century Persian philosopher, was a key figure in the transition of Islamic thought from the neo-Aristotelianism of Avicenna to the mystically oriented philosophy of later centuries.”</span></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-5" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seyyed Hossein Nasr, “The need for a sacred science”, SUNY Press, 1993. Pg 158: “Persian philosopher Suhrawardi refers in fact to this land as na-kuja abad, which in Persian means literally utopia.”</span></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matthew Kapstein, University of Chicago Press, 2004, "The presence of light: divine radiance and religious experience", University of Chicago Press, 2004. pg 285:"..the light of lights in the system of the Persian philosopher Suhrawardi"</span></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hossein Ziai. <i>Illuminationsim or Illuminationist philosophy, first introduced in the 12th century as a complete, reconstructed system distinct both from the Peripatetic philosophy of Avicenna and from theological philosophy.</i> in: Encyclopaedia Iranica. Volumes XII & XIII. 2004.</span></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Corbin. The Voyage and the Messenger. Iran and Philosophy. Containing previous unpublished articles and lectures from 1948 to 1976. North Atlantic Books. Berkeley, California. 1998. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55643-269-0" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/1-55643-269-0">1-55643-269-0</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Corbin. The Man of Light in Iranian Sufism. Omega Publications, New York. 1994. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930872-48-7" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/0-930872-48-7">0-930872-48-7</a>.</span></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-10" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philosophy of Illumination</i> 77.1–78.9</span></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-11" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Philosophy of Illumination</i> 87.1–89.8</span></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-12" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/illuminationism" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"ILLUMINATIONISM – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. <i>www.iranicaonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">Nov 2,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=ILLUMINATIONISM+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Filluminationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-13" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-13" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcotte, Roxanne, <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2019/entries/suhrawardi/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Suhrawardi"</a>, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2019 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.).</span></li><li id="cite_note-14" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-14" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#CITEREFHosein_Nasr1997three_muslim_sages" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Hosein Nasr, 1997 & three muslim sages</a>, p. 55</span></li><li id="cite_note-15" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-15" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#CITEREFNasr2006Islamic_philosophy_from_its_origin_to_the_present" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;">Nasr, 2006 & Islamic philosophy from its origin to the present</a>, p. 86</span></li><li id="cite_note-16" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-16" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFJohn_Walbridge2004" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">John Walbridge (2004). "Suhrawardī and Illuminationism". In Adamson, Peter; Taylor, Richard C. (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Arabic Philosophy</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 201–223. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780511999864" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/9780511999864"><bdi>9780511999864</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Suhraward%C4%AB+and+Illuminationism&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Arabic+Philosophy&rft.pages=201-223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780511999864&rft.au=John+Walbridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-17" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-17" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://associationforiranianstudies.org/node/149" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Safavid- Mughal Cultural Interrelations as reflected in Matenadaran's 'Bayaz' Manuscript Illumination | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران پژوهی"</a>. <i>associationforiranianstudies.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=associationforiranianstudies.org&rft.atitle=Safavid-+Mughal+Cultural+Interrelations+as+reflected+in+Matenadaran%27s+%27Bayaz%27+Manuscript+Illumination+%7C+Association+for+Iranian+Studies+%28AIS%29+%7C+%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%86+%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C+%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%DB%8C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassociationforiranianstudies.org%2Fnode%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-18" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-18" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF"</a>. <i>leibniz.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leibniz.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Friends+of+the+SEP+Society+-+Preview+of+Mulla+Sadra+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleibniz.stanford.edu%2Ffriends%2Fpreview%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-19" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-19" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF"</a>. <i>leibniz.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leibniz.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Friends+of+the+SEP+Society+-+Preview+of+Mulla+Sadra+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleibniz.stanford.edu%2Ffriends%2Fpreview%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-20" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-20" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation thesis cs1" id="CITEREFMoazzen,_Maryam2011" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Moazzen, Maryam (2011). <i>Shi'ite Higher Learning and the Role of the Madrasa-yi Sulṭānī in Late Safavid Iran</i> (Thesis). <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1807%2F29816" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1807/29816</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Shi%27ite+Higher+Learning+and+the+Role+of+the+Madrasa-yi+Sul%E1%B9%AD%C4%81n%C4%AB+in+Late+Safavid+Iran&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1807%2F29816&rft.au=Moazzen%2C+Maryam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-21" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-21" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFAminrazavi2014" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Aminrazavi, Mehdi Amin Razavi (2014-03-18). <a class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRsiAwAAQBAJ&q=mulla+sadra+illumination&pg=PA137" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><i>Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination</i></a>. Routledge. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79281-6" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-79281-6"><bdi>978-1-136-79281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suhrawardi+and+the+School+of+Illumination&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.isbn=978-1-136-79281-6&rft.aulast=Aminrazavi&rft.aufirst=Mehdi+Amin+Razavi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRsiAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmulla%2Bsadra%2Billumination%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-22" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-22" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1" id="CITEREFFierro1993" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Fierro, Maribel (1993). "Al-Aṣfar". <i>Studia Islamica</i> (77): 169–181. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1595794" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10.2307/1595794</a>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="cs1-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10261%2F281031" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position-y: 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 9px; background: url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg") right 0.1em center / 9px no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">10261/281031</a></span>. <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1595794" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">1595794</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Islamica&rft.atitle=Al-A%E1%B9%A3far&rft.issue=77&rft.pages=169-181&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10261%2F281031&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1595794%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1595794&rft.aulast=Fierro&rft.aufirst=Maribel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-23" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-23" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFRizvi2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mulla Sadra"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mulla+Sadra&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2019&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sajjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-24" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-24" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MuhammadKamalMullaSadrasTranscendentPhilosBookZZ.org/%5BMuhammad_Kamal%5D_Mulla_Sadra%27s_Transcendent_Philos(BookZZ.org)_djvu.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Full text of "Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Mulla+Sadra%27s+Transcendent+Philosophy%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMuhammadKamalMullaSadrasTranscendentPhilosBookZZ.org%2F%255BMuhammad_Kamal%255D_Mulla_Sadra%2527s_Transcendent_Philos%28BookZZ.org%29_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-25" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-25" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF"</a>. <i>leibniz.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leibniz.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Friends+of+the+SEP+Society+-+Preview+of+Mulla+Sadra+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleibniz.stanford.edu%2Ffriends%2Fpreview%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-26" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-26" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://leibniz.stanford.edu/friends/preview/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Friends of the SEP Society - Preview of Mulla Sadra PDF"</a>. <i>leibniz.stanford.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=leibniz.stanford.edu&rft.atitle=Friends+of+the+SEP+Society+-+Preview+of+Mulla+Sadra+PDF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fleibniz.stanford.edu%2Ffriends%2Fpreview%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-27" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-27" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFSIPR" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">SIPR. <a class="external text" href="http://www.mullasadra.org/new_site/English/Mullasadra/Methodology.htm" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Methodology"</a>. <i>MullaSadra.org</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MullaSadra.org&rft.atitle=Methodology&rft.au=SIPR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mullasadra.org%2Fnew_site%2FEnglish%2FMullasadra%2FMethodology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-28" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-28" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation cs2" id="CITEREFRizvi2019" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Rizvi, Sajjad (2019), <a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2019/entries/mulla-sadra/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Mulla Sadra"</a>, in Zalta, Edward N. (ed.), <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i> (Spring 2019 ed.), Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-09</span></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mulla+Sadra&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.edition=Spring+2019&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rizvi&rft.aufirst=Sajjad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2019%2Fentries%2Fmulla-sadra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li><li id="cite_note-29" style="break-inside: avoid-column; counter-increment: mw-ref-extends-parent 1 mw-references 1; counter-reset: mw-ref-extends-child 0; margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><span class="mw-cite-backlink" style="user-select: none;"><b><a aria-label="Jump up" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism#cite_ref-29" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Jump up">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><a class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MuhammadKamalMullaSadrasTranscendentPhilosBookZZ.org/%5BMuhammad_Kamal%5D_Mulla_Sadra%27s_Transcendent_Philos(BookZZ.org)_djvu.txt" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Full text of "Mulla Sadra's Transcendent Philosophy"<span class="cs1-kern-right" style="padding-right: 0.2em;"></span>"</a>. <i>archive.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap" style="white-space: nowrap;">2020-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=archive.org&rft.atitle=Full+text+of+%22Mulla+Sadra%27s+Transcendent+Philosophy%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FMuhammadKamalMullaSadrasTranscendentPhilosBookZZ.org%2F%255BMuhammad_Kamal%255D_Mulla_Sadra%2527s_Transcendent_Philos%28BookZZ.org%29_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></span></li></ol></div></div><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=8" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Suhrawardi and the School of Illumination</i> by Mehdi Amin Razavi</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><i>Islamic Intellectual Tradition in Persia</i> by <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyyed_Hossein_Nasr" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Seyyed Hossein Nasr">Seyyed Hossein Nasr</a></li></ul><h2 style="border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); color: black; font-family: "Linux Libertine", Georgia, Times, serif; font-weight: normal; line-height: 1.3; margin: 1em 0px 0.25em; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection" face="sans-serif" style="font-size: small; line-height: 0; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 0px; unicode-bidi: isolate; user-select: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-right: 0.25em;">[</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Illuminationism&action=edit&section=9" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d; margin-left: 0.25em;">]</span></span></h2><ul style="list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0.3em 0px 0px 1.6em; padding: 0px;"><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFHossein_Ziai" style="font-style: inherit; overflow-wrap: break-word;">Hossein Ziai. <a class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/illuminationism" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Illuminationism"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Iranica</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Illuminationism&rft.au=Hossein+Ziai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Filluminationism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIlluminationism"></span></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em;"><a class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/illumination/" rel="nofollow" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: 0.857em; background: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg?2cd31") right center / 0.857em no-repeat; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;">"Divine Illumination"</a> entry by Robert Pasnau in the <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i></li></ul><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Philosophy" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: 1em auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left; font-size: 12.32px; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Philosophy_topics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Philosophy topics"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Philosophy_topics" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Philosophy topics"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Philosophy_topics&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philosophy" style="font-size: 14.0448px; margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a></div></th></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Sufism_terminology" class="navbox" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: -1px auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="3" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left; font-size: 12.32px; font-weight: normal; margin-right: 0.5em; text-align: left;"><ul style="display: inline-block; line-height: inherit; list-style-image: url("/w/skins/Vector/resources/common/images/bullet-icon.svg?d4515"); margin: 0px; padding: 0px; white-space: nowrap;"><li class="nv-view" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sufism_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template:Sufism terminology"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Sufism_terminology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Template talk:Sufism terminology"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit" style="display: inline; margin: 0px; word-spacing: -0.125em;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sufism_terminology&action=edit" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none;"><abbr style="background: none transparent; border: none; box-shadow: none; cursor: inherit; font-variant-caps: small-caps; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; padding: 0px; text-decoration: inherit;" title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sufism_terminology" style="font-size: 14.0448px; margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufism" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Sufism">Sufism terminology</a></div></th></tr></tbody></table></div><div aria-label="Portals" class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" style="align-items: baseline; background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; display: flex; font-size: 12.32px; font-weight: bold; justify-content: center; margin: -1px auto 0px; padding: 0px 2em;"><span class="portal-bar-header" style="flex: 0 0 auto; margin: 0px 1em 0px 0.5em; min-height: 24px;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content" style="align-items: baseline; column-gap: 1em; display: flex; flex-flow: row wrap; flex: 0 1 auto; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0.15em 0px;"><li class="portal-bar-item" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: 0.15em 0.2em; min-height: 24px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" data-file-height="360" data-file-width="400" decoding="async" height="19" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="21" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Religion" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: 0.15em 0.2em; min-height: 24px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="215" data-file-width="206" decoding="async" height="19" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="18" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Islam" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: 0.15em 0.2em; min-height: 24px;"><a class="image" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="icon" data-file-height="128" data-file-width="128" decoding="async" height="19" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/19px-Diploma_icon.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/29px-Diploma_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Diploma_icon.png/38px-Diploma_icon.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="19" /></a> <a class="mw-redirect" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Education">Education</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item" style="display: inline-block; line-height: 24px; margin: 0.15em 0.2em; min-height: 24px;"><img alt="" data-file-height="100" data-file-width="100" decoding="async" height="19" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/19px-Psi2.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/29px-Psi2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Psi2.svg/38px-Psi2.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: middle;" width="19" /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Psychology" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Portal:Psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></div><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" class="navbox authority-control" role="navigation" style="background-color: #fdfdfd; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 12.32px; margin: -1px auto 0px; padding: 3px; text-align: center; width: 960px;"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner mw-made-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="background: transparent; border-spacing: 0px; font-size: 12.32px; width: 952px;"><tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" scope="col" style="background-color: #ccccff; line-height: 1.5em; padding: 0.25em 1em; text-align: center;"><span aria-expanded="false" class="mw-collapsible-toggle mw-collapsible-toggle-default mw-collapsible-toggle-collapsed" role="button" style="cursor: pointer; float: right; font-weight: normal; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; user-select: none;" tabindex="0"><a class="mw-collapsible-text" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; cursor: pointer; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: nowrap;">show</a></span><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716920#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size: 14.0448px; margin: 0px 4em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q716920#identifiers" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; overflow-wrap: break-word; text-decoration-line: none; white-space: nowrap;" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" class="noprint" data-file-height="20" data-file-width="20" decoding="async" height="10" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" style="border: 0px; vertical-align: text-top;" width="10" /></a></div></th></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div><div class="catlinks" data-mw="interface" id="catlinks" style="background-color: #f8f9fa; border: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); clear: both; margin-top: 1em; padding: 5px;"><div class="mw-normal-catlinks" id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul style="display: inline; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><li style="border-left: 0px; display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em 0px 0.25em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Persian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Persian philosophy">Persian philosophy</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_logic" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:History of logic">History of logic</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Theories_of_deduction" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Theories of deduction">Theories of deduction</a></li><li style="border-left: 1px solid rgb(162, 169, 177); display: inline-block; line-height: 1.25em; margin: 0.125em 0px; padding: 0px 0.5em;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Iranian_philosophy" style="background: none; color: #3366cc; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Category:Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></li></ul></div></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-22993462291253657202023-03-22T07:58:00.004-07:002023-03-22T07:58:55.169-07:00Making Your Imagination Work for You/ Nikola Tesla<p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEheffhd7KOVENAbMY9wh3btE9qqsO61DygpEwNo2FlaHu12KRe6DC-fsYI_K7e8VhTRyJ3idq351xU20ptajxjIV9E7AynJ7fqkIlRBwqWAQdYn3LmnU2ybQr4EMgsIs6kKB0PdLJXFQsQlcIJ7809cW1x0huqE4x3Q7M_DcKNJQ2WgjvdORcEgLhOS" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1072" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEheffhd7KOVENAbMY9wh3btE9qqsO61DygpEwNo2FlaHu12KRe6DC-fsYI_K7e8VhTRyJ3idq351xU20ptajxjIV9E7AynJ7fqkIlRBwqWAQdYn3LmnU2ybQr4EMgsIs6kKB0PdLJXFQsQlcIJ7809cW1x0huqE4x3Q7M_DcKNJQ2WgjvdORcEgLhOS=w477-h640" width="477" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">- from “Making Your Imagination Work for You”, M.K. Wisehart, American Magazine, 1921</div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Read the full article here: <span style="font-family: inherit;"><a class="x1i10hfl xjbqb8w x6umtig x1b1mbwd xaqea5y xav7gou x9f619 x1ypdohk xt0psk2 xe8uvvx xdj266r x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r xexx8yu x4uap5 x18d9i69 xkhd6sd x16tdsg8 x1hl2dhg xggy1nq x1a2a7pz xt0b8zv x1fey0fg" href="https://tinyurl.com/Teslaimagination?fbclid=IwAR1_7q7rfxvEyPG34IGg5UiJoxXQ54VXVbtmnIhQqDxWsmRwstDA1asg4qs" rel="nofollow noopener" role="link" style="-webkit-tap-highlight-color: transparent; background-color: transparent; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-width: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; cursor: pointer; display: inline; font-family: inherit; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: inherit; text-decoration-line: none; touch-action: manipulation;" tabindex="0" target="_blank">https://tinyurl.com/Teslaimagination</a></span></div></div><div class="x11i5rnm xat24cr x1mh8g0r x1vvkbs xtlvy1s x126k92a" style="background-color: white; color: #050505; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic", "Segoe UI", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Pictured: Nikola Tesla, c. 1940 (ref FB)</div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;">Understanding the inner experiences of people like Telsa may give us clues to devoloping creativity to a high degree in human beings. </div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #5f5f5f; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; margin: 1rem 0px 2rem; white-space: normal;">During my boyhood I had suffered from a peculiar affliction due to the appearance of images, which were often accompanied by strong flashes of light. When a word was spoken, the image of the object designated would present itself so vividly to my vision that I could not tell whether what I saw was real or not. If I had witnessed a funeral, or perhaps come close to some wounded animal while on a hunting trip, then inevitably in the stillness of night a vivid picture of the scene would thrust itself before my eyes and persist, despite all my efforts to banish it. Even though I reached out and passed my hand through it, the image would remain fixed in space.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #5f5f5f; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; margin: 1rem 0px 2rem; white-space: normal;">In trying to free myself from these tormenting appearances, I tried to concentrate my mind on some peaceful, quieting scene I had witnessed. This would give me momentary relief; but when I had done it two or three times the remedy would begin to lose its force. Then I began to take mental excursions beyond the small world of my actual knowledge. Day and night, in imagination, I went on journeys — saw new places, cities, countries, and all the time I tried very hard to make these imaginary things very sharp and clear in my mind. I imagined myself living in countries I never had seen, and I made imaginary friends, who were very dear to me and really seemed alive.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #5f5f5f; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; letter-spacing: 0.8px; margin: 1rem 0px 2rem; white-space: normal;">There are many references on google search to flashes of lightning in meditation (eg. Shabd Yoga) during concentration. We are assuming here that such experiences may largely have a psychic or non-physical origin rather than a physical/ psychiatric one. RS</p><div class="google-auto-placed ap_container" style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; color: #5f5f5f; font-family: "Open Sans", arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; height: auto; letter-spacing: 0.8px; text-align: center; white-space: normal; width: 820.797px;"><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4263760080514542" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto;"><br /></ins><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4263760080514542" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto;"><br /></ins><ins class="adsbygoogle adsbygoogle-noablate" data-ad-client="ca-pub-4263760080514542" data-ad-format="auto" data-ad-status="filled" data-adsbygoogle-status="done" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; display: block; height: 280px; margin: auto;"><br /></ins></div></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div><div dir="auto" style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-63351572074260583862023-03-16T05:19:00.003-07:002023-03-16T05:19:31.918-07:00Paranthropology<p> </p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Paranthropology appears to be a new approach towards paranormal phenomena and related matters. Jack Hunter appears to be the key motivator for its development. RS</span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrUkjQbKlg9jlhcbofVHmTAhEGor2lfGQ2x3iv0bHiJJ_5iFgORgEl0OV62gDrIAUia5TprNyychkDNpewU2Vt8JJ4mSYgGhueqDa2owGLjfKgEQqnnPSdZjKLQWqESZ-LesHyM96vxKQgHekrZ-D28aBlEr983jJkDh9-ni1PavUBJowNYIhOJXi7" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="251" data-original-width="201" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEhrUkjQbKlg9jlhcbofVHmTAhEGor2lfGQ2x3iv0bHiJJ_5iFgORgEl0OV62gDrIAUia5TprNyychkDNpewU2Vt8JJ4mSYgGhueqDa2owGLjfKgEQqnnPSdZjKLQWqESZ-LesHyM96vxKQgHekrZ-D28aBlEr983jJkDh9-ni1PavUBJowNYIhOJXi7=w320-h400" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Dr. Jack Hunter provides an anthropological perspective on the paranormal. Hunter is an anthropologist exploring the borderlands of ecology, religion and the paranormal. He lives in the hills of Mid-Wales with his family. He is an Honorary Research Fellow with the Alister Hardy Religious Experience Research Centre, University of Wales Trinity Saint David and a Research Fellow with the Parapsychology Foundation, New York. He is the founder and editor of Paranthropology: Journal of Anthropological Approaches to the Paranormal, the author of Spirits, Gods and Magic: An Introduction to the Anthropology of the Supernatural (2019) and Engaging the Anomalous (2018). He is the editor of Strange Dimensions: A Paranthropology Anthology (2015), Damned Facts: Fortean Essays on Religion, Folklore and the Paranormal (2016), and is co-editor with Dr. David Luke of Talking With the Spirits: Ethnographies from Between the Worlds (2014). To find out more about his work visit www.jack-hunter.webstarts.com.</span></p><div class="border-box ficha-audio-description-xs" style="background: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 10px 10px 0px;"><div class="dropdown-info" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><div class="tiny-scrollbar" data-collapsed="200" data-uncollapsed="2000" id="scroll-programa" style="box-sizing: border-box; max-height: 2000px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px 15px 0px 0px; position: relative; width: 710px;"><div class="viewport viewport-md" style="box-sizing: border-box; height: 250px !important; overflow: hidden; position: relative; width: 695px;"><div class="overview" style="box-sizing: border-box; left: 0px; list-style: none; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 0px;"><p class="description" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px 0px 10px; word-break: break-word;">Deep Weird: The Varieties of High Strangeness Experience: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Deep-Weird-Varieties-Strangeness-Experience/dp/1786772248/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/Deep-Weird-Varieties-Strangeness-Experience/dp/1786772248/</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Damned Facts: Fortean Essays on Religion, Folklore, and the Paranormal: <a href="https://www.amazon.com/Damned-Facts-Religion-Folklore-Paranormal-ebook/dp/B01BRL7UUS/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.amazon.com/Damned-Facts-Religion-Folklore-Paranormal-ebook/dp/B01BRL7UUS/</a> Jack Hunter's Deep Weird Dialogues: <a href="https://www.youtube.com/@Discarnates" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/@Discarnates</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />You can listen to Multifaith Matters on your favorite podcast platform, including Podbean, Apple Podcasts, Spotify, Google Podcasts, Stitcher, and iHeart Radio. Learn more about our work at <a href="https://www.multifaithmatters.org/" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://www.multifaithmatters.org</a>.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Support this work:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />One-time donation: <a href="https://multifaithmatters.org/donate" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://multifaithmatters.org/donate</a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Become my patron: <a href="https://patron.podbean.com/johnwmorehead%C2%A0" rel="nofollow" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://patron.podbean.com/johnwmorehead </a>; #paranormal #JackHunter<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></p><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/InteractionCounter" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div itemprop="audio" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/AudioObject" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div><div itemprop="provider" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization" style="box-sizing: border-box;"></div></div></div></div><div class="text-right toggle m-top-10" style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-top: 10px !important; text-align: right;"><br /></div></div></div><div class="comments-xs" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: Roboto, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><a name="comments" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #ff8000;"></a><div class="border-box" id="comments_box" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border-bottom: 1px solid rgb(204, 204, 204); box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 10px 10px 0px;"><p class="h2 heading" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; line-height: 30px; margin: 3px 0px 16px;"><br /></p></div></div><p><br /><a href="https://www.wheelers.co.nz/browse/author/524639-jack-hunter/">Books by Jack Hunter</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="http://discarnates.blogspot.com/">Discarnates blogspot</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>See Google listings for Jack Hunter <a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=paranthropology+jack+hunter&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB976&sxsrf=AJOqlzUGx4ghjaX3c4UkXdz5pDkk1v1fsg:1678968633095&ei=OQcTZK67Be-MhbIPjeeMeA&start=80&sa=N&ved=2ahUKEwjuu9vHteD9AhVvRkEAHY0zAw8Q8tMDegQIBhAS&biw=1920&bih=969&dpr=1">Click on link</a></p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-9907131213483854202023-03-02T03:37:00.006-08:002023-03-03T03:17:30.676-08:00Sikh Meditation and Surat Shabd Yoga? Two Basic Points of View.<p> 1. SIKH MEDITATION</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVg3JI4hvVUIeTEdOVGl-M3netXMZe0nJWrG8MoJRX7nDSX-o-FkaiIgPHIVhGFdMZ5ejPIUCeGSdyJsbGHAGrPTqw7WvRYG97isAgjp7OcaKRKIL9gK9segitngR_dLpPLVaPL2jMs13fwjNshRyD9qYapLF8EX4KpqiPPnoWIwa9v0LkO8-iYBo_" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgVg3JI4hvVUIeTEdOVGl-M3netXMZe0nJWrG8MoJRX7nDSX-o-FkaiIgPHIVhGFdMZ5ejPIUCeGSdyJsbGHAGrPTqw7WvRYG97isAgjp7OcaKRKIL9gK9segitngR_dLpPLVaPL2jMs13fwjNshRyD9qYapLF8EX4KpqiPPnoWIwa9v0LkO8-iYBo_=w427-h640" width="427" /></a></div><br /> <p></p><p><br /></p><p>What follows maybe of interest to some..</p><p><br /></p><p>".........Guru Nanak Dev ji has described five different spiritual stages as the soul of a devotee progresses towards "Union with God". Guru ji mentions thse stages as "Khands........I must tell you at the very outset that these Khands are not the living abodes for a soul after death, as is wrongly believed by many. Khands are simply the measures of self-assessment in the process of God Realisation. Thus Khands are actual levels of Spiritual Elevation on the path of God Realisation...." (ie. subjective) </p><p><br /></p><p>Ref to the above page 82 - 83. "Essence of Jap Ji Shahib", Bhai Sahib, Rajinder Singh Gill, published by the Central Gurdwara, London, 2002.</p><p><br /></p><p>The above is undertaken by Simran or repetition notably via the famous central mantra of Sikhism of Wahi Guru. The inner Sound or Word of God may also be heard after many many years of practise. The key 5 Sounds of the Panch Shabd may be also be heard simultaneously in the vast "Five Regions." </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>2. THE MEDITATION OF INNER LIGHT AND SOUND OR SURAT SHABD YOGA </p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEN1ZytwsfgwBDXU_GkA5RUiPwbBffo9SdDD-CMUI_5Bv4_isYZ2ElyOw7PjKetJY6a3-QDURU2NzPXF_K_uwACBBJ9W95CElY8qGOmFdlMEDZX0eOuNCX27hYKsnMGPHlJmf_bzxtCNJhaf-5snypzvdWxpCoTX4FFBSFaTw16Had10wkJmjxQW2S" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="684" data-original-width="1024" height="429" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEiEN1ZytwsfgwBDXU_GkA5RUiPwbBffo9SdDD-CMUI_5Bv4_isYZ2ElyOw7PjKetJY6a3-QDURU2NzPXF_K_uwACBBJ9W95CElY8qGOmFdlMEDZX0eOuNCX27hYKsnMGPHlJmf_bzxtCNJhaf-5snypzvdWxpCoTX4FFBSFaTw16Had10wkJmjxQW2S=w640-h429" width="640" /></a></div><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>In contrast to the Sikh Meditation the practioner of Surat Shabd Yoga believes that there is to some extent a shared objective spiritual spiritual reality within oneself. In other words, it is not purely subjective and this seems to be indicated by the Saints of the Sant Mat tradition whose writings incidently appear to a high degree in the Guru Granth Sahib the sacred scripture of the Sikhs! Moreover, the instructions for a follower of Shabd Yoga is given very basic instructions as to how these largely "objective" worlds " may look like." </p><p><br /></p><p>Moreover, the actual inner Sound and indeed the inner Light is used to "ascend" into higher worlds of superconciousness. In other words, it plays a critical role in spiritual self-transformation making the soul become purer and purer. This "locomotive" aspect of meditation (ie. dying while living or an advanced form of "controlled" astral projection) does not seem to appear in Sikhism per se. Maybe for some highly advanced Sikh this may come about as an intuitive spiritual realisation and the process happens automatically to varying extents.</p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.sikhawareness.com/topic/15760-out-of-body-experiences/">Sikh Meditation and Out of Body Experiences</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=inner+experiences+of+sikh+meditation&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1047&oq=inner+experiences+of+sikh+meditation&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160.10357j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">Google search listings</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=inner+experiences+of+sikh+meditation&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1047&oq=inner+experiences+of+sikh+meditation&aqs=chrome..69i57j33i160.10357j0j15&sourceid=chrome&ie=UTF-8">More info</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><a href="https://www.google.com/search?q=visions+in+sikh+meditation&rlz=1C1GCEA_enGB954GB1047&sxsrf=AJOqlzVY4mK5rwbjfJynjCusejCwX7sRhw%3A1677840986782&ei=WtIBZL-2L_aMhbIP9pm32AY&ved=0ahUKEwi_y4bgzL_9AhV2RkEAHfbMDWsQ4dUDCA8&oq=visions+in+sikh+meditation&gs_lcp=Cgxnd3Mtd2l6LXNlcnAQDDIFCAAQogQyBQgAEKIEMgUIABCiBDoKCAAQRxDWBBCwAzoHCCMQsAIQJzoECAAQQzoFCAAQkQI6BQgAEIAEOgQIABAeOgYIABAIEB46BwgAEB4QogRKBAhBGABQ5A9Y4SpgokNoAnABeAGAAdgBiAGsFZIBBjQuMTcuMZgBAKABAcgBBMABAQ&sclient=gws-wiz-serp">Visions in Sikh Meditation </a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The following below comes from a site simply called Sant Mat.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghdku8HqiBnmBOufOKet1uM-uZ-8BS3mVH9g-pSmrb0OJhDubbUxtV99CTJceM0eOiATf2iBrdhYv7nyvkkcF-V4BzBedpmGatTHKNmsOQcufjWQSafuCu-Txeew98jxbcmCeksESzNmKHdliGCXxZQlAbcrM2G-VmV7NE2fJhvskSj7AU18ZLjCw0" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="841" data-original-width="720" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEghdku8HqiBnmBOufOKet1uM-uZ-8BS3mVH9g-pSmrb0OJhDubbUxtV99CTJceM0eOiATf2iBrdhYv7nyvkkcF-V4BzBedpmGatTHKNmsOQcufjWQSafuCu-Txeew98jxbcmCeksESzNmKHdliGCXxZQlAbcrM2G-VmV7NE2fJhvskSj7AU18ZLjCw0=w547-h640" width="547" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;"><h1 class="pw-post-title iq ir is bd it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="title" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 32px; letter-spacing: -0.016em; line-height: 40px; margin: 0.6em 0px -0.27em;">Guru Nanak Chart of the Heavens -- The Five Khands</h1></div><div class="" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8); font-family: medium-content-sans-serif-font, -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, Oxygen, Ubuntu, Cantarell, "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif;"><h2 class="pw-subtitle-paragraph jp ir is bd b jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg dk" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="subtitle" style="box-sizing: inherit; color: #757575; font-family: sohne, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 22px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0px; line-height: 28px; margin: 0.79em 0px -0.42em;">Based on Guru Nanak’s Morning Prayer (Jap Ji) — The Spiritual Journey, Ascension of the Soul Back to God</h2></div><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d9b1" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Iik Ong Kaar Sat Naam” [Ekonkar Satnam] (“There is One God — Truth is His Name.”)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fd3b" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(5) Sach Khand or the realm of Truth [Eternal Spiritual Realm, God].</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="d95a" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(4) Karam Khand or the Realm of Grace.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2fe6" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(3) Saram Khand or the Realm of Spiritual Efforts: Humility and Ecstasy.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="87d7" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(2) Gian Khand or the Realm of Knowledge (Gnosis).</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ef93" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(1) Dharm Khand or the Realm of Action [Physical Plane].</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="4c74" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">1. Dharam Khand: The Realm of Action — This Khand refers to the karmic life of beings on earth and their daily tryst with Karma. Guru ji [Guru Nanak] has called earth a Dharamshal (a home of Dharma).</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2fe8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Guru Nanak: “The earth is a place where day, night, and date have been created along with air, water, fire and the sky. There is so much variety of living beings on earth. As are their deeds and actions, so is their result. The law of karma thus is behind their life circumstances. The result of karma may look unjustified outwardly but is a corrective justice of the law, as in HIS true court only truth prevails. It is also the karma done while living on earth that attracts the Nadar (Grace), which is the sign that the person is now open to dwell in next Khand. The Sikh [disciple] receives the fruit of his thought and action and goes ahead through Jap (meditation) and Simran. Such is the Dharma in the Dharam Khand.” (Naamaukhad’s Sikh Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ff57" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Creating the day and the night, the months and the seasons,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The fire, the wind, the water and the nether regions,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Amidst all these, He set up the earth as Dharm Khand<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />or the arena of action.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And He peopled it with creatures of many colours and many forms,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Creatures of whom there is no count.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />All are judged according to their deeds,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />For true is the Lord and immaculate His Law.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Those acceptable to Him are honoured in His Court,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And it is only through His Grace that one may gain that distinction.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The imperfect are perfected there,(1)<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />O Nanak! It is there that this mystery is revealed.” (Kirpal Singh’s Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="71e4" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">(1) The last two lines — “Kach pakai uthe pa-aye, Nanak gia japey ja-aye” have been invariably interpreted by various translators, as stating that the true and the false are known there and can no longer deceive. But this does not appear to stand as it apparently ignores the fact that the lines follow on the reference to those honoured by God and the metaphor of “raw and ripe” suggests immaturity and maturity, rather than falsehood and truth.</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="831f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“The first is the Realm of Dharm, which the soul must fully realise before it can rise to the next higher spiritual plane above it. This is the stage where the embodied souls must work fully cognisant that it is He who made the world phenomena with all the immutable laws which bind one and all. The law of cause and effect nobody can escape. What a man sows, he must reap. There is none outside His domain. Men’s actions go with them after their death and are weighed in the scales of God’s Justice. Those found wanting are sent for judgment according to their actions. The only thing acceptable at his Court is ‘communion with and practice of the Divine Word.’ Those who adhere to it, are honoured.” (Kirpal Singh’s Commentary)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="02eb" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">2. Gyan Khand: The Realm of Knowledge (Spiritual Knowledge/Gnosis) — The Gurbani, although simple, has subtle meanings behind each and every word. As Vichar is done the Gurbani opens up doors and more doors of knowledge and wisdom. First, let us see how Guruji [Guru Nanak] has described the Gyan Khand:</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="1e49" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Guru Nanak: “So many winds, waters and fires; so many Krishnas and Shivas. So many Brahmas, fashioning forms of great beauty, adorned and dressed in many colors. So many worlds and lands for working out karma. So very many lessons to be learned! So many Indras, so many moons and suns, so many worlds and lands. So many Siddhas and Buddhas, so many Yogic masters. So many goddesses of various kinds. So many demi-gods and demons, so many silent sages. So many oceans of jewels. So many ways of life, so many languages. So many dynasties of rulers. So many aware people, so many devotees, says O Nanak, His limit has no limit! In the realm of wisdom, spiritual wisdom reigns supreme. The Sound-current of the Naad vibrates, amidst the sounds and the sights of bliss.” (Naamaukhad’s Sikh Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2f76" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Thus much of the Realm of Dharma;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And now Gian Khand, the Realm of Knowledge;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless its elements, air, water and fire,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And countless Krishnas and Sivas,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And countless the Brahmas fashioning various creations<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />of countless forms and countless hues.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless the Fields of Action,(1) countless the golden mountains,(2)<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And countless the Dhrus(3) meditating therein.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless the Indras, countless the suns and moons,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and countless the earthly and stellar regions;<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless the Siddhas, the Buddhas, the Naths, and countless<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the gods and goddesses.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless the Danus(4) and the Sages, and countless<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the bejewelled oceans.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Countless the sources of creation, countless the harmonies,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />countless those that listen unto them,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />And countless the devotees of the Word,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Endless and unending, O Nanak! this Realm.” (Kirpal Singh’s Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2670" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">[(1) Karam Bhumi: A place where one is endowed with a free will, and reaps the fruits of his own actions. This world is termed as Karm Bhumi for here reigns the principle of action and reaction or cause and effect. (2) Sumer: The golden mountain seen in this spiritual plane by the devotees. (3) Dhru: A saint proverbial for his steadfast meditation. (4) Danu: Demigods.]</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="c74c" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Nanak, in this stanza describes the immense expansion of the soul’s horizon when it enters “Gian Khand” or the Realm of Knowledge. Here the devotee sees the manifold nature with all created things. Here he begins to hear the rapturous strains of Melodious Song resounding through the whole creation. Here he feels excessive joy at the conception of Nature with her immutable laws, her infinity of forms and phenomena, multifarious creations and manifold blessings that he finds.” (Kirpal Singh’s Commentary)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ebe8" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">3. Saram Khand or the Realm of Spiritual Efforts: Humility and Ecstasy</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2099" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Guru Nanak: “In the realm of humility, the Word becomes forms. These are fashioned with incomparable distinctness here. These things cannot be described. One who tries to speak of these regrets the past. The surat (awareness), intellect and understanding of the mind are shaped here. The consciousness of the spiritual warriors of spiritual perfection, are shaped here.” (Naamaukhad’s Sikh Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="ba31" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Divine Knowledge illumines all in the Realm of Knowledge,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />While Divine symphonies play unending music,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and Joy and Bliss reign supreme,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Next, the Realm of Ecstasy, where the Word is enrapturing.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Everything created here is marvelously strange,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and beyond description,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Whoever tries to describe the same, must repent his folly.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Herein the mind, reason and understanding are etherealised,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />the self comes to its own, and develops the penetration of the<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />gods and the sages.” (Kirpal Singh’s Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="024f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“From the description of Gian Khand or the Realm of Knowledge, Nanak proceeds to describe, “Sarm Khand,” or the Seal of ecstasy. Here everything is enchantingly beautiful and marvelously strange, and words are of no consequence. It is here that the soul becomes etherealised by the power of the Word and one gets an insight into the real nature of things.” (Kirpal Singh’s Commentary)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="cfcc" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">4. Karam Khand: The Realm of Grace</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="dff5" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Guru Nanak: “In the Realm of Karam, the Word is the Effort. No one else dwells here, except the great spiritual heroes. They are totally imbued with the oneness consciousness. They are sewn together with the creator filled with awe of HIS glory. Their form (mind) cannot be described. They do not die (do not reincarnate) and so neither are deceived (by maya) when within whose minds the Lord abides. Here (in Karam Khand) devotees of many worlds dwell. They are in anand (spiritual joy) as the True Lord abides in their mind.” (Naamaukhad’s Sikh Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="eb67" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Higher still stands Karm Khand, the Realm of Grace,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here the Word is all in all, and nothing else prevails.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here dwell the bravest of the brave, the conquerors of the mind,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />filled with the love Divine,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here dwell devotees with devotion, incomparable as Sita’s.(1)<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Illumined with beauty ineffable,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />All hearts filled with God, they live beyond the reach of death<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />and of delusion.(2)<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here dwell the Bhagats or Sages drawn from all regions,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Who rejoice in the True One and live in perpetual bliss.” (Kirpal Singh’s Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="5686" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">[(1) Sita: The wife of Rama known for her great devotion. (2) The word delusion here refers to the delusion of maya or matter.]</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fc0e" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“In the Realm of Grace, man rises above the evanescent charms of the phenomenal world. He sees all nature standing submissively to serve at God’s Feet. His Word purifies the soul of its sins and awakens the latent energies in it. Matter no longer blinds the inner vision. For him, the Lord pervades everywhere and he is now fully conscious of Him. Here one comes face to face with the Word in Its pure substance. And he now knows himself and his true origin, for he sees himself as of the same substance as God.” (Kirpal Singh’s Commentary)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="469f" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">5. Sach Khand: The Timeless Realm of Eternal Truth and Oneness — God</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="73ca" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">Guru Nanak: “In the Realm of Truth, the Formless Lord abides. Having created the creation, HE watches over it and HIS Nadar (Glance of Grace) bestows happiness (to the devotee). There are planets, solar systems and galaxies. If one speaks of them, there is no limit, no end. There are worlds upon worlds of His Creation. As is HIS commands, so they operate.” (Naamaukhad’s Sikh Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="819a" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Sach Khand or the Realm of Truth is the seat of the Formless One.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here He creates all creations, rejoicing in creating.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here are many regions, heavenly systems and universes,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />To count which were to count the countless,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />Here, out of the Formless,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />The heavenly plateaux and all else come into form,<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />All destined to move according to His Will.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />He who is blessed with this vision, rejoices in its contemplation.<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />But, O Nanak, such is its beauty that to try to describe it<br style="box-sizing: inherit;" />is to attempt the impossible.”(3) (Kirpal Singh’s Translation)</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="fe9d" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">[(3) Karara Sar: Literally it means, hard as iron; metaphorically, impossible.]</p><p class="pw-post-body-paragraph kh ki is kj b kk kl jt km kn ko jw kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ie bi" data-selectable-paragraph="" id="2f89" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: inherit; color: #292929; font-family: source-serif-pro, Georgia, Cambria, "Times New Roman", Times, serif; font-size: 20px; letter-spacing: -0.003em; line-height: 32px; margin: 2em 0px -0.46em; word-break: break-word;">“Finally, the pilgrim soul reaches Sach Khand or the Abode of Truth. Here complete Oneness is realized and it sees all universes functioning according to His Will in devout awe and adoration. Even remembrance of such a vision is blissful, but the vision itself is such that no eye has ever seen, the heart cannot conceive and the tongue cannot describe.” (Kirpal Singh’s Commentary)</p><p><br /></p><p>RS.</p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-39092007104701381142023-01-17T03:31:00.004-08:002023-01-17T03:31:47.510-08:00The Emergent Phenomenology Research Consortium (EPRC)<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><span style="background-color: white; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;">It is believed that this organisation and the Essentia Foundation drew something of its inspiration from Multi-Dimensional Science. However, they take on a far more academic and more cautious "scientific" approach towards phenomenology as presented in MDS. See </span><a href="https://wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Multi-Dimensional_Science" style="font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;">Multi-Dimensional Science</a><span style="background-color: white; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; text-align: left;"> </span></div><p></p><p><span style="color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></p><p><a href="https://theeprc.org/" style="background-color: white;">https://theeprc.org/</a></p><section class="av_textblock_section av-43d16wk-1a7ae711f35ad5bda3bb4c72c08b8be3" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><div class="avia_textblock" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 1.65em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><p style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">What many might call “spiritual”, “mystical”, “energetic”, etc. experiences and effects, we refer to as <em style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">emergent phenomena</em>. We refer to practices designed to lead to emergent phenomena, such as meditation, psychedelics, yoga, prayer, etc., as <em style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">emergent practices</em>.</p><p style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">As emergent practices continue to scale up in society, our aim is to give health care systems, mental health providers, and those who are helping to teach and promote various practices the information they need in order to make better decisions about how to both promote the benefits of these practices and manage the various effects that they can produce.</span></p><p style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="color: #55606e; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant-caps: inherit; font-variant-ligatures: inherit; font-weight: inherit;">The Emergent Phenomenology Research Consortium’s mission is to use ontologically-agnostic, multidisciplinary, first-person, psychometric, neurophenomenological, biochemical, and clinical scientific methods to conduct studies on emergent practices and phenomena to generate clinically-relevant information that can add value to practitioners, patients, clinicians, and healthcare systems.</span></p><p style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">By finding the skilfull overlap of the perspectives of science, spirituality, religion, clinical medicine, and mental health, we can generate outcomes that are as beneficial as possible for all concerned.</span></p></div></section><div class="hr av-kc7yn16m-3512aaca54065fce608372aff3031475 hr-invisible avia-builder-el-8 el_after_av_textblock avia-builder-el-last " style="background-color: white; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; color: #55606e; float: none; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; height: 20px; line-height: 25px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline; width: 696.953px;"> '''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''''</div><p><span style="color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></span></p><p><span style="background-color: white; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;">The</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span class="tooltipsall tooltipsincontent classtoolTips0" data-hasqtip="0" style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-color: rgb(113, 143, 140); border-image: initial; border-left-style: initial; border-right-style: initial; border-top-style: initial; border-width: 0px 0px 2px; box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline;">Emergent</span><span style="text-align: left;"> </span><span style="text-align: left;">Phenomenology Research Consortium (EPRC) is a multidisciplinary,</span><span style="text-align: left;"> multinational alliance of researchers, clinicians, and patrons who share a vision of bringing scientific methods and clinical sensibilities to the rigorous, ethical, ontologically-agnostic study of emergent phenomena.</span></div></div><p></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emergent Phenomena</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For the moment, and perhaps until we have something better, we use the neutral term “emergent phenomena” to describe a range of effects and experiences, both potentially beneficial and challenging, that would often be referred to as “spiritual”, “mystical”, “energetic”, “magical”, etc. in less scientific and less clinical contexts.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Emergent practices, therapies, and other circumstances likely to yield emergent phenomena, such as meditation, psychedelics, yoga, prayer, and many others are scaling rapidly in many societies, yet clinical medicine and mental health have failed to keep pace with these increasingly popular activities and reports of their diverse effects.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Challenging Emergent Phenomena</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The current state of mainstream functional clinical knowledge of the diagnosis and management of emergent phenomena is inchoate at best and sometimes even counterproductive when it exists at all.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">For example, leading textbooks of emergency medicine and emergency psychiatry don’t mention emergent phenomena at all.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">There are no diagnostic codes in The DSM-5, ICD-10/11, or similar guides in other cultures that are adequate to reflecting the wide range of challenging emergent phenomena.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thus, there are no mainstream standards of care, no trials comparing management strategies, no standard diagnostic criteria or protocols, and no ways to track the incidence, prevalence, and impact, both good and bad, of emergent phenomena on patients, practitioners, healthcare systems, and societies.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span data-position="2001" data-size="281" style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Given the severe knowledge gap we face with regard to emergent phenomena, we’re at risk of violating basic medical and therapeutic ethics when it comes to dealing with these phenomena in practice.</span> There is no way to have an ethical conversation about the risks, benefits, and alternatives of emergent practices and therapies, nor about management strategies for challenging emergent experiences, as these are all functionally unknown to mainstream clinical medicine and mental health.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Desired Emergent Phenomena</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Most people doing emergent practices and other activities likely to yield emergent phenomena have little idea of the full range of experiences and effects, both good and bad, that these practices may produce.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Comparisons of the efficacy of emergent practices and therapies to produce various emergent benefits efficiently and with minimal risks and unwanted side effects are lacking.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">While many remarkable claims for the possible benefits of emergent phenomena have been made for millennia, the full range of what might be possible in human development from emergent practices has yet to be rigorously studied.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Neuroimaging techniques have advanced to the point that they might be able to do what has previously been impossible in human history, namely the objective external measurement of internal states and emergent experiences to understand their underlying mechanisms and pathways and perhaps even verify various claims by emergent practitioners, such as to have attained to various beneficial states or to have somehow altered their perception and consciousness.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">It is likely that biofeedback and other techniques derived from an increased knowledge of the underlying neurophysiology of emergent phenomena will likely be able to significantly enhance the ability to cultivate and sustain beneficial emergent experiences and effects.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">This fundamental and applied scientific work is likely to have significant positive benefits for patients, practitioners, healthcare systems, and societies.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Our Mission</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">The EPRC is dedicated to gathering together scientists, clinicians, therapists, patients, and practitioners, as well as healthcare systems, governments, and other related institutions to finally solve these significant knowledge and practice deficits and to globally distribute this knowledge and communicate and apply that knowledge to promote good clinical, personal, societal, and systems-wide outcomes.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><strong style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Curious?</strong></p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If you are interested in helping with this ethically-mandated, practical, fascinating work, please contact us at <a href="mailto:info@theeprc.org" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">info@theeprc.org</a>.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Thanks very much for your interest and attention.</p><p style="background-color: white; border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #55606e; font-family: georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0.85em 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">If you are interested in reading the complete white paper, hosted on ZenKit Hypernotes to take advantage of its hyperlink, graphical, and filtering capabilities, please click <a href="https://hypernotes.zenkit.com/i/UFIY1UO1cp/84TWK0BwQlq/" rel="noopener" style="border: 0px rgb(113, 143, 140); box-sizing: border-box; color: #246159; font: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">here</a>.</p>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-46312943769341410442023-01-17T03:08:00.005-08:002023-01-17T03:08:38.078-08:00Quantum physics and the first-person perspectiveSeeing | Quantum physics Markus Müller, PhD | 2022-10-23<p> </p><div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " style="background-color: #f9ede7; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Reckless, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><div class="wpb_wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px;"><h2 style="box-sizing: inherit; clear: both; font-family: GT-Cinetype, sans-serif; font-size: calc(2.22222em); font-weight: 500; line-height: 1.2; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px !important;"><br /></h2></div></div><div class="wpb_single_image wpb_content_element vc_align_center mb_20" style="background-color: #f9ede7; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Reckless, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 20px !important; text-align: center;"><figure class="wpb_wrapper vc_figure" style="box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: top;"><div class="vc_single_image-wrapper vc_box_shadow_3d vc_box_border_grey" style="border-radius: 0px; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: inherit; display: inline-block; margin-bottom: 15px; max-width: 100%; position: relative; vertical-align: top; z-index: 0;"><img alt="770-402_BEX_Banner_Essentia Foundation_1920x1080px" class="vc_single_image-img " height="1080" src="https://www.essentiafoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/770-402_BEX_Banner_Essentia-Foundation_1920x1080px.jpg" style="border-radius: 0px; border-style: none; box-shadow: none; box-sizing: inherit; height: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: top;" title="770-402_BEX_Banner_Essentia Foundation_1920x1080px" width="1920" /></div></figure></div><div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element text-big mb_40" style="background-color: #f9ede7; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Reckless, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 40px !important;"><div class="wpb_wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; font-size: 1.33em; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">The Nobel Prize in physics this year (2022) went the scientists who, for over 40 years, have carried out a series of experiments indicating that, contrary to materialist expectations, physical entities do not have standalone existence but are, in fact, products of observation. This result is extraordinarily relevant to our understanding of the nature of reality, and so Essentia Foundation’s conference this year is organized in collaboration with the <a href="https://www.iqoqi-vienna.at/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #cb5c39; outline: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information, Vienna (IQOQI-Vienna)</a>, of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. The <a href="https://www.iqoqi-vienna.at/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #cb5c39; outline: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">IQOQI-Vienna</a> is home to Prof. Anton Zeilinger, one of this year’s Nobel Laureates in physics. The conference will be hosted by <a href="https://www.iqoqi-vienna.at/" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #cb5c39; outline: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">IQOQI-Vienna’</a>s Dr. Markus Müller and feature seven other speakers. You can attend the conference online, for free, without need for registration, by using this link: <a href="https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #cb5c39; outline: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation</a>. So set the dates in your calendars: <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder;">17 and 18 November 2022,</span> between <span style="box-sizing: inherit; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 0px;">2:00pm and 5:45pm</span> (Central European Standard Time, CEST).</p></div></div><div class="vc_empty_space" style="background-color: #f9ede7; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Reckless, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; height: 32px;"><span class="vc_empty_space_inner" style="box-sizing: inherit;"></span></div><div class="wpb_text_column wpb_content_element " style="background-color: #f9ede7; box-sizing: inherit; font-family: Reckless, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-bottom: 0px;"><div class="wpb_wrapper" style="box-sizing: inherit; margin-bottom: 0px;"><p style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px !important; margin-top: 0px;">Classical physics describes the objective and deterministic evolution of a unique external world composed of material entities. One of its main characteristics is to keep the observer out of the description, and this commitment has historically, without doubt, been an important methodological strength. However, quantum physics challenges this commitment: for example, the measurement problem attributes special significance to the act of observation, and Bell’s theorem challenges the assumption that measurements always reveal preexisting properties of the world.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 15px !important; margin-top: 0px;">Are some ‘laws of nature’ better interpreted as agents’ betting strategies than facts of the world? Should we think of quantum theory as relational, and if so, as specifically relative to an observer, as Wigner’s friend-type thought experiments may suggest? At this conference, we will discuss whether, and if so, how, the first-person perspective is an irreducible part of quantum physics, and what this may tell us about the paradigm of materialism.</p><p style="box-sizing: inherit; line-height: 1.5; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">You can watch the conference live via this link: <a href="https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation" rel="noopener" style="background-color: transparent; box-sizing: inherit; color: #cb5c39; margin-bottom: 0px; outline: 0px !important; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">https://webinar.cue-support.nl/essentiafoundation</a>.</p></div></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-2287827543792359482023-01-17T03:03:00.000-08:002023-01-17T03:03:03.988-08:00Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay conducts novel spiritual research<p> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="home" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to Sanatan Sanstha.">Home</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Uniqueness of Sanatan category archives.">Uniqueness of Sanatan</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Spiritual Research category archives.">Spiritual Research</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research/research-regarding-religious-acts" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Research regarding religious acts category archives.">Research regarding religious acts</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research/research-regarding-religious-acts/spiritual-research-regarding-shraddha" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Research regarding Shraddha category archives.">Research regarding Shraddha</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb">Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay conducts novel spiritual research</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-size: 14.45px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">September 1, 2020</span></div></header><div class="social_container" style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><h4 class="share_title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #017dd7; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 4px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;">Share this on :</h4><a class="socialicons twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/109625.html&text=Maharshi%20Adhyatma%20Vishwavidyalay%20conducts%20novel%20spiritual%20research" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/twitter.gif") center top no-repeat rgb(0, 174, 239); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Twitter</a><a class="socialicons whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Maharshi%20Adhyatma%20Vishwavidyalay%20conducts%20novel%20spiritual%20research%20https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/109625.html" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/whatsapp.png") center top no-repeat rgb(82, 209, 0); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Whatsapp</a><a class="socialicons telegram" href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/109625.html&text=Maharshi%20Adhyatma%20Vishwavidyalay%20conducts%20novel%20spiritual%20research" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/telegram.png") center top no-repeat rgb(97, 168, 222); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Telegram</a><a class="socialicons koo" href="https://www.kooapp.com/create?title=Maharshi%20Adhyatma%20Vishwavidyalay%20conducts%20novel%20spiritual%20research&link=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/109625.html" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/koo.png") center top no-repeat rgb(251, 206, 1); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Koo</a></div><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">Scientific research conducted by Maharshi<br />Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay using Universal Aura Scanner (UAS)</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><img alt="" class="wp-image-109626 aligncenter lazyloaded" data-src="https://static.sanatan.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/09/05171109/RS41770_shraddha.jpg" decoding="async" height="457" src="https://static.sanatan.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2020/09/05171109/RS41770_shraddha.jpg" style="clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;" width="385" /></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">Many positive changes taking place in the pinda for the<br />ancestors upon performing <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="0" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual during the Pitrupaksha</h2><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The young generation of the present scientific age has misconceptions about the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="1" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual (A special ritual performed for the departed ancestors). They consider it unscientific and unrealistic presentation of <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-2" data-hasqtip="2" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Karmakanda</span> (Spiritual practice of rites, rituals and observances). People who do not believe in ritualistic worship or <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="3" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span>-paksha or those who believe that only social work is superior, say that instead of performing <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="4" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> for ancestors, we will donate food to the poor or help some school.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The Indian culture says that just as we care for our parents and our loved ones when they are alive, we have a duty towards them even after their death. The <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="5" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual gives us an opportunity to fulfil this duty and thus, repay the debt unto the ancestors. To scientifically study what is the effect on the pinda (Balls of rice used in the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="6" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual) during the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="7" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual during Pitrupaksha, an experiment was conducted on 27.9.2018 in Sanatan’s <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-94" data-hasqtip="8" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ashram</span> at Ramnathi, Goa, by Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay (MAV) using Universal Aura Scanner (UAS). The nature of this experiment, the readings and their analysis are given ahead.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">1. Nature of the experiment</h2><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">UAS readings of the pindas used in the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="9" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual were recorded before and after the ritual. A comparative study was done.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">2. What is a pinda ?</h2><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Pindas are smooth balls of the size of lemons made by mixing sesame water, vada and kheer (A liquidy sweet dish) with cooked rice and kneading them together, so that they do not break or crack. It is customary to make slightly larger pindas for the triad of ancestors. This custom is a symbol of gratitude. The Scriptures say that small portions of the food cooked on this day should be incorporated into the pinda.’ (Reference : Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Importance of <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="10" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> and its underlying Science’)</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note for the readers :</span> Due to space constraints, introduction to the UAS device, components of the experiment through the device and their description, measuring the aura of the component, method of testing and precautionary measures taken to ensure uniformity in the experiment are given on the Sanatan Sanstha’s website – <a href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/universal-scanner" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">goo.gl/tBjGXa</a>. Some letters in this link are capitalized.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3. Readings and their analysis</h2><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3 A. Analysis of the records pertaining to negative energy –</h3><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Complete absence of negative energy in the pinda</h6><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The negative energies (Infrared and Ultraviolet) were not found in the pinda before or after the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="11" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3 B. Analysis of the records pertaining to positive energy</h3><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">3 B 1. Large amount positive energy present in the pindas even before the Shraddha ritual increased further after the ritual</h6><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Not all people, premises or objects necessarily have positive energy. There was positive energy in the pindas even before commencing the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="12" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. This was indicated by the arms of the UA scanner opening 1800 during the reading taken before commencing the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="13" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. Hence, we were able to measure the aura of the positive energy in the pinda. It was 1.7 metres. The aura of the positive energy in the pinda measured 2 metres after the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="14" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual, showing an increase of 0.3 metres.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3 C. Analysis of the readings pertaining to the total aura</h3><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">3 C 1. Increase in the total aura of the pinda after the Shraddha ritual</h6><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The total aura for an average individual or an object is approximately 1 metre. The total aura for the pinda before the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="15" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual was 2.60 metres. This means that it was much more than that of an average object. The total aura of the pinda after the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="16" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual measured 3.6 metres, indicating an increase of 1 metre.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Spiritual analysis of all the above mentioned points is given in Point 4.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4. Spiritual analysis of the recorded reading</h2><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4 A. Importance of Pindadan (Offering of pindas) during the Shraddha ritual</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Pindadan carries a lot of importance in the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="17" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. Pindas are made of cooked rice. When the rice is cooked, the Raja component in it increases. It becomes easier for a subtle-body to enter the environment around this Raja predominant pinda. Thus, the subtle body benefits from the environment charged with the recitation of mantras and obtains subtle strength, making it easier for the subtle-body to gain further momentum.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">(Ref. : Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Spiritual science underlying the rituals performed during <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="18" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span>’)</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4 B. As a result of the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="19" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual, a protective sheath develops around the<br />subtle-body of the pitar (Deceased ancestor) which helps it in gaining further momentum</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The waves generated through the mantras recited during the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="20" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span>, blessings of Brahmans, goodwill of relatives, Pindadan and other such ritualistic worship yield extraordinary results, which cannot be explained logically. <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="21" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> creates a protective sheath around the subtle-body of the pitar which helps it in gaining further momentum. These rituals provide benefits in the Hell region, the Nether region, the region of pitars and Heaven.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4 C. pitars they remain satisfied throughout the year</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">If Mahalaya <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="22" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">shraddha</span> is performed for the pitars during this fortnight, they remain satisfied throughout the year, and the family members get their blessings too.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">(Ref.: Sanatan’s Spiritual text – ‘Importance of <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="23" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> and its underlying science’)</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4 D. Positive energy and total measured aura of pindas increasing<br />due to the blessings of ancestors obtained after performing the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="24" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; font-weight: 400; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">An increase in the aura of positive energy and the total measured aura of the pindas was observed in the readings of the pindas taken after performing the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="25" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. This means that the pindas were charged with positive energy due to the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="26" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. The readings before the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="27" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual were taken at 3.50 p.m. and those after the ritual were taken at 8.15 p.m. In the interim four and half hours, the pindas had become stale. Pindas are made of cooked rice. Fresh food is <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-39" data-hasqtip="28" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvik</span>. As the food becomes stale, the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-0" data-hasqtip="30" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvikata</span> in it decreases. So, it was expected that after four and half hours, the positive energy and the aura of the pinda would reduce. On the contrary, the increase in the positive energy and aura in the pinda indicates a positive effect of the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="31" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual on the pindas. The positive effect observed on the pindas was due to the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="32" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> rituals performed and the blessings obtained from the ancestors.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4 E. Other components that assist in making the Shraddha ritual effective</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">1. <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="33" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> was performed in the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-39" data-hasqtip="34" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvik</span> environment of the Sanatan <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-94" data-hasqtip="36" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ashram</span>.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">2. The priest performing the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="37" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual, Shri. Damodar Vaze Guruji, performs regular spiritual practice and is at the spiritual level of 61%.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note – Importance of 61% spiritual level :</span> <span style="border: 0px; color: blue; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">If it is assumed that the spiritual level of God is 100% and that of an inanimate object is 1%, then the spiritual level of an average human being in today’s times is 20%. An individual at this spiritual level thinks only about his own happiness-sorrow. He has nothing to do with the society and his line of thinking is – ‘I do everything’. When the spiritual level reaches 30%, the individual begins to accept God’s existence to a little extent and starts performing spiritual practice and <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-36" data-hasqtip="38" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">seva</span>. When the attraction to Maya (Worldly life) and Spirituality is the same, the individual reaches the spiritual level of 50%. When the spiritual level reaches 60%, the individual begins to detach himself from Maya. Dissolution of his mind commences and he can imbibe the thoughts from the Universal Mind. After death, such an individual is freed from the bondage of life-death and gets a place in Maharlok (The fourth higher positive subtle region of the Universe).</span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; color: blue; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">– Paratpar Guru (Dr.) Athavale</span></span></p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">From all the above points, it is observed that there is increase in the aura of positive energy and the total measured aura of the pinda after the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="39" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual. This scientific experiment proves that the <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-33" data-hasqtip="40" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Shraddha</span> ritual is not fabricated but has an underlying spiritual science.</p><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">– Dr. (Mrs.) Nandini Samant, Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay, Goa. (2.10.2018)</h6><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">E-mail :</span> <span style="border: 0px; color: blue; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">mav.research2014@gmail.com </span></p><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Source : Dainik Sanatan Prabhat</h6></div>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6558308702799546175.post-20183249041049166782023-01-17T02:59:00.000-08:002023-01-17T02:59:00.847-08:00Spiritual features of a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker as part of her spiritual practice, meaning, ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’<p> <span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="home" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to Sanatan Sanstha.">Home</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Uniqueness of Sanatan category archives.">Uniqueness of Sanatan</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Spiritual Research category archives.">Spiritual Research</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb"><a class="taxonomy category" href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research/regarding-spirituality" property="v:title" rel="v:url" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;" title="Go to the Research regarding Spirituality category archives.">Research regarding Spirituality</a></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">></span><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"> </span><span style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" typeof="v:Breadcrumb">Spiritual features of a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker as part of her spiritual practice, meaning, ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’</span></p><header class="entry-header" style="font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; overflow-wrap: break-word;"><h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline" style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 30px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 300; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><br /></h1><div class="entry-meta" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-size: 14.45px; line-height: 1.5; margin: 0.5em 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">January 1, 2019</span></div></header><div class="social_container" style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 20px 0px; overflow: auto; padding: 0px;"><a class="socialicons twitter" href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/98878.html&text=Spiritual%20features%20of%20a%20subtle%20picture%20drawn%20by%20an%20artist%20lady-seeker%20as%20part%20of%20her%20spiritual%20practice,%20meaning,%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20God-realisation%E2%80%99%20and%20not%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20art%E2%80%99" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/twitter.gif") center top no-repeat rgb(0, 174, 239); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Twitter</a><a class="socialicons whatsapp" href="https://api.whatsapp.com/send?text=Spiritual%20features%20of%20a%20subtle%20picture%20drawn%20by%20an%20artist%20lady-seeker%20as%20part%20of%20her%20spiritual%20practice,%20meaning,%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20God-realisation%E2%80%99%20and%20not%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20art%E2%80%99%20https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/98878.html" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/whatsapp.png") center top no-repeat rgb(82, 209, 0); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Whatsapp</a><a class="socialicons telegram" href="https://telegram.me/share/url?url=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/98878.html&text=Spiritual%20features%20of%20a%20subtle%20picture%20drawn%20by%20an%20artist%20lady-seeker%20as%20part%20of%20her%20spiritual%20practice,%20meaning,%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20God-realisation%E2%80%99%20and%20not%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20art%E2%80%99" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/telegram.png") center top no-repeat rgb(97, 168, 222); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Telegram</a><a class="socialicons koo" href="https://www.kooapp.com/create?title=Spiritual%20features%20of%20a%20subtle%20picture%20drawn%20by%20an%20artist%20lady-seeker%20as%20part%20of%20her%20spiritual%20practice,%20meaning,%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20God-realisation%E2%80%99%20and%20not%20%E2%80%98Art%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20art%E2%80%99&link=https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/98878.html" style="background: url("//www.sanatan.org/en/../wp-content/plugins/socail-media-plugin/image/koo.png") center top no-repeat rgb(251, 206, 1); border-radius: 4px; border: 0px; color: rgb(255, 255, 255) !important; display: inline-block; float: left; height: 28px; line-height: 28px; margin: 8px 8px 4px 0px; padding: 4px 15px; text-decoration-line: none !important; text-indent: -9999px; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s; width: 36px;" target="_blank">Koo</a><h4 class="share_title" style="border: 0px; clear: both; color: #017dd7; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin-bottom: 4px !important; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px; padding: 0px;">Share this on :</h4></div><div class="entry-content" itemprop="text" style="border: 0px; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 2em 0px 0px; padding: 0px !important;"><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">Scientific experiment conducted by Maharshi Adhyatma<br />Vishwavidyalay using ‘PIP’ (Polycontrast Interference hotography) technology</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">‘Subtle’ is that which is beyond the comprehension of the five gross sense organs (Nose, tongue, eyes, skin and ears), mind and intellect. ‘Subtle world’ is that which cannot be comprehended by the five gross sense organs, but its existence can be experienced. After studying the pictures and sculptures in ancient structures such as caves, pyramids, religious places, mansions, etc. we realise that almost all cultures in the world have curiosity about the subtle world. ‘Subtle pictures’ satisfy this curiosity to some extent. ‘Subtle picture’ or ‘Picture based on subtle knowledge’ is a drawing made on paper by an individual who has subtle perception ability to depict the spiritual phenomenon he perceives and sees with his subtle vision about a specific subject. Some artists draw subtle pictures with a commercial intent; whereas, some draw them as hobby. One artist lady-seeker began to draw subtle pictures as a part of her spiritual practice under the guidance of a Guru. On 6.10.2017, an experiment was conducted at Sanatan’s <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-94" data-hasqtip="0" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ashram</span> in Ramnathi, Goa using the PIP (Polycontrast Interference Photography) technology to study the changes that have taken place in the vibrations emitting from a subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker due to the spiritual practice she performs. PIP technology is useful in studying the energy field (Aura) around an object and individual. The observations of this experiment and their analysis are given ahead.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">1. Nature of the experiment</h2><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In this experiment, a blank sheet of paper was placed on the table and a photo of the environment was clicked by using PIP technology. This is termed as the ‘Baseline reading’. Then, one-by-one, PIP photos of a subtle picture drawn by a commercial artist, a subtle picture drawn by an artist lady-seeker before she commenced spiritual practice and a subtle picture of a Saint drawn by the same artist lady-seeker 10 years after commencing spiritual practice under the guidance of the Guru were clicked after placing them on a table. A comparative study of these photos helped us understand the impact of vibrations emitting from these three subtle pictures on the environment.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">2. Information about the subtle pictures used in the experiment</h2><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">2A. A subtle picture drawn by an artist with a commercial intent</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">This subtle picture drawn by an artist with a commercial intent is of an energy from the subtle world.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">2B. Subtle picture drawn as part of her art by<br />an artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">This subtle picture is drawn by artist lady-seeker Mrs. Yoya Vallee (Now H.H. [Mrs.] Yoya Vallee) as part of her art in 1999 before commencing spiritual practice. The subtle picture is of some energy from the subtle world.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">2C. Subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker in obedience to the<br />Guru 10 years after commencing spiritual practice under the guidance of the Guru</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">This subtle picture of a Saint is drawn by artist lady-seeker Mrs. Yoya Vallee in 2009 in obedience to and under the guidance of her Guru 10 years after commencing spiritual practice.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><img alt="" class="size-full wp-image-98879 aligncenter lazyloaded" data-src="https://www.sanatan.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/01/PIP_art_650.jpg" decoding="async" height="1068" src="https://www.sanatan.org/en/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2019/01/PIP_art_650.jpg" style="clear: both; display: block; height: auto; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;" width="650" /></h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3. The observations and their analysis</h2><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3A. Baseline reading</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Proportion of positive vibrations being higher in Sanatan <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-94" data-hasqtip="1" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ashram</span> due to its <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-39" data-hasqtip="2" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvik</span> environment : In the aura of the Baseline reading (Meaning, in the aura of the environment noticed before setting the experiment samples on the table) the total positive vibrations were 68% and total negative vibrations were 32%.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-70" data-hasqtip="4" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Kaliyug</span>, the proportion of emission of negative vibrations from a common premises is higher than that of positive vibrations.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">This experiment was conducted in the very <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-39" data-hasqtip="5" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvik</span> Sanatan <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-94" data-hasqtip="7" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ashram</span>; therefore, during the Baseline reading (Before placing the subtle pictures for the experiment) the proportion of total positive vibrations in the aura of the environment was higher than that of the total negative vibrations. In the readings given ahead, auras of the samples used in the experiment are compared with the aura of the ‘Baseline reading’.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3B. Due to the subtle picture drawn by an artist with a<br />commercial intent, the proportion of positive vibrations and<br />Chaitanya (Divine consciousness) in the environment reducing</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In the aura of this picture, total positive vibrations were 62% and total negative vibrations were 38%. This means the positive vibrations in the aura of this picture had reduced by 6% when compared with the Baseline reading. In the aura of the Baseline reading, the yellow of Chaitanya was 26%; whereas, in the aura of this subtle picture it was 10%. From this it becomes clear that the proportion of Chaitanya in this subtle picture drawn by the commercial artist reduced greatly. In short, due to this subtle picture, proportion of negative vibrations in the environment increased and proportion of positive vibrations reduced; additionally, proportion of the emission of Chaitanya also reduced when compared with the Baseline reading.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3C. Due to the subtle picture drawn as part of her art by<br />the artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice, the<br />proportion of positive vibrations and Chaitanya in the environment reducing</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In the aura of the picture drawn as part of her art by an artist lady-seeker before commencing spiritual practice, the total positive vibrations were 64% and total negative vibrations were 36%. In the aura of this picture, the yellow of Chaitanya was 13%, which means it had reduced when compared with the yellow of Chaitanya (26%) in the Baseline reading. From this it becomes clear that due to this subtle picture, the proportion of positive vibrations and Chaitanya in the environment reduced. (Here, the PIP Photo is not provided since it is similar to Photo number 2.)</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">3D. Due to the subtle picture drawn by the<br />artist lady-seeker in obedience to her Guru, 10<br />years after commencing spiritual practice under the<br />guidance of her Guru, the proportion of positive vibrations<br />and proportion of vibrations of purity and haitanya significantly<br />increasing and proportion of negative vibrations significantly reducing</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In the aura of the subtle picture drawn by the artist lady-seeker in obedience to her Guru, 10 years after commencing spiritual practice and under the guidance of her Guru, the total positive vibrations were 77% and negative vibrations were 23%. In the aura of this subtle picture, the yellow of Chaitanya was 44%, which means it had significantly increased when compared with the yellow of Chaitanya (26%) in the Baseline reading.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Additionally, in the aura of this subtle picture, pastel blue which indicates the presence of superior level positive vibrations (Purity and sanctity) than the yellow of Chaitanya was visible to the extent of 10%. In short, we understood that due to this subtle picture, the proportion of positive vibrations, as also the proportion of purity and Chaitanya in the environment significantly increased when compared with the Baseline reading.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The spiritual analysis of all the above observations is given in the ‘Point 4’.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"> </p><h2 style="border: 0px; color: #fc3400; font-family: inherit; font-size: 24px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;"><span style="border: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4. Spiritual analysis of the observations</span></h2><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4A. The reason underlying the phenomenon of emission<br />of moderate level positive vibrations from the subtle picture<br />drawn by a commercial artist and the subtle picture drawn by<br />an artist lady-seeker as art before commencing her spiritual practice</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">A principle in Spirituality states that ‘Word, touch, form, taste, fragrance and their energies co-exist’. Accordingly, the vibrations (Energy) co-existed with the subtle pictures (Form) drawn by both the artists. The vibrations in any picture drawn by an artist depend on various factors such as intention with which the picture has been drawn, subject of the picture, whether or not the artist is performing spiritual practice, the artist’s individual spiritual practice and the Guru’s guidance to the artist performing spiritual practice, etc.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The commercial artist had drawn the subtle picture with the intention of gaining wealth and fame; whereas, the artist lady-seeker, Mrs. Yoya Vallee, had drawn the subtle picture only as her art before commencing spiritual practice. The subject of both the subtle pictures was – ‘Energy from the subtle world’. Both the artists were not performing spiritual practice. In short, the intent of both the artists in drawing these subtle pictures was worldly and both lacked the foundation of spiritual practice; therefore, moderate level positive vibrations were emitting from their subtle pictures.</p><h3 style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; font-family: inherit; font-size: 20px; font-style: inherit; line-height: 1.2em; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">4B. Emission of superior level positive<br />vibrations from the subtle picture drawn under<br />the guidance of the Guru by the artist lady-seeker 10 years after<br />commencing spiritual practice being the outcome of her spiritual practice</h3><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">The artist lady-seeker, Mrs. Yoya Vallee, commenced spiritual practice in 1999. Realising her exceptional subtle perception ability, Paratpar Guru (Dr.) Athavale guided her on ‘Art for God-realisation’ and not ‘Art for the sake of art’. He gave her the knowledge on how a subtle picture can be illusory, imaginary, artistic or true. In short, due to the Guru’s guidance, this lady seeker’s spiritual practice got the right direction at the right time. She continued her spiritual practice with yearning.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">While performing the satseva of drawing the subtle pictures as part of her spiritual practice, her <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-0" data-hasqtip="8" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvikata</span> (Spiritual purity) increased and she progressed spiritually. As she progressed spiritually, the accuracy of the subtle pictures drawn by her began to increase. After performing spiritual practice for 10 years in this manner in obedience to her Guru, she drew a subtle picture of a Saint. This picture was used in this experiment. Hence, this picture (drawn by her as a part of her spiritual practice) emitted superior level positive vibrations in significantly high proportion when compared with the subtle picture drawn by her 10 years earlier. This happened because of her spiritual practice and her Guru’s blessings.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">In the next few years, this lady-seeker progressed spiritually and attained Sainthood.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Seeker-artists who draw pictures as a part of their spiritual practice for God-realisation, meaning, who draw with a <span class="explanatory-dictionary-highlight" data-definition="explanatory-dictionary-definition-39" data-hasqtip="9" style="border-bottom: none; border-image: initial; border-left: 0px; border-right: 0px; border-top: 0px; color: #750909; cursor: help; font-style: italic; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">sattvik</span> intent, progress spiritually. Society receives unique knowledge and guidance from their drawings. Spiritually beneficial vibrations are emitted by such pictures. Conversely, society does not benefit spiritually from the pictures drawn as a hobby or with a commercial intent. According to authorities in Spirituality, in the absence of the foundation obtained from spiritual practice, subtle-artists can experience distress caused by negative energies.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">Hence, it is necessary for artists to perform spiritual practice and seek guidance of a Guru.</p><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">– Mr. Rupesh Laxman Redkar, Maharshi Adhyatma Vishwavidyalay, Goa. (14.2.2018)</h6><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">E-mail :</span> savv.research@gmail.com</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note 1 :</span> While comparing PIP Photos 2 & 4 with the Baseline aura (PIP Photo 1), the colours of the area specifically covered by the Photo and table have not been taken into consideration as the PIP technology primarily measures the Aura around an object or a person.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Note 2 :</span> In a PIP Photo, if light green or pastel blue that represent superior level positive vibrations are seen, the proportions of yellow, dark green or green that represent moderate level positive vibrations reduce or these colours completely vanish. This is considered to be a good sign; because, then, the moderate level vibrations have been replaced by superior level vibrations.</p><p style="border: 0px; margin: 0px 0px 1.5em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;"><span style="border: 0px; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">‘Subtle world’ is that which cannot be comprehended by the five gross sense organs, but its existence can be experienced !</span></p><h6 style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 17px; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px 0px 20px; padding: 0px;">Source : Dainik Sanatan Prabhat</h6><div class="promotional_text" style="border: 0px; margin: 10px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"></div></div><footer aria-label="Entry meta" class="entry-meta" style="color: #1e73be; font-family: "open sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14.45px; line-height: 1.5; margin-top: 2em;"><span class="cat-links" style="border: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span class="screen-reader-text" style="border: 0px; clip-path: inset(50%); clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow-wrap: normal !important; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; position: absolute !important; width: 1px;">Categories</span><a href="https://www.sanatan.org/en/a/category/uniqueness-of-sanatan/spiritual-research/regarding-spirituality" rel="category tag" style="border: 0px; color: #1e73be; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s, background-color 0.1s ease-in-out 0s;">Research regarding Spirituality</a></span></footer>Robert Searlehttp://www.blogger.com/profile/15492364980305779010noreply@blogger.com0