Wednesday 13 November 2013

List of Religions and Spiritual Traditions


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Religion is a collection of cultural systems, belief systems, and worldviews that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes, to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system".[1] A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category".[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with faith or belief system, but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or scriptures. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerary services, matrimonial services, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture.
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[3] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[4] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.


Abrahamic religions[edit]

A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.

Babism[edit]

Bahá'í Faith[edit]

Christianity[edit]

Catholicism
Protestantism
Eastern Orthodoxy
Other Eastern Churches

Other groups[edit]

Druze[edit]

Gnosticism[edit]

Persian Gnosticism
Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism

Islam[edit]

Kalam Schools
Kharijite
Shia Islam
Sufism
Sunni Islam
Quraniyoon
Black Muslims
Ahmadiyya
Other Islamic Groups

Judaism[edit]

Rabbinic Judaism
Karaite Judaism
Falasha or Beta Israel
Modern Non-Rabbinic Judaism
Historical groups

Rastafari movement[edit]

Black Hebrew Israelites[edit]

Mandaeans and Sabians[edit]

Samaritanism[edit]

Shabakism[edit]

Indian religions[edit]

Indian religions, also known as dharmic religions, are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism and religions and traditions related to, and descended from, them.

Ayyavazhi[edit]

Bhakti movement[edit]

Buddhism[edit]

Din-i-Ilahi[edit]

Hinduism[edit]

Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy

Jainism[edit]

Meivazhi[edit]

Sikhism[edit]

Iranian religions[edit]

Manichaeism[edit]

Mazdakism[edit]

Mithraism[edit]

Yazdânism[edit]

Zoroastrianism / Parsi[edit]

East Asian religions[edit]

Confucianism[edit]

Shinto[edit]

Taoism[edit]

Other[edit]

African diasporic religions[edit]

African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.

Indigenous traditional religions[edit]

Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified "Pagan", but scholars prefer the terms "indigenous/primal/folk/ethnic religions".

African[edit]

West Africa
Central Africa
East Africa
Southern Africa

American[edit]

Eurasian[edit]

Asian
European

Oceania/Pacific[edit]

Cargo cults[edit]

Historical polytheism[edit]

Ancient Near Eastern[edit]

Indo-European[edit]

Hellenistic[edit]

Mysticism and Occult[edit]

Esotericism and mysticism[edit]

Occult and magic[edit]

Neopaganism[edit]

Syncretic[edit]

Ethnic[edit]

New religious movements[edit]

Creativity[edit]

New Thought[edit]

Shinshukyo[edit]

Left-hand path religions[edit]

Fictional religions[edit]

Parody or mock religions[edit]

Others[edit]

Other categorisations[edit]

By demographics[edit]

By area[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
  2. Jump up ^ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
  3. Jump up ^ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
  4. Jump up ^ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
  5. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1073. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  6. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  7. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  8. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  9. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
  10. ^ Jump up to: a b "Welcome to Jainworld - Jain Sects - tirthankaras, jina, sadhus, sadhvis, 24 tirthankaras, digambara sect, svetambar sect, Shraman Dharma, Nirgranth Dharma". Jainworld.com. Retrieved 2012-04-24. 
  11. Jump up ^ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York, New York: Routledge, pp. 279–280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
  12. Jump up ^ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0

External links[edit]

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