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For other uses, see Huna (disambiguation).
Huna is a Hawaiian word adopted by Max Freedom Long (1890–1971) in 1936 to describe his theory of metaphysics which he linked to ancient Hawaiian kahuna (experts). It is part of the New Age movement.Contents |
[edit] History
Long went to Hawaii in 1917 to work as an elementary school teacher, and became interested in the religious beliefs and practices of the kahunas, but none talked to him so he was unable to penetrate to the inner workings of this religion. He left Hawaii in 1931, convinced that he would never learn these secrets. In 1934, he woke with a revelation that the secrets were encoded into the Hawaiian language itself. He called the religious system he developed from this revelation 'Huna' (the Hawaiian word for secret), and wrote his first book in 1936 to chronicle his discoveries. In 1945 he founded Huna Research. In 1953, he published The Secret Science at Work as a Huna textbook, and in 1965 The Huna Codes in Religions, examining parallels to Huna in religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Christianity.[1][edit] Principles and beliefs
Huna emphasizes practical living and harmony with three levels of consciousness or selves.[1] Long claimed that a low, middle, and higher self were recognized by the kahunas.[2] He called these selves the unihipili (subconscious, inner, emotional, intuitive), uhane (waking consciousness, rational) and aumakua (super-conscious, connection with the divine).[3] Huna changes the Hawaiian concept of mana, (privileged as a divine power in traditional Hawaiian belief), and views it as a vitalizing life force, which can, with knowledge of the three selves, be used to heal body and mind and achieve life goals.[1]He believed he discovered an ancient Truth, not just about Hawaiian spirituality but linking back to mother India and ancient Egypt. He thought Hawaiians were one of the lost tribes of Israel. He wrote that spiritual adepts migrated to Hawai‘i from Egypt, passing on to the priests of India some of their basic beliefs.[4]
Long linked Huna to New Thought movements of the time. He wrote that the Christian Scientists understood positive thinking better than any group he knew,[5] and encouraged his readers to subscribe to Unity Church’s magazine, Daily Word.[6] Later Huna teachers have placed it firmly in the New Age, with Serge King referring to Hawaiians as originally aliens from the Pleiades and as remnants of the mythical advanced civilizations of Mu or Lemuria,[7] and Pila Chiles associating the islands with chakras, vortexes and lay lines.[8]
Serge King named the three selves "Ku," "Lono," and "Kane," and articulated seven principles of Huna:[9]
- IKE (ee-kay) - The world is what you think it is.
- KALA - There are no limits.
- MAKIA (mah-kee-ah) - Energy flows where attention goes.
- MANAWA (man-ah-wah) - Now is the moment of power.
- ALOHA - To love is to be happy with (someone or something).
- MANA - All power comes from within.
- PONO - Effectiveness is the measure of truth.
Rima Morrell has written that one who truly practices Huna, has the ability to influence consciousness. The consciousness is not restricted to human consciousness, but may include that of animals, rocks, everything in the world around us both seen and unseen, therefore can include gods and goddess (akua) and the spirits of the departed ('aumakua) who often appear in the form of animals.[11]
[edit] Relationship to traditional Hawaiian beliefs
Max Freedom Long wrote that he obtained many of his case studies and his ideas about what to look for in kahuna magic from the Director of the Bishop Museum in Honolulu, William Brigham. There is no credible evidence that the two men met. Even if they did, Brigham was not an expert on kahunas and did not document in his own writings any of the incidents Long ascribed to him, including walking on hot lava. In his letters and manuscripts, Brigham stated that Hawaiians were "an inferior race," and implied they were lazy. He referred to Queen Lili'uokalani as a "she devil," "squaw," and "nigger."[12]Native Hawaiian scholar Charles Kenn, a Living Treasure of Hawai'i recognized in the Hawaiian community as a kahuna and expert in Hawaiian history and traditions,[13] was friendly with Max Freedom Long but said, “While this Huna study is an interesting study, … it is not, and never was Hawaiian.” [14]
Hawaiian author Pali Jae Lee, a research librarian at the Bishop Museum, conducted extensive research on Max Freedom Long and Huna. She concluded, based on her interviews with Hawaiian elders, "Huna is not Hawaiian." Lee cites Theodore Kelsey, a Living Treasure of Hawai'i renowned for his work as a Hawaiian translator who wrote a letter to Long in 1936 (now in the Hawai'i State Archives) criticizing his use of the terms "unihipili" and "aumakua."[14][15]
Professor Lisa Kahaleole Hall writes that Huna "bears absolutely no resemblance to any Hawaiian worldview or spiritual practice" and calls it part of the "New Age spiritual industry."[16]
Huna books are "examples of cultural appropriation." [17]
According to the standard Pukui and Elbert Hawaiian dictionary, 'unihipili are the spirits of deceased persons, 'uhane is a soul, spirit or ghost, and 'aumakua are family or personal gods, deified ancestors who might assume the shape of animals. Kū, Lono and Kāne are Hawaiian gods.[18]
In the Hawaiian language, the term kahuna is used for any expert. Kahuna include experts in diagnosing illness, herbal medicine, canoe building, temple building, wood carving, star-gazing, agriculture, and others.[19]
[edit] Organizations
Huna Research Inc was founded by Long in 1945. On his death in 1971, he was succeeded as its head by Dr. E Otha Wingo (in accordance with a request by Long), and moved its headquarters to Missouri, where Wingo was a professor. It has fellowships in Canada, Australia, England, Germany and Switzerland, in addition to the United States.[1]Huna International was formed as a religious order in 1973 by King. It has three branches: Aloha International, Voices of the Earth and Finding Each Other International.[1]
[edit] See also
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e Lewis, James (2002). The Encyclopedia of Cults, Sects, and New Religions. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. pp. 406–407. ISBN 1-57392-888-7.
- ^ Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2001). "Huna". Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 1 (5 ed.). Gale Research. p. 755. ISBN 0-8103-9489-8.
- ^ Long(1954) pp. 14-15
- ^ Long(1954) pp125-126
- ^ Long(1954) p364
- ^ Long(1954) p366
- ^ King, Serge Kahili (1985). Kahuna Healing. Theosophical Society. pp. 10–11. ISBN 0-8356-0572-8.
- ^ Chiles, Pila (1995). Secrets and Mysteries of Hawaii. Health Communications. pp. 51, 71. ISBN 1-55874-362-6.
- ^ King, Serge Kahili (1990). Urban Shaman. Simon & Schuster. pp. 52–81. ISBN 0-671-68307-1.
- ^ Serge King'S Biodata, Aloha International
- ^ Morrell, Rima (2005). The Sacred Power of Huna: Spirituality and Shamanism in Hawaii. Inner Traditions. ISBN 1-59477-009-3.
- ^ Chai, Makana Risser. "Huna, Max Freedom Long, and the Idealization of William Brigham," The Hawaiian Journal of History, Vol. 45 (2011) pp. 101-121
- ^ Stone, Scott S.C. (2000). Living Treasures of Hawaii 25th Anniversary of the Selections of Outstanding Persons as Honored by The Honpa Honwanji Mission of Hawai'i. Honolulu: Island Heritage. pp. 24.
- ^ a b Lee, Pali Jae (1999). Ho`opono. Honolulu: Night Rainbow Publishing. pp. 56. ISBN 9628030-0-7.
- ^ Lee, Pali Jae (2007). Ho`opono - Revised Edition: The Hawaiian Way to Put Things Back in Balance. Mountain View, HI: IM Publishing. pp. 89–93. ISBN 978-0-9677253-7-6.
- ^ "'Hawaiian at Heart' and Other Fictions," The Contemporary Pacific, Volume 17, Number 2, 404-413, © 2005 by University of Hawai'i Press http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/13881/v17n2-404-413-dialogue2.pdf?sequence=1
- ^ Chai, p. 102
- ^ Pukui, Mary Kawena; Samuel H. Elbert (1986). Hawaiian Dictionary. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-0703-0.
- ^ Kamakau, Samuel. The People of Old: Ka Po'e Kahiko, (Bishop Museum Press,1991) pp. 6-7
[edit] References
- Long, Max Freedom (2009) [1954]. The Secret Science Behind Miracles. Wildside Press. ISBN 1-4344-0499-4.
[edit] Further reading
- Helwig, David (2001). Jacqueline Longe. ed. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. 2 (2 ed.). Gale Group. pp. 1011–1012. ISBN 0-7876-5001-3.
- James, Matthew B. (2010). The Foundation of Huna: Ancient Wisdom for Modern Times. Kona University Press. ISBN 0-9845107-0-2.
- King, Serge Kahili (1983). Kahuna Healing: Holistic Health and Healing Practices of Polynesia. Quest Books. ISBN 0-8356-0572-8.
- King, Serge Kahili (1985). Mastering Your Hidden Self: A Guide to the Huna Way. Quest Books. ISBN 0-8356-0591-4.
- King, Serge Kahili (2008). Huna: Ancient Hawaiian Secrets for Modern Living. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 1-58270-201-2.
- Long, Max Freedom (2006) [1955]. Growing into the Light. DeVorss. ISBN 1-4254-6352-5.
- Long, Max Freedom (1965). Huna Code in Religion. DeVorss.
- Long, Max Freedom (1975) [1945]. Introduction to Huna. Esoteric Publications. ISBN 0-89861-004-4.
- Melton, J. Gordon, ed. (2001). "Huna". Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 1 (5 ed.). Gale Research. pp. 934–935. ISBN 0-8103-9489-8.
- Lynch, Frederick R. (Sep., 1979). ""Occult Establishment" or "Deviant Religion"? The Rise and Fall of a Modern Church of Magic.". Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion (Society for the Scientific Study of Religion) 18 (3): 281–298.
- Paltin, S. J. (1986). "Huna of Hawaii: a system of psychological theory and practice". Hawaii Medical Journal 45 (7): 213–4, 217–8.
- Wingo, E. Otha (1973). Huna Psychology. Huna Press.
- The Big Lebowski and the Big Kahuna: Dudeism and Hawaiian Mysticism - Article breaking down the seven principles of Huna and comparing them with the modern spiritual movement of Dudeism.
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