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Peter Hurkos (born
Pieter van der Hurk on 21 May 1911 in
Dordrecht, the
Netherlands; died 1 June 1988 in
Los Angeles,
California) was a
Dutchman who allegedly manifested
extra-sensory perception (ESP) after recovering from a head injury and coma caused by a fall from a ladder when aged 30.
[1][2] During
World War II, he was a member of the
Dutch Resistance and was imprisoned in
Buchenwald. With the help of businessman Henry Belk and
parapsychologist Andrija Puharich, Hurkos became a popular entertainer known for performing psychic feats before
live and television audiences.
Hurkos once described his psychic impressions in this way: "I see pictures in my mind like a television screen. When I touch something, I can then tell what I see."
[3]
[edit] Testing and analysis
Hurkos openly stated in a 1960 episode of
One Step Beyond, after giving a lecture at
MIT to a scientific panel, that he would participate in any scientific experiment under any circumstances.
[4][5] However, author and
stage magician James Randi contends that Hurkos refused to allow his skill to be tested by scientists except for one session with Dr.
Charles Tart of the
University of California at Davis. Dr. Tart's tests were negative.
Andrija Puharich, MD, a noted physician and researcher of ESP was so impressed by the stories about Hurkos that he invited Hurkos to the USA in 1956 to study what seemed to be Hurkos’ unique psychic abilities under laboratory conditions. Hurkos was studied at Dr. Puharich’s Glen Cove, Maine, medical research laboratory under what Dr. Puharich considered to be very tightly controlled conditions. The results convinced Dr. Puharich that Hurkos’ psychic abilities were far greater than any he had ever tested (before or thereafter) . . . a remarkable 90% accuracy. After two and one-half years of testing Hurkos, Dr. Puharich said, “I am convinced that Peter Hurkos is the greatest of anyone I have ever tested as a psychic. His abilities are so far reaching that he hasn’t even scratched the surface of what he can do with his abilities and mind."
Hurkos in his later years admitted that his psychic TV Screen was such that he could not control when it came "on" or turned "off." As a result, when it was "off" Hurkos used cold reading techniques to convince his audience of his psychic powers. Sometimes without warning, his psychic TV screen would turn "on" and he would suddenly be able to uncover facts and history about those he was interviewing.
In his early career as a psychic entertainer, Hurkos purported that he employed his psychic powers to discern details of audience members' private lives that he could not otherwise have known. The Skeptical Inquirer published a transcription of such a reading in their fall 1978 issue:
- Hurkos: I see an operation.
- Subject: [no response]
- Hurkos: Long time ago.
- Subject: No. We have been lucky.
- Hurkos: [somewhat angrily] Think! When you were a little girl. I see worried parents, and doctor, and scurrying about.
- Subject: [no response]
- Hurkos: [confidently] Long time ago.
- Subject: [yielding] I cannot remember for certain. Maybe you are right. I'm not sure.
James Randi analyzed this and other transcripts of Hurkos performances and professed to have identified a number of standard
cold reading techniques. For example, Hurkos might begin with something seemingly personal but actually quite common: a
surgery. Hurkos would not specify that the subject underwent surgery—it could be any recent surgery of personal relevance to the subject. If this approach failed, Randi maintains, Hurkos would qualify the statement with the phrase "long time ago." At this point, any operation to any family member or friend in the subjects's own life would have been a "hit" and yet would have looked psychic because an operation is thought of as a private matter. Randi adds that the tone in Hurkos's voice was also significant: Hurkos presented himself as confident and knowing and characterized the subject as obstinate.
Other common techniques included guessing numbers of people in families (easy enough if you pick a typical number and allow yourself to add frequent visitors or exclude family members who have moved away from home as needed to match the target, as Hurkos did), including nonsense words in his presentation that could be interpreted by the subject to have any one of many meanings, and guessing on the importance of common names, which could be permutated as needed until he got a hit. (He most commonly used the name "Ann," which would give him a hit with anybody who had a relative or friend or teacher or boss or co-worker named Ann, Anna, Anastasia, etc., at any point in his or her life.)
During the 1970s, Hurkos sold readings for $200 each.
[citation needed] His official site claims that he found a crashed plane by looking at an upside-down map for the late General Omar Bradley.
[citation needed]
[edit] Refuted claims
Hurkos and his supporters maintained that he was a great psychic detective. By 1969, he cited the successful solution of 27 murder cases in 17 countries. However, in some cases the detectives assigned to these cases countered that Hurkos contributed no information unobtainable from newspapers and, in some cases, that he took no part in the investigations whatsoever. In response to Hurkos's claim that he located the stolen "
Stone of Scone,"
Home Secretary Chuter Ede declared:
The gentleman in question whose activities have been publicized (though not by the police) was among a number of persons authorized to come to Westminster Abbey to examine the scene of the crime. He was not invited by the police, his expenses have not been refunded by the Government, and he did not obtain any result whatsoever.
Hurkos also claimed to have identified the
Boston Strangler, and he did in fact travel to Boston and spend time with the police there. However, he was not of help to them. Several days after he concluded his consultation, he was arrested (and eventually convicted) for impersonating a police officer. Hurkos allegedly posed as a police officer in order to gather information that he could later claim to be psychic revelations.
In the case of
John Norman Collins, he sometimes claimed the killer was blond and at other times brown-haired so that he could claim victory either way. He made other claims about the killer that were simply wrong. He claimed to have identified
Charles Manson to police, but this was not true; Manson was identified by his supporter
Susan Atkins to a cellmate while she was in jail for a different crime. In fact, Hurkos
had been to the Tate residence to do a "reading," but his guesses, including descriptions of how the "killings erupted during a black magic ritual known as 'goona goona,'" were inaccurate.
[6]
[edit] Popularization
Despite refutations, Hurkos remained famous. He has several successful television specials, including:
- Japan: The Greatest Psychic in The World . . . Peter Hurkos, a six-hour two-part special on TV-TOKYO and NET-TV filmed at Dr. Puharich's lab in Dobson, North Carolina, where Hurkos was specifically tested for this special, and also on location in Japan
- The Netherlands: Peter Hurkos, a four-part nine-hour special for TROS television, highlighting Hurkos's attempt to use his abilities to help Dutch millionaire Maup Caransa find his former kidnappers[citation needed]
He also appeared three times on
The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.
[citation needed] His story was told on the television program
One Step Beyond as "The Peter Hurkos Story: Parts 1 and 2".
[4][5]
Numerous periodicals reported Hurkos's exploits throughout his lifetime:
Time,
Newsweek,
Omni,
Life,
True,
Reader's Digest,
Playboy,
The National Enquirer,
Ladies Home Journal, et al. Hurkos himself published three books:
Psychic (Bobbs-Merrill),
The Psychic World of Peter Hurkos, (Doubleday), and
Peter Hurkos: I Have Many Lives (Doubleday). Various authors have described and examined various details of Hurkos's life and alleged ESP in more than 75 published books.
He also appeared in several motion pictures as himself, including
The Amazing World of Psychic Phenomena (Sunn International),
Mysterious Monsters (David Wolper), and
Now I Lay Me Down to Sleep (Paramount). George Voskovec portrayed Hurkos in
The Boston Strangler, the 1968 film adaptation of Gerold Frank's 1966 book of the same name. His life may also have been the basis for the
Stephen King novel
The Dead Zone.
Hurkos's hobbies included gardening and oil painting. At one time, one of his paintings was on display in New York's Museum of Modern Art.
[citation needed] The personal art collection of
Ronald Reagan reportedly includes multiple Hurkos paintings, as does the General Omar N. Bradley Museum in
Carlisle, Pennsylvania.
[citation needed]
At the time of his death, Peter Hurkos resided in
Studio City, Los Angeles, California. He failed to predict accurately the date of his own death: Although he prophesied that he would die on 17 November 1961, he did not die until 1 June 1988, at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in West Hollywood, California.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Ramsland, Katherine. "Chapter 6: Enter the Psychic." John Norman Collins: The Co-Ed Killer.
- Randi, James. An Encyclopedia of Claims, Frauds, and Hoaxes of the Occult and Supernatural. St. Martin's Press, 1995.
- Randi, James. Flim-Flam! Psychics, ESP, Unicorns, and other Delusions. Prometheus Books, 1982: pp. 270–272.
[edit] External links
Blogger Reference Link
http://www.p2pfoundation.net/Multi-Dimensional_Science
