Showing posts with label sufi. Show all posts
Showing posts with label sufi. Show all posts

Wednesday, 30 October 2013

7 Planes of Consciousness

        
February 14, 2013                                                              
                         
Introduction
 
 
 
The 7 Words System is based on the traditional Sufi teaching that describes the nature of reality as having 7 clearly described aspects. These are called planes of consciousness, said to be different qualities of light that arise according to its vibrational rate. In Sufism Light is a term used as a metaphor; it equates exactly with what scientists measure as energy. Both scientists and mystics acknowledge that everything is energy, even physical matter, which is the expression of energy in its slowest form.
A study of the 7 Planes is typically carried out during silent retreats and can take years to complete - because, in order to fully grasp them, the ideas themselves need to be embodied as states. This makes the wisdom of this teaching rather inaccessible to most people. So there has been developed a more intuitively obvious approach that employs 7 of the simplest words we all know.
This is pleasing to the part of us that wants our spiritual nature and our material nature to be clearly integrated. Often a seeker will find sacred text offers something of importance - a golden nugget that offers inspiration and comfort - yet the student will not make the connection that explains how that has anything to do with raising children or getting a good job: hence the 7 Words, which tries to bridge that divide.
In the articles that will complete the series, each of the planes will be described in its purest form, as a Sufi teaching. In summary - the Earth plane is to do with physical existence and its challenges and lessons; its essential mystery is abundance. The Astral plane relates to our ability to find solutions, to use intuition, to focus emotions and thought towards creative outcomes. Next, the plane of Love, Harmony and Beauty is where we awaken our experience of the joy and the power of love through the expression of compassion.
The 4th plane, is called the Heroic, its main theme is authenticity and it engages us fully with the shadow nature of our psychological imperfections, frequently externalising inner conflicts. The higher planes are less self-centred. We learn all about sacredness on the 5th, the Plane of Splendour, and the purpose and qualities of sacredness. We become aware of those aspects of our being that can only be explained with the study of what we call angels. The Immaculate State, 6th Plane, is close to purity itself; beyond that is the 7th state of Unity, which is all but unimaginable.
These 7 planes form a cosmology, so that they can be used to form a complete perception of the nature of reality and therefore, of course, oneself.

EARTH PLANE
The Earth plane is to do with physical existence, its challenges, lessons, unique experiences and joys. It expresses the slowest vibration of energy – called light by Sufis. As both scientists and mystics have perceived, what seems solid is in fact very spacious, matter is actually energy in form.
What distinguishes physicality is that two things cannot occupy the same space at the same time. Boundaries are firm. This gives rise to the experience of limitation when we are stopped from getting what we go for. Lessons around this include patience, tolerance, acceptance, and perseverance. By experiencing the need for these qualities, we can then integrate them into our character and develop a more beautiful personality – considered of great worth by Sufis. Choice is another quality developed in response to limitation, so we are obliged to define and refine our identity, bringing clarity and precision to an otherwise indistinct ego. 
The ego tends to be rather thick and reactive because it feels a need to be resilient against the imposition of outer forces claiming space. It really is quite impossible to exist on the Earth plane without an ego, because one must have a physical body. That body requires nourishment, which must sustain my body not yours. Instinct is strong, and spiritual awareness is often not much in evidence. Suffering therefore occurs, and this may well assist in the remembrance of one’s divine spiritual nature. Also our humanity awakens though our compassionate response in witness to the suffering of others.
Typical earth people are manual workers, whose pace is slow and steady. Farmers are the best example. These people plod unhurriedly through the long days, quietly attending to their duties and tasks, never getting very emotional, knowing how things work, how seasons rotate and that nothing much is worth getting excited for. 
The message of the Earth plane is the wisdom of how to accept what cannot be changed, how to struggle to overcome what can, and learning to tell the difference between the two. The reward for learning Earth plane mysteries is abundance. 
 
ASTRAL PLANE
Whereas it is physicality that expresses Earth Plane reality, here we move into the realms of mentality. The Mind. In this world, we include all thought, beliefs, ideas, imagination and the emotions too shallow to touch the deeper feelings of the heart. Thoughts live here; they have a life that has power, duration and longevity. The power and influence of a particular thought-form depends upon the passion behind its inception and the specific clarity of focus. So it is wise to exercise caution with what we allow to dominate the mind's attention. If we dwell on painful feelings, morbid ideas and pessimistic expectation, then we are creating powerful negative spells that have a life of their own.
This is most clearly seen in the wider sphere of public behaviour, where beliefs and fashions of morality come and go in waves and cycles. These cycles have tended to be rather slow, measured in centuries rather than decades. Yet with the birth of the Internet - an extraordinarily meaningful representation in physical terms of the Astral Plane - humanity's mind is racing quickly through unprecedented shifts of attitude, which are influencing political realities in a way never occurring before in history. We can see clear evidence of where the world's attention is being placed: sensational news, sex, travel, music, social networking and, rather surprisingly, astrology. These are the leading themes of Google's keyword searches today.
In this lifetime, the Astral Plane is what goes on inside our head. There is the grosser, more demanding world to cope with - the physical reality of the Earth Plane - which keeps us grounded by having to cope with putting food on the table and a roof overhead. Were it not for this, some people would find their mind's lack of focus rather troubling, to the point of madness or serious constant confusion...and of course some do already. Leaving the Earth Plane after death, the situation reverses - instead of the mind being inside us, we are inside it. Sufis teach that we return to Source stage by stage, with the Astral Plane next. In simple terms we live in the world that we have created during this life by the choice of what we mostly thought about. This deserves serious consideration.
The darker, heavier emotions of negativity give rise to the Lower Astral - a world of violence, hatred and fear. Whereas the lighter side of this plane, the Upper Astral, is all fun and joy; it is the place of creative genius, where answers are found to puzzles and we express art for art's sake. We can see the importance of living now to develop a mental and emotional approach to life that is calm, easy and pleasant - assuming we want a calm, easy and pleasant after-life to inhabit.
Let us not speak as though this reality is elsewhere and later; it is not - it is here and now. When we indulge our fears, anxieties, addiction and depressions and general negativity, then we slip into the Lower astral. When we are curious, playful, creative and even a little bit naughty, then we enter the upper reaches of this 'plane of the djinn spirits'.
Djinns are mischievous, free and powerful inhabitants of this realm; their name has given rise to the word genius, and the genie in the bottle. Freeing the mind from external blinkers, and yet mastering it yourself - this gives awesome power. This is the mystery of this reality and is accessed by learning how to say Hello. When we are masters of Hello, we gain considerable influence in all the worlds.

PLANE OF LOVE HARMONY & BEAUTY
The third of Sufism's 7 Planes of Consciousness is called the Plane of Love, Harmony and Beauty. It has correspondence with the softer side of the Heart Centre and is linked with the word Thanks within the 7 Words system.
As the name suggests, this plane is where we experience the heart - and such things that connect with the heart's association with compassion. Compassion - "suffering with" - is free of the expectation or need for exchange; it is given, simply because it is the essential nature of Heart to give. In this context the word Love is indicative of unconditional love, so it goes beyond the focus of love that requires conditions, like sexual passion or romance.
Nonetheless it is relational. We identify a certain quality of energy which we call love, by noticing a feeling in the heart area, and this arises typically when we are with another person - or at least remembering that person. In some people it can also easily arise in other situations, as when we experience profound beauty or joie de vivre. The nature of our relationship with these people or things is harmonious. Harmony in music is found when two or more voices are singing melodies that are different and yet mutually supportive and together graceful and elegant.
An interesting formula is offered by Sufis - that the perfection of Love is Harmony, and the perfection of Harmony is Beauty. This is a deeper idea than might immediately be obvious and warrants careful consideration. Can Harmony therefore exist without Love? Can Beauty ever be perfected without Love? In relationship, do we look for Harmony and Beauty as evidence of Love? In the context of our Third Plane studies have we to infer that Beauty is a heart quality?
Although no doubt the larger purpose of our study of Sufism is to open all centres and rejoice in the fullness of our being, this path is essentially a path of the heart (not all spiritual paths are so). As such we expect to expand our ability to feel the beauty of life, to live in harmony with all we meet and to radiate compassion unreservedly. This usually means that we are soft, often childlike, a little naive, trusting and perhaps easily given to expressions of joy and sorrow. We feel and are quick to shed a tear in the presence of the poignancy of life, great beauty or another's misfortune.
Such qualities are not conducive towards worldly achievements, so the harshness of daily life may intimidate or overwhelm. People with strong 3rd plane resonance are quite family-oriented, often good at providing nurture, care, an emotionally secure home life and general sense of belonging. They can lack the thick-skinned robustness needed to struggle against competition or aggression.
Such types that delight in this more fiery exchange belong on the Heroic plane, which we'll look at next.
 
HEROIC PLANE
The fourth of Sufism’s 7 Planes of Consciousness is called the Heroic Plane. It has correspondence with the heart’s stronger qualities and is linked in the 7 Words System with the word Goodbye.
However pleasant it feels to enjoy the nurturing security of the plane of Love, it can get a bit boring for people whose natural predisposition is more dynamic and inclined to rise to challenges. And this is what the 4th plane is about. It is not especially joyful, although it has its own sense of celebration. It is more to do with baptism by fire – the burning away of impurities through often uncomfortable processes of tests and rigours. Here the spiritual disciple learns lessons of self-control and ardent purification.
Within the realms of relationship we often see the energies of both Venus and Mars. If Venus is 3rd plane then Mars is definitely 4th. The warrior needs to contest with another in order to sharpen his wits and strengthen his will, and although the purpose of doing so evolves into battling the self, it begins through the conflict where two motivations clash. Martial arts and violent sports are examples of preferred activities for 4th plane types, where occupations can often include negotiation – in business, diplomacy, or politics.
On the plane of Heroes, there are winners and losers. It is overseen by archangelic beings – the Seraphim – and these fiery cosmic characters blow their trumpets to raise a celebratory fanfare whenever they witness the forces of light defeat those of darkness. We feel these ourselves as a sense of exaltation when we resist temptation or overcome an agency of negativity. Do we not blow our trumpets a little when we have successfully stood firm on a matter of principle?
Through external conflict we are learning how to develop the necessary qualities to deal with the inner conflicts that inevitably arise for the true seeker. Each of us is somewhat false at times, we fail to ring true when struck by life’s demands and we capitulate to greater forces that we deem to be wrong. It is for us to perfect a sense of right and wrong – not as a judgement to rise self-importantly above others, but as the foundation of truth upon which to construct an authentic life path. As we do so, we are tested. It is always so – and we must stand firm if we are to claim our greatest birthright.
This is not a place on which to dwell. There are real and serious dangers for people who spend most of their time engaging 4th plane issues. The fire can be destructive – it does not support ordinary domestic life, nor yet prayerful monastic rhythms, because its energy is too passionate, unbending, and uncomfortable. It can lead to burn out, isolation and bigotry. In fact, the distortions on this plane can be the most difficult of all distortions. Fanatics, tyrants and zealots are as likely as heroes.
There are plenty of occasions when we are clear of conscience, strong of will with fire in the heart and God on our side – and yet we lose a battle. Dark forces prevail. Then we have to accept the setback, regroup our resources and reaffirm our expectation of success. The 4th plane knows no fear, no surrender and no exhaustion…so be careful! Yet without it, no access to the higher glories are found – these are 5th plane mysteries.

PLANE OF SPLENDOUR
The 5th plane of consciousness called the Plane of Splendour is represented by the word Please. It is associated with the archangelic realm of Cherubs, which are not cute little baby angels at all, they are unimaginably vast and powerful self-aware spiritual beings that never incarnate but simply live throughout eternity singing the praises of God. Clearly they relate to the throat chakra, and are invoked by sacred chanting and prayer.
Prayer is not to be trifled with. Giving voice to an unwelcome state and set of circumstances, and calling upon God’s power to manifest them is seriously unhelpful and ill advised – yet this is done more often than not. People so often pray for what they want – and in so doing accentuate wanting. It is desire and expectancy, coupled with a state of gratitude, that empowers prayer. Please is about desire and expectancy as the 5th plane is about sacredness.
These two attitudes of being are profoundly linked. Desire is seen as sacred in Sufism – as it is in Buddhism too, actually; it is attachment to desire, or craving that leads to suffering. Desire itself is the most sacred evidence of the love felt between two things or people whose soul destiny is to share and cooperate in the sublime, divine act of creativity. Through sacredness, this essential life-force is optimised.
Sacredness rarely arises of itself – the exception is when Nature reaches awesome extremes of beauty and in the passages at birth and death. Otherwise we need to create it. We do this with such practices as chanting the holy names, burning incense and lighting candles, kneeling before an altar and spontaneously making up prayer. Sometimes even religious practices can awaken this state if the practitioner is sincere and free of cynicism and habit. A general rule of thumb is useful too: peace leads to sacredness and sacredness leads to peace.
Spirituality has been corrupted and distorted so badly and for so long that many people throw the baby out with the bathwater. Some reject God simply because they see how insincere some priests are and feel the emptiness and foolishness of so much of the scriptures. That’s sad, and unnecessary.
We can find our own way to the Source. The malpractices of religions are to be seen as tests. The gullible are gulled. Be more aware then! Do not accept the false gold of doctrine and prescribed morality, work it out for yourself – find out what makes you feel sacred and follow that. It takes more than 4th plane courage – it takes 5th plane inspiration.
 
IMMACULATE STATE
There is a state of being, which we can learn to reach at will, where distinctions between good and bad, or right and wrong, simply fade into nothing. Such a state equates to the 6th plane of consciousness, called the Immaculate State by Sufis, and corresponds in the 7 Words system to the word Sorry.
Typically in human interactions, motivations clash and feelings are hurt, egos are bruised and material property is lost or damaged. The word Sorry is demanded – wrongly perhaps – to admit guilt rather than fault, as if to suggest “you are at fault, therefore guilty, therefore a bad person… and I require your reluctant apology to demonstrate my superiority and to diminish your ego-strength”. Horrible isn’t it!
Yet in the immaculate state, on the 6th Plane, one has no attachment to ego, nor even morality and therefore, and especially, not judgement. Here, by Sorry, we mean “my insensitivity has disturbed your peace of mind, and I regret that”.
Think of this as a place of perfect stillness, a white mountaintop, cold and pure, free of all emotion, clear sighted, clear minded and open to the clear blue sky of cosmic awareness. The world and its frenetic duplicity is scurrying about in the villages and cities – but these are as distant as one’s childhood days, vague memories of no concern because present perceptions are all-embracing and awakened.
To reach this enlightened state requires training in techniques of meditation. The normal mind – Gross Mind or Monkey Mind – is ill-equipped to maintain its equilibrium, so often jumping from one topic to another and delighting to find cause for argument and prove itself right at the expense of another’s wrongness. Through meditation, a serious student will learn how to still the Gross Mind so that the perceptions of the Subtle Mind are available. With this more refined approach to life one sees more clearly the mystery that is hidden beneath the apparent.
The fundamental mystery is that the apparent is not truth. Truth is subjective; “reality” is illusion in fact – we make it all up. This becomes quite clear when we maintain 6th Plane awareness for a while. Those who know of this, but have not experienced it, sound like empty drums when they do their preaching – and the wisdom becomes corrupted. Christians preach “Judgement is mine, saith the Lord”. That’s supposed to mean “leave it to Me”, not “I am a judgemental God”. The wisdom here is simple – “do not judge another as right or wrong; do not judge yourself as good or bad”.
And if you touch the 6th Plane, you can experience why this wisdom is so.
 
UNITY
In Sufism, there are “7 Planes of Consciousness”. These are metaphors for the different ways in which “light” – or energy – can exist. We study this phenomenon of the gradation of light using the number 7, partly because it is a convenient size (neither too small not too large for us to understand) and partly because this number appeals to humanity’s intuitive sense of cosmic truth. It is quite possible that we should really be focussing on 9 - the number of chakras used by Sufis, including one above the crown and one below the base - but for now, 7 may be all humanity's consciousness can stretch to understand.
We see that there is much agreement between mystics and scientists upon this major point – that energy takes on different qualities according to its rate of vibration. Whereas the latter group talks of wavelengths that give rise to colours, the former talks of Planes of Consciousness that begin with the heaviest expression of energy, materiality, and spans through differing realities towards the transcendent level. This level is the 7th Plane. It is called Unity by Sufism and corresponds to the word Yes in the 7 Words system.
We cannot speak of the experience of the 7th plane – simply because such experience is beyond us. We can conceptualise Unity, we can extrapolate what it must be like in theory, and we can aspire to touch the waves of its vastness as we might dip our toes into an ocean. Yet how can we, phenomenal beings, know the experience of the great and mysterious All-and-Everything that we represent by the word God. There is not even a hint of meaning in the sound of that word – which lacks any attempt to be onomatopoeic. In Arabic, Allah sounds like breath; in Aramaic Abwoon feels profoundly mysterious and creative, in Sanskrit Aum fills the world with music and a feeling of universal harmony. Sadly, saying the word God leads us nowhere spectacular at all.
Poets point towards the imagined knowledge of God – Leonard Cohen suggests we might need to “sink into the mystery” – and musicians and composers, perhaps Bach and Beethoven more than most, can take us to the threshold if we would but surrender to their magic. Artists try too – Roerich and others make it obvious that they’ve gone beyond, and actors also sometimes try to help us – I’m thinking now of Rowan Atkinson as a Christian minister in a film telling us that actually God is a mystery and whether we like it or not, we just have to accept that.
So there it is – acceptance and surrender, keywords for Yes, are required tools for the task. The more we let go of our grasping for knowledge, the more we are available to receive it. The less we control, the more we enjoy… it is the fool’s wisdom, the madzub in Sufism, the one with nothing to protect or defend, the one who trusts in his cloak and begging bowl. The word dervish means “threshold” or doorstep…and that’s how close we can get to the realm of the 7th plane.
 
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Kebatinan

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A Wayang puppet representing Semar
Kebatinan, also called Kejawen[1], Agama Jawa[2] and Kepercayaan[3] is a Javanese religious tradition, consisting of an amalgam of animistic, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic, especially Sufi, beliefs and practices. It is rooted in the Javanese history and religiosity, syncretizing aspects of different religions.

Definitions[edit]

The term kebatinan is being used interchangeably with kejawen[1], Agama Jawa[2] and Kepercayaan[3][4], although they are not exactly the same:
  • Kebatinan: "the science of the inner"[1], "inwardness"[4], derived from the Arabic word batin, meaning "inner" or "hidden".[5]
  • Kejawen: "Javanism"[1][6], the culture and religious beliefs and practices of the Javanese people of Central Java and East Java.[7][6] It is "not a religious category, but refers to an ethic and a style of life that is inspired by Javanist thinking".[8]
  • Agama Jawa: "the Javanese religion"[2]
  • Kepercayaan: "belief"[3], "faith"[4], full term: Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa,[web 1] "Believer in One Mighty God".[9] "Kepercayaan" is an official cover term for various forms of mysticism in Indonesia. According to Caldaroda, it "is not an apt characterization of what the mystical groups have in common".[4] It includes kebatinan, kejiwan and kerohanian.[4]
Kebatinan is the inner-directed cultivation of inner peace, rooted in pre-Islamic traditions[10], whereas kejawen is outer-directed and community-oriented, manifesting in rituals and practices.[10]

History[edit]


A Wayang puppet representing Garuda
Java has been a melting pot of religions and cultures, which has created a broad range of religious belief.

Animism[edit]

Animism was the first religion at Java.[11]

Shaivism and Buddhism[edit]

Indian influences came first with Hinduism, which reached the Indonesian Archipelago as early as first century.[12] In the 4th century, the kingdom of Kutai in East Kalimantan, Tarumanagara in West Java, and Holing (Kalingga) in Central Java, were among the early Hindu states established in the region. Several notable ancient Indonesian Hindu kingdoms are Mataram, famous for the construction of the majestic Prambanan temple, followed by Kediri and Singhasari. Since then Hinduism along with Buddhism spread across the archipelago and reached the peak of its influence in the 14th century. The last and largest among Hindu-Buddhist Javanese empires, Majapahit, influenced the Indonesian archipelago.[citation needed]
Shaivism and Buddhism penetrated deeply into society, blending with the indigenous tradition and culture.[13] One conduit for this were the ascetics, called resi, who taught mystical practices. A resi lived surrounded by students, who took care of their master's daily needs. Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimised rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs.[13] Small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi.
Nowadays Bali is still pre-dominantly Hinduist, while Buddhist communities also exist in the major cities, primarily among the Chinese Indonesian.

Islam[edit]

Java "adopted"[14][note 1] Islam around 1500 CE.[14] Islam was first accepted by the elites, which contributed to the further spread and accpetance. Sufi and other versions of Folk Islam were most easily integrated in the folk religion of Java.[14] The learned versions of Sufi Islam and shari`a-oriented Islam were integrated at the courts with rituals and myths of the existing Hindu-Buddhist civilisation.[14] Clifford Geertz described this as abangan and priyayi, "the lower class and elite varieties of Javanese syncretism".[14]
The Kyai, the Muslim scholar of the writ became the new religious elite as Hindu influences receded. Islam recognises no hierarchy of religious leaders nor a formal priesthood, but the Dutch colonial government established an elaborate rank order for mosque and other Islamic preaching schools. In Javanese pesantren (Islamic schools), The Kyai perpetuated the tradition of the resi. Students around him provided his needs, even peasants around the school.[13]

Christianity[edit]

Christianity was brought to Java by missionaries, first from the Dutch Reformed Church, and in the 20th century also by Roman Catholics, such as the Jesuits and the Divine Word Missionaries. Nowadays there are Christian communities, mostly Reformed in the larger cities, though some rural areas of south-central Java are strongly Roman Catholic. Roman Catholics and other Christian groups have been persecuted for their beliefs such as a ban on Christmas services.[15]

Islam and kebatinan[edit]

Nowadays more than 90 percent of the people of Java are Muslims, on a broad continuum between abangan and santri.[citation needed] Although Java is nominally Islamitic, kejawen, the syncretic Javanese culture, is a strong undercurrent.[16] Pre-Islamic Javan traditions have encouraged Islam in a mystical direction.[citation needed]
Some Javanese texts relate stories about Syekh Siti Jenar (also known as Syekh Lemah Abang) who had conflicts with Wali Sanga, the nine Islamic scholars in Java, and the Sultanate of Demak.[17][18] Although Syekh Siti Jenar was a sufi whose teaching were similar with Al-Hallaj[citation needed], most of his followers (Ki Kebo Kenanga) come from Kebatinan.[citation needed] Some historians have doubted the existence of Syekh Siti Jenar , suggesting the stories represent conflicts between Kebatinan and Islam in the past.[citation needed]
With the Islamisation of Java there emerged a loosely structured society of religious leadership, revolving around kyais, Islamic experts possessing various degrees of proficiency in pre-Islamic and Islamic lore, belief and practice.[13] The kyais are the principal intermediaries between the villages masses and the realm of the supernatural. However, this very looseneess of kyai leadership structure has promoted schism. There were often sharp divisions between orthodox kyais, who merely instructed in Islamic law, with those who taught mysticism and those who sought reformed Islam with modern scientific concepts.
As a result, the Javanese recognize two broad streams of religious commitment:[19][note 2]
  1. Santri or putihan ("pure ones"), those who pray, performing the five obligatory daily ritual prayers.[19] They are more orthodox in their Islamic belief and practice[13], and oppose the abangan, who they consider to be heterodox.[22]
  2. Abangan, "the red ones", who do not strictly observe the Islamic rituals.[19] They have mixed pre-Islamic animistic and Hindu-Indian concepts with a superficial acceptance of Islamic belief[13], and emphasize the importance of the purity of the inner person, the batin.[19]
This distinction between "the High Islam or scripturalist, shari`a-oriented Islam of the `ulama"[23] and "living local Islam"[23] or "Folk Islam"[23] or "popular Islam"[23] is not restricted to Java, but can be found in other Islamic countries as well.[23]
Ernest Gellner has developed an influential model of Muslim society, in which this dichotomy is central:[23]
He sees a dialectical relationship between the two, with periods of scripturalist dominance followed by relapses into emotional, mystical, magical folk Islam. Modernity — especially urbanisation and mass literacy — unsettles the balance between the two, by eroding the social bases of folk Islam. An irreversible shift to scripturalist Islam occurs, which is in Gellner’s view the equivalent of secularisation in the West.[23]
Bruinessen finds this too limited, and distinguishes three overlapping spheres:[23]
  1. Shari`a-oriented Islam,
  2. Sufism (mystical Islam, which has its learned and popular variants),
  3. The periphery of local rituals, local shrines, local spirit cults and heterodox beliefs and practices in general.[note 3]
Javanese syncretistic religiousness has a strong popular base, outnumbering the santri and the support for Islamic political parties.[24][web 2] Choy relates this to a Javanese apparent openness to new religions, but filtering out only those elements which fit into the Javanese culture.[25] Choy mentions several reasons for this nominal Islamic identity:[26]
  1. The Islamic scholars in Java have been trained in curricula which were geared for social conditions of two or three centuries ago, lacking the ability to impart the spirit and sense of Islam;[25]
  2. The inability to summarise the priciples of Islam in understandable basic points which can be applied to daily life;[26]
  3. Kebatinan can be learned and understood without the need to learn Arabic.[27]
In the early 20th century, several groups became formalised, developing systemetised teachings and rituals, thus offering a 'high' form ofabangan religiosity, as an alternative to the 'high' Islam.[28] Bruinessen opines that the kebatinan-movements is a deliberate rejection of scriptural Islam[29], which arose out of "folk Islam".[14]

Characteristics[edit]


A Javanese man meditating under Banyan tree. Dutch East Indies, before 1940.

Aim[edit]

Kebatinan is derived from the Arabic word batin, meaning "inner" or "hidden"[5], or "inner self".[30] It is a metaphysical search for harmony within one's inner self, connection with the universe, and with an Almighty God.[30] Kebatinan believe in a "super-consciousness" which can be contacted through meditation.[27]

Beliefs[edit]

Kebatinan is a combination of occultism, metaphysics, mysticism and other esoteric doctrines[30] from Animistic, Hinduistic, Buddhist and Islamic origins.[citation needed] Although the Javanese culture is tolerant, and open to new religions, only those qualities are accepted and filtered which fit into the Javanese culture, character and personality.[25] Javanese ideals combine human wisdom (wicaksana), psyche (waskita) and perfection (sempurna). The follower must control his/her passions, eschewing earthly riches and comforts, so that he/she may one day reach enlightened harmony and union with the spirit of the universe.
According to Choy, the Kebatinan have no certain prophet[31], sacred book[31], nor distinct religious festivals and rituals. Nevertheless, various kebatinan-movements have their own foundational writings and founders.[32][33]
A kebatinan practitioner can identify with one of the six officially recognized religions, while still subscribe to the kebatinan belief and way of life.

Membership[edit]

Although kebatinan is a predominantly Javanese tradition, it has also attracted practitioners from other ethnic and religious groups, such as Chinese and Buddhists[34], and foreigners from Australia and Europe.[9] President Suharto counted himself as one of its adherents.[citation needed] Their total membership is difficult to estimate as many of their adherents identify themselves with one of the official religions.[35]

Official recognition[edit]

The Indonesian state ideology strives toward a unified nation, recognizing only monotheism. Meanwhile, there is also a tolerance for non-recognized religions.[16] A broad plurifomiy of religions and sects exist. In the middle of 1956, the Department of Religious Affairs in Yogyakarta reported 63 religious sects in Java other than the official Indonesian religions. Of these, 22 were in West Java, 35 were in Central Java, and 6 in East Java.[13]
These include also kebatinan-groups, such as Sumarah and Subud. This loosely organized current of thought and practice was legitimized in the 1945 constitution[citation needed], but failed to attain official recognition as a religion.[9] In 1973 it was recognized as Kepercayaan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa (Indonesian: Believer in One Mighty God[9]), but withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Religion and placed under the jurisdiction of the ministry of Education and Culture.[9]

Practices[edit]

A variety of practices is being used in kebatinan to acquire ilmu[36][note 4], namely tiraka[37][36][38][note 5] and tapa[37] or tapabrata.[38][note 6]
Many Kebatinan followers practice in their own way to seek spiritual and emotional relief. These practices are not performed in churches or mosques, but at home or in caves or on mountain perches. Meditation in Javanese culture is a search for inner self wisdom and to gain physical strength. This tradition is passed down from generation to generation.[citation needed]

Meditation[edit]

There are several tapa:
  • tapa Ngalong (meditation by hanging from a tree)
  • tapa Kungkum (Meditation under small waterfall or meeting point of 2-3 rivers / Tempuran / Tjampuhan)

Fasting[edit]

Fasting is a common practice employed by Javanese spiritualists in order to attain discipline of mind and body to get rid of material and emotional desires:
  • tapa Mutih (abstention from eating anything that is salted and sweetened, only eat/drink pure water & rice),
  • tapa Senen-Kemis (fasting on Monday-Thursday)
  • tapa Ngebleng (fasting for a longer period, usually 3-5-7 days)

Pantheistic worship[edit]

Kebatinan often implies pantheistic worship, because it encourages sacrifices and devotions to local and ancestral spirits. These spirits are believed to inhabit natural objects, human beings, artifacts, and grave sites of important wali (Muslim saints). Illness and other misfortunes are traced to such spirits, and if sacrifices or pilgrimages fail to placate angry deities, the advice of a dukun or healer is sought.

Other practices[edit]

Other practices include:
  • tapa Pati-Geni (avoiding fire or light for a day or days and isolating oneself in dark rooms),
  • tapa Ngadam (stand/walk on foot from sunset till sunset, 24 hours in Silence)

Historical texts[edit]

Kebatinan and kejawen practices are extensively written about in texts that are held in the Sanabudaya library in Yogyakarta, and the main Kraton Libraries of Solo and Yogyakarta.[citation needed] Many of the texts are deliberately elliptical so that those who do not work with either initiates or teachers are unable to ascertain or understand the esoteric doctrines and practices.[citation needed] In quite a few cases codified texts with secret systems to "unlock" the meanings are employed.[citation needed]
But according to Bruinessen, the writing down of kebatinan teachings was a novelty which appeared with the institutinalisation of the kebatinan-movements in the beginning of the 20th century.[29]

Kebatinan organisations[edit]

The appearance of formal kebatinan movements reflects the modernisation of Indonesia.[1]. Kebatinan movements appeared early in the 1900s in urban traditional elite circles[14], together with the rise of nationalism and the Muhammadiyah, a modernist Islamic movement.[1]. Hardopusoro, one of the earliest kebatinan-movements, had strong links with the Theosophical Society.[1] Some remained very elitist, while others also accpeted lower urban and rural followings, thereby popularising abangan, or syncretistic Islam, as an alternative to shari`a-oriented Islam.[14]
After the independence of 1949, the kebatinan received political support and attracted large followings.[39] Kebatinan-movements were seen by secular nationalistic elites as allies against the rise of political Islam.[29] The political struggle between the Muslim parties and the Communists and Nationalists lead to a sharper demarcation between syncretistic and shari`a-oriented Islam, whereby most kebatinan movements affiliated with the Communist or Nationalist Parties.[14][note 7]
Umbrella organisations representing several hundred kebatinan organisations, lobbied to attain legitimacy and recognition as an official religion.[1][3] They are registered at the HKP (Himpunan Penghayat Kepercayaan), which is controlled by the PAKEM (Pengawas Aliran Kepercayaan Masyarakat).[web 2] After the Suharto-era (1967-1998), the kebatinan-movements lost political support[39], and have become less dynamic, their adherents avoiding public engagement.[1]
Altogether several hundred kebatinan-groups are or have been registered, the best-known of which are:[note 8]

Subud[edit]

Subud was founded in the 1920s by Muhammad Subuh Sumohadiwidjojo. The name Subud was first used in the late 1940s when Subud was legally registered in Indonesia. The basis of Subud is a spiritual exercise commonly referred to as the latihan kejiwaan, which was said by Muhammad Subuh to be guidance from "the Power of God" or "the Great Life Force". The aim of Subud is to attain perfection of character according to the will of God.[52] Only when passion, heart and mind are separated from the inner feeling is it possible to make contact with the "Great Life Force" which permeates everywhere.[53]
The name Subud is formed from the words susila ("the good character of man"[52]), budhi ("the force of the inner self"[52]) and dharma ("trust in God"[52]). These words are derived from the Sanskrit words suzila, bodhi and dharma.[web 3]
Muhammad Subuh saw the present age as one that demands personal evidence and proof of religious or spiritual realities, as people no longer just believe in words. He claimed that Subud is not a new teaching or religion but only that the latihan kejiwaan itself is the kind of proof that humanity is looking for. He also rejected the classification of Subud as a kebatinan organization.There are now Subud groups in about 83 countries, with a worldwide membership of about 10,000.[54]

Sumarah[edit]

Sumarah was formed in the 1930s by Pak Hardo, Pak Sadina and Pak Sutadi, without a formal organisation.[55] In those early days, the younger members were taught kanoman, occult practices including invulnerability for knives and guns. This was regarded as essential in the struggle against the Dutch colonial powers.[55] Around 1950, when Indonesia becale an independent nation, Sumarah was streamlined and organised by dr. Surono. The emphasis shifted from magic to "surrender to God".[55] From 1957 on internal struggles surfaced between dr. Surono and the founders Pak Hardo and Pak Sadina, leading to a change in leadership by dr. Ary Muthy in 1967.[55]
Sumarah theology maintains that humankind's soul is like the holy spirit, a spark from the Divine Essence, which means that we are in essence similar to God. In other words "One can find God within oneself," a belief similar to the "I=God" theory found in Hindu-Javanese literature.[56]
According to Sumarah theology, man and his physical and spiritual world are divided into three parts:[56]
  • The physical body and brain. One section, Sukusma, governs the passions. In the brain, the faculty of thinking has two functions:
    • To record memories
    • To serve as a means of communion with God
  • The invisible world, which is situated within the chest. It is the Jiwa, the ineffable soul, which provides the driving forces governing thought and reason. It is here that the deeper feeling (Rasa) is located.
  • The more elusive and sublime world. The most elusive and sublime world is hidden somewhere near the anatomical heart.
Sumarah's conception of God is different from Islam. It has a pantheistic vision of reality, considering God to be present in all living beings.[56]

Pangestu[edit]

Pangestu was founded in 1949.[57] It's doctrine was revealed in 1932 to Sunarto Mertowarjoyo, and written down in the Setat Sasangka Djati by R.T. Harjoparakowo and R. Trihardono Sumodiharjo Pangastu.[57] It describes the way to obtain wahyu, the blessing of God.[57]

Sapta Dharma[edit]

Sapta Dharma was founded in 1952 by Harjo Sapura, after he received a relevation.[51] According to Sri Pawenang, it was God's wish to provide the Indonesian people with a new spirituality in atime of crisis.[51] It's aim is to free man of his passions.[57]
According to Sapta Dharma teachings, suji (meditation) is necessary to pierce through different layers of obstacles to reach Semar, the guardian spirit of Java.[58] Theory and practice resemble Indian Kundalini yoga, aiming at awakening the Kundalini energy and guiding it through the chakras.[57]

Majapahit Pancasila[edit]

Majapahit Pancasila[note 9] was founded by W. Hardjanta Pardjapangarsa.[53] It is based in Javanese Hindu-yogic practices[60], c.q. Kundalini yoga[53], rather than Balinese ritual practice as is prevalent in Parisada Hindu Dharma.[60] According to Hardjanta, his meditation practices also lead to invulnerability for knives, daggers and other weapons.[61]

Spread of kebatinan[edit]

Malaysia[edit]

Kebatinan beliefs have spread to some parts of Malaysia in which certain individuals have combined it with Islamic concepts (e.g. proclaiming themselves to be new-age Islamic prophets, but delivering messages that are a combination of Islamic and kebatinan beliefs). This has led to the Malaysian Islamic authorities declaring elements of kebatinan to be "syirik" (shirk) and un-Islamic. Kebatinan interpretations of Islam are widespread in Malaysia among practitioners of silat, traditional healers and some preachers (such as Ayah Pin and other self-proclaimed Islamic prophets).

Netherlands[edit]

In the Netherlands, the former colonial power in Indonesia, some kebatinan-groups are active.[62]

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. Jump up ^ Bruinessen: "Java was converted to Islam quite late; the process started seriously around 1500CE, that is, at the time of the great Alevi rebellions. Adoption of Islam is perhaps a better term than conversion, for the Javanese were deliberately syncretistic. For many of the new Muslims Islam, especially in its Sufi variety, was a welcome additional source of spiritual power, not a substitute for what they already had."[14]
  2. Jump up ^ Anthropologist Clifford Geertz made a well-known, though criticised, threefold distimction between abangan, antri and priyayi.[web 2][20] The priyayi are the descendants of the high class and court members, were gurus taught the Hindu-Buddhist art of inner cultivation[21], which stayed alife in the interior areas of Java.[6] Geertz noticed that the priyayi play a central role in the teaching of kejawen and kebatinan to the abangan.[21]
  3. Jump up ^ Bruinessen: "This third sphere was no doubt in most parts of the world for many years the one that had by far the greatest numbers of adherents. It has often been through Sufism that people from the heterodox periphery gradually moved towards some degree of conformity with orthodoxy."[23]
  4. Jump up ^ knowledge, power
  5. Jump up ^ "Fasting"[37], "ascetic exercises"[36], "spiritual techniques"[38]
  6. Jump up ^ "austerity"[37], "spiritual techniques"[38]
  7. Jump up ^ The relation between religion c.q. "spirituality", politics and (post-)colonial struggles is not unique to Indonesia. In India, Hindu reform movements involved both religious and social reforms, for example the Brahmo Samaj[40], Vivekananda, who modernised Advaita Vedanta[41], Aurobindo[40] and Mahatma Gandhi[40]. In Buddhist countries, Buddhist modernism was a response against the colonial powers and the western culture.[42] In Sri Lanka, Theravada Buddhism was revitalised in the struggle against the colonial rule. The Theosophical Society played an essential role here.[43][44][45] In China, Taixu propagated a Humanistic Buddhism, which is again endorsed by Jing Hui, the (former) abbott of Bailin Monastery.[46] In Japan, Buddhism adopted nationalistic politics to survive in the modern era, in which it lost support from the government.[47][42] zen was popularised in the west by adherents of this modern Buddhism, especially D.T. Suzuki and Hakuun Yasutani.[48][42]
  8. Jump up ^ See [49] for a longer list of kebatinan-organisatons
  9. Jump up ^ Full "Sanaata Dharma Majapahit Pancasila"[59], acronym "Sadhar Mapan"[59]

Sources[edit]

Published sources[edit]

  • Azra, Azyumardi (2006), Islam in the Indonesian World: An Account of Institutional Formation, Mizan Pustaka 
  • Beatty, Andrew (1999), Varieties of Javanese Religion: An Anthropological Account, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-62473-8 
  • Bruinessen, Martin van (2000-A), Muslims, Minorities and Modernity: The restructuring of heterodoxy in the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Inaugural Lecture 
  • Bruinessen, Martin van (2000-B), Transformations of Heterodoxy. Inaugural Lecture (condensation) 
  • Bruinessen, Martin van; Day Howell, Julia (2007), Sufism and the 'Modern' in Islam, I.B.Tauris 
  • Caldarola, Carlo (1982), Religion and Societies: Asia and the Middle East, Walter de Gruyter 
  • Choy, Lee Khoon (1999), A fragile nation: the Indonesian crisis, World Scientific 
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  • Epa, Konradus (2010). "Christians refuse to cancel Christmas". UCA News. 
  • Feuchtwang, Stephen (2010), The Anthropology of Religion, Charisma and Ghosts: Chinese Lessons for Adequate Theory, Walter de Gruyter 
  • Fields, Rick (1992), How the Swans Came to the Lake. A Narrative History of Buddhism in America, Boston & London: Shambhala 
  • Geels, Antoon (1997), Subud and the Javanese mystical tradition, Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, ISBN 0-7007-0623-2 
  • Gin, Ooi Keat (2004), Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to Timor. R-Z. Volume three, ABC-CLIO 
  • Gombrich, Richard (1996), Theravada Buddhism. A Social History From Ancient Benares to Modern Colombo, Routledge 
  • Headley, Stephen Cavanna (2004), Durga's Mosque: Cosmology, Conversion And Community in Central Javanese Islam, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 
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  • McDaniel, June (August 1, 2010). "Agama Hindu Dharma Indonesia as a New Religious Movement: Hinduism Recreated in the Image of Islam". Nova Religio 14 (1): 93–111. 
  • McMahan, David L. (2008), The Making of Buddhist Modernism, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195183276 
  • Muhaimin, Abdul Ghoffir (2006), The Islamic Traditions of Cirebon: Ibadat and Adat Among Javanese Muslims, ANU E Press 
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  • Rambachan, Anatanand (1994), The Limits of Scripture: Vivekananda's Reinterpretation of the Vedas, University of Hawaii Press 
  • Renard, Philip (2010), Non-Dualisme. De directe bevrijdingsweg, Cothen: Uitgeverij Juwelenschip 
  • Research School of Pacific Studies (1980), Indonesia, Australian perspectives, Volumes 1-3, Australian National University 
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  • Sinari, Ramakant (2000), Advaita and Contemporary Indian Philosophy. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta", Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations 
  • Stange, Paul (1980), The Sumarah movement in Javanese mysticism. Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Wisconsin-Madison, University Microfilms International 
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  • Victoria, Brian Daizen (2006), Zen at war (Second Edition ed.), Lanham e.a.: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. 

Web-sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

  • Geertz, Clifford (1976), Religion of Java, University of Chicago Press 
  • Jones, David (2010), Magic & Mysticism in Java 
  • Kinney, Ann R.; Klokke, Marijke J.; Kieven, Lydia (2003), Worshiping Siva and Buddha: The Temple Art of East Java, University of Hawaii Press 
  • Retsikas, Konstantinos (2012), Becoming: An Anthropological Approach to Understandings of the Person in Java, Anthem Press 
  • Stange, Paul (year unknown), The evolution of Sumarah 

External links[edit]

"Scientific Mysticism" of Michael Whiteman

  The previous post gave reference to the book below by an academic. It is similiar but not identical to the ideas of my paradigm known as ...