Showing posts with label spirits. Show all posts
Showing posts with label spirits. Show all posts

Wednesday, 30 October 2013

Poltergeist

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For other uses, see Poltergeist (disambiguation).

Therese Selles, a 15-year-old domestic servant, experiences poltergeist activity in the home of her employer, the Todescini family at Cheragas, Algeria, as featured on the cover of the French magazine La Vie Mysterieuse in 1911.
In folklore and paranormal studies, a poltergeist phenomenon alludes to the apparent yet unexplained manifestation of multiple force reactions caused by a seemingly invisible entity. Most accounts of poltergeist manifestations involve such force being triggered at objects, usually household (destruction and relocation of furniture, levitation of cutlery, knocking on the doors), although some seem to describe accompanying hallucinations, as well as physical attacks on human witnesses. Such actions can include pinching, biting, hitting and tripping the victim, or producing sentient noises (moaning, laughing, talking etc.) without clear source.
Poltergeists occupy numerous niches in cultural folklore, and have traditionally been described as troublesome spirits who, unlike ghosts, haunt a particular person instead of a specific location. Such alleged poltergeist manifestations have been reported in many cultures and countries including the United States, Japan,[1] Brazil, Australia, and most European nations. The earliest recorded cases date back to the 1st century.[2]
Look up poltergeist in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Etymology[edit]

The word poltergeist comes from the German words poltern ("to make sound") and Geist ("ghost"), and the term itself roughly translates as "noisy ghost" or "noise-ghost".

Observation[edit]

Most reports of poltergeist manifestations involve noises and destruction that have no immediate or verifiable cause. Situations include inanimate objects being picked up and thrown; noises such as knocking, rapping, or even human voices; and physical attacks on human beings, such as pinching, biting, and hitting.
Single poltergeist cases often range in duration from a few hours to several months.

Interpretations[edit]

Science[edit]

Many claimed poltergeist events have proved on investigation to be pranks.[3]
According to research in anomalistic psychology claims of poltergeist activity can be explained by psychological factors such as illusion, memory lapses and wishful thinking.[4] A study (Lange and Houran, 1998) wrote that poltergeist experiences are delusions "resulting from the affective and cognitive dynamics of percipients' interpretation of ambiguous stimuli".[5]
Attempts have also been made to explain scientifically poltergeist disturbances that have not been traced to fraud or psychological factors. The psychical investigator Guy William Lambert proposed a geophysical explanation for poltergeist activity which results from the activity of underground water and other factors. According to Lambert many reported poltergeist incidents can be accounted for by physical causes such as "subterranean rivers, tidal patterns, geological factors and shifts in the house foundation, and climate changes." His theory was that an underground water course may flow under "haunted" locations and that after heavy rainfall the stream could cause structural movement of the property, possibly causing the house to vibrate and move objects.[6][7]
David Turner, a retired physical chemist, suggested that ball lightning, another phenomenon, could cause inanimate objects to move erratically.[8]
Michael Persinger has theorized that seismic activity could cause poltergeist phenomena.[9] Persinger's case studies have also shown a complex interaction between geomagnetism, household electrical equipment and the brain physiology of the individual.[10]
Skeptics such as Milbourne Christopher have found that some cases of poltergeist activity can be attributed to unusual air currents, such as a 1957 case on Cape Cod where downdrafts from an uncovered chimney became strong enough to blow a mirror off of a wall, overturn chairs and knock things off shelves.[11]
Other investigators have postulated that psychopathology or aggression in the subjects themselves may be responsible for the action of movement of objects in poltergeist cases. Nandor Fodor proposed that poltergeist disturbances are caused by human agents suffering from some form of emotional stress or tension and compared reports of poltergeist activity to hysterical conversion symptoms resulting from emotional tension of the subject.[12] Owen (1978) cited a number of poltergeist cases in which the subject displayed signs of hysteria.[13]

Paranormal[edit]

Poltergeist activity has often been believed to be the work of malicious spirits. According to Allan Kardec, the founder of Spiritism, poltergeists are manifestations of disembodied spirits of low level, belonging to the sixth class of the third order. They are believed to be closely associated with the elements (fire, air, water, earth).[14]
The parapsychologist William Roll wrote that poltergeist activity can be explained by psychokinesis.[15]

Famous poltergeist cases[edit]

Lithobolia (1698)[edit]

Main article: Lithobolia
Lithobolia, or the Stone-Throwing Devil, is a pamphlet that records poltergeist activity that allegedly took place in the tavern of George and Alice Walton in 1682. Two copies of the pamphlet exist in the British Museum. The Waltons' tavern was located in New Castle, New Hampshire, then known as the Great Island. Lithobolia was written by “R.C.,” one Richard Chamberlain, the secretary of the colony of New Hampshire. In 1666 Chamberlain was boarding at the Walton tavern and witnessed the attack.[16] The pamphlet was later printed in London by Chamberlain in 1698. The opening reads:
"Lithobolia", or stone throwing Devil. Being an Exact and True account (by way of Journal) of the various actions of infernal Spirits or (Devils Incarnate) Witches or both: and the great Disturbance and Amazement they gave to George Walton's family at a place called Great Island in the county of New Hampshire in New England, chiefly in throwing about (by an Invisible hand) Stones, Bricks, and Brick-Bats of all sizes, with several other things, as Hammers, Mauls, Iron-Crows, Spits, and other Utensils, as came into their Hellish minds, and this for space of a quarter of a year."[17]

Borley Rectory (1937)[edit]

Main article: Borley Rectory
William Roll, Hans Bender, and Harry Price are perhaps three of the most famous poltergeist investigators in the annals of parapsychology.[citation needed] Harry Price investigated Borley Rectory which is often called "the most haunted house in England."

Rosenheim, Germany (1967)[edit]

Main article: Rosenheim Poltergeist
Dr. Friedbert Karger was one of two physicists from the Max Planck Institute who helped to investigate perhaps the most validated poltergeist case in recorded history. Annemarie Schneider, a 19-year-old secretary in a law firm in Rosenheim (a town in southern Germany) was seemingly the unwitting cause of much chaos and controversy in the firm, including disruption of electricity and telephone lines, the rotation of a picture, swinging lamps which were captured on video (which was one of the first times any poltergeist activity has been captured on film), and strange sounds that sounded electrical in origin were recorded. Karger stated that "these experiments were really a challenge to physics" and the disturbances "could be 100 percent shown not to be explainable by known physics."[18] Fraud was not proven despite intensive investigation by the physicists, journalists and the police. The effects moved with the young woman when she changed jobs until they finally faded out, disappeared, and never recurred.[2][19][20][21]

Other cases[edit]

  • The Black Monk of Pontefract[22]
  • The Enfield Poltergeist (1977)
  • Drummer of Tedworth (1662).
  • A poltergeist in Japan (1740'), during the Edo period.[1] Eizo Otake, a clerk of court, reported that after his father hired a girl from Ikejiri village, Setagaya, as a domestic servant, objects in the house and in the yard began moving by themselves. The phenomenon continued for several days until the girl was dismissed.[23]
  • The "Wizard", Livingston, West Virginia (1797)
  • The Bell Witch of Tennessee (1817–1872)
  • The Haunting of The Fox sisters (1848) – arguably one of the most famous, because it started the Spiritualism movement.
  • The Great Amherst Mystery (1878–79)
  • Hopfgarten near Weimar (1921).
  • Eleonore Zugun – The Romanian 'Poltergeist Girl' (1926)
  • The Epworth Rectory
  • The Stevenage Poltergeist (2007-2010)
  • Gef the Talking Mongoose (1931)[24]
  • The possession case of Robbie Mannheim (1949)[25][26]
  • The Thornton Road poltergeist of Birmingham (1981)
  • The case of Tina Resch (1984)
  • The Orland Hills, Illinois case located near 170th street and 88th avenue. (1988)
  • Contemporary Oklahoma 'talking poltergeist' case "The Stone-Throwing Spook of Little Dixie" (1995)[27]
  • Stambovsky v. Ackley (1991)
  • The Mackenzie Poltergeist (1998) – Famed for haunting Greyfriars churchyard, Edinburgh.
  • The Canneto di Caronia fires poltergeist (2004–5)[28]
  • South Shields Poltergeist (2005-2006)
  • The Miami Poltergeist (2008)[29]
  • Barnsley near Sheffield in England (2009)[30]
  • Easington Council in County Durham, UK paid half of a medium's exorcism fee to remove a poltergeist from council housing in Peterlee, deemed more cost effective than relocation of the tenant (2008)
  • "Jim", the Coventry poltergeist (2011). In a series of articles during March 2011, The Sun reported the story of Lisa Manning and her children.[31][32][33] According to those articles:
    • The family observed pots and pans being thrown around the kitchen, blinds moving up and down, lights going on and off, doors locking themselves, chairs flying across the room, and cupboard doors opening and banging shut before being ripped off their hinges among other phenomena.[31]
    • The strange occurrences started a couple of weeks after Manning and her children moved into the Coventry council house.[31]
    • The disturbances became more malevolent when the poltergeist pushed the family's two dogs down the stairs, one being injured so seriously it had to be put down.[32]
    • The housing association who owns the property sent a priest who blessed the house, and the phenomena temporarily abated for a couple of weeks before starting up again.[31]
    • Renowned medium, Derek Acorah visited Manning's home, stating that he was able to communicate with the spirit, and that it was called "Jim" and had died from a heart attack at the age of 58 around 1900. Acorah then performed an exorcism ceremony, after which the paranormal activity ceased.[33]
    • The Sun report also includes a video, which shows a closet door opening and a chair moving across the floor with no visible cause. Lisa Manning is quoted as having taken the video via hidden camera.[31]
  • The case of "Croft Street Ghost" Coventry UK 2008 ongoing,
    • Recorded activity in Croft Street, in the workshop, Coventry City centre, of what’s thought to be a middle aged man, it can be often heard slamming tool kits down, making strange "surprised noises", and quite often tools go missing and are found again all in the same place, cats and other small animals have been said to found with what appears to be dusty boot marks on them . Several people have reported to hear a grunting noise in their ear, but when they turn around no physical presence was there. Has appeared on Sky's Most haunted, video and eye witness account appeared in the Coventry Telegraph in late 2011. In December 2012, a live radio show on local radio Hillz FM, had a local medium "Burrinder", try to make contact with the sprit, from the offset the programme was subject to technical faults, the brief part of the show that was audible, Burrinder was reporting saying this one’s a "bad geezer" or PSG. Many were left unsure of due to the poor quality of the interview.
  • The "Kitchen Island Bed" of 7 Queens road (2013)
    • Apparently eyewitness testimonies report strange activities in the early hours of the morning at Tregowan residential home. Reports of raven noises could be heard from the ground floor along with the repeated phrase "It doesn't work, why won't it work?". Witnesses state that physical objects had been moved around the house on their own accord. A double bed was later found placed on the kitchen island fully made. Evidence of water damage could be seen on the floor space that the bed originally occupied. There have been no further incidences reported at this address. An official investigation has yet to be made.

Poltergeists in fiction[edit]

  • In the 1941 Noël Coward play Blithe Spirit poltergeist activity is due to the ghost of the central character's first wife—and later to the ghosts of both wives. The play was adapted into a successful movie in 1945, and a musical (High Spirits) in 1963, besides enjoying multiple adaptations to radio.
  • The depiction of demonic possession in William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel The Exorcist and its 1973 film adaptation is consistent with typical poltergeist activity.
  • In the Poltergeist movies (1982, 1986, 1988) poltergeist activity in a family home was caused by actual ghosts attracted to the youngest daughter.
  • A poltergeist named Peeves appears in the Harry Potter series, who is described by the series author J.K. Rowling as not a ghost but an "indestructible spirit of chaos."[34]
  • In the TV series Afterlife, Alison encounters many poltergeists, including the ghost of her mother who rearranges Alison's objects, moves her bed, and creates noise.
  • In Tales to Astonish #1 "I Know the Secret of the Poltergeist", a paranormal investigator explains various poltergeist incidents but is biased in his explanation.
  • In the bullet-hell shooter series Touhou the three sisters; Lunasa, Merlin and Lyrica Prismriver are poltergeists and each play a different instrument. They also live in the Poltergeist Mansion in Gensokyo.
  • In Season 5, Episode 22: "The Children's Parade" of the TV show Ghost Whisperer, Melinda Gordon investigates a poltergeist in a hospital.
  • In Star Trek: The Next Generation Season 4, Episode 25: In Theory, Captain Picard jokingly refers to one of the dark matter distortions as a poltergeist.
  • In Supernatural (U.S. TV series) Season 1, Episode 9 "Home": a poltergeist haunts the Winchester's family home.
  • In The X-Files Season 1 Episode 6 (Shadows), Agents Scully and Mulder encounter a poltergeist of a deceased CEO.
  • In an episode of the 1970s TV series The Waltons, called the Changeling, (Season 7 Episode 5) Elizabeth Walton, who is turning thirteen, sees a chair a banging up and down, a vase breaking itself, a rag doll changing position, and various other strange activities, which disappear immediately after she declares her fear and anger on the night of her slumber party. According to an older John Boy, the strange events "never happened again", and Elizabeth had a normal birthday.
  • In the game series S.T.A.L.K.E.R., Poltergeist depicted as spirits or entities that attack anything near its range of sense. It was also depicted in two different looks, a Fire-type and a Shock-type. In the S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Clear Sky, the player would encounter two Poltergeist in the escape in Agropom Undergrounds on the mission to help the Duty to stop the monsters in Agropom, in the way a radio message from the Clear Sky leader, Lebedev appeared in the player's PDA, and says about that the player is very near to Fang's PDA signal. In the end, after killing some bandits in the underground, you would go out to Agropom via the underground's ventilation stairs to a ladder to a ventilation access gate, in the way through the stairs, the two poltergeist would attack the player with fire beams. The player would have to kill both poltergeist or just ignore them, just to get out the underground facility.
  • The movie Apartment 143 featured a poltergeist disturbance.
  • Is named in the film "Hui Buh" in The Apears Exam.
  • The 2013 American supernatural horror film Insidious: Chapter 2's main villain and entity is a poltergeist, vowing to take over Josh Lambert's body.

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to: a b 日本史怖くて不思議な出来事, PHP研究所, 2006, ISBN 4-569-65703-6, pp.156-158.
  2. ^ Jump up to: a b "Accueil du site Ouriel – Paranormal". Perso.orange.fr. 2005-04-31. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  3. Jump up ^ Terence Hines. (2003). Pseudoscience and the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. p. 98. ISBN 978-1573929790
  4. Jump up ^ Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones. (1989). Anomalistic Psychology: A Study of Magical Thinking. Psychology Press. p. 192. ISBN 978-0805805086
  5. Jump up ^ Lange, R., Houran, J. (1998). Delusions of the paranormal: A haunting question of perception. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 186 (10), 637–645.
  6. Jump up ^ Et cetera: Volume 18, International Society for General Semantics, 1961, p. 352
  7. Jump up ^ Lambert, G. W. (1955). "Poltergeists: A Psychical Theory". Journal of the Society for Psychical Research 38. 
  8. Jump up ^ Muir, Hazel (2001-12-20). "Ball lightning scientists remain in the dark". New Scientist. Retrieved 2011-01-15. 
  9. Jump up ^ Persinger, M. A.; Cameron, R. A. (1986). "Are earth faults at fault in some poltergeist-like episodes?". JASPR 80: 49–73. 
  10. Jump up ^ Houran, James (2004). From Shaman to Scientist: Essays on Humanity's Search for Spirits. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 11. ISBN 0-8108-5054-0. 
  11. Jump up ^ Christopher, Milbourne (1970). ESP, Seers & Psychics: What the Occult Really Is. New York: Crowell. p. 142. ISBN 978-0-690-26815-7. OCLC 97063. "A heavy mirror fell from the bedroom wall and an ash tray that had been resting on a table with a glass top slammed against the surface with such force that the glass was shattered." 
  12. Jump up ^ Fodor, N. (1964). Between two worlds. West Nyack, NY: Parker Publishing. 
  13. Jump up ^ Owen, A. R. G. (1978). "Poltergeist phenomena and psychokinesis". In Ebon, M. The Signet Handbook of Parapsychology. New York: Signet. pp. 365–374. ISBN 0-451-08406-3. 
  14. Jump up ^ Allan Kardec, Le Livre des Esprits. (2000). chapter 106, Jean de Bonnot. p.46.
  15. Jump up ^ James Houran and Rense Lange. (2007). Hauntings and Poltergeists: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. McFarland. p. 290. ISBN 978-0786432493
  16. Jump up ^ Salem State, "Lithobolia"
  17. Jump up ^ George L. Burr, ed., Narratives of the Witchcraft Cases (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), 55–77.
  18. Jump up ^ "Uri Geller". Uri Geller. 2002-02-19. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  19. Jump up ^ Fairley, John; Welfare, Simon (1984). Arthur C. Clarke's World of Strange Powers. London: Harper Collins. pp. 28–31. ISBN 0-00-216679-8. 
  20. Jump up ^ Fabienne Grow. "Poltergeist von Rosenheim". Geister-und-gespenster.de. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  21. Jump up ^ "Trivia on Biography of Electric Psychokinetic Anne-Marie Sch. Part 1". Trivia Library. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  22. Jump up ^ "Pontefract". Ghosts. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  23. Jump up ^ Tozuisha "Kokon-zodan-omoide-zoshi", 1839 - (東随舎『古今雑談思出草紙』)
  24. Jump up ^ "Gef the talking Mongoose". DalbySpook.110mb.com. 2010-06-27. Retrieved 2010-04-10. 
  25. Jump up ^ Paranormal Experiences. Unicorn Books. Retrieved 2010-04-02. "A thirteen-year-old American boy named, Robert Mannheim, started using an Ouija board at the insistence of an aunt inclined towards spiritualism. A few days later, poltergeist activity in the form of raps and scratches was heard in some parts of the house." 
  26. Jump up ^ Good Spirits, Bad Spirits: How to Distinguish Between Them. Writers Club Press. Retrieved 2010-04-02. "On Saturday, January 15, 1949, Karl and Phyllis Mannheim went out for the evening, leaving Robbie and Grandmother Wagner alone in the house. Not long after...Grandmother Wagner heard a dripping sound. She and Robbie checked every faucet in the neat, well-maintained house. The could not find the source of the dripping...They finally decided that the dripping came from Grandmother Wagner's bedroom under the sloping ceiling of the second floor. They entered and while listening to the loud dripping, saw a painting of Christ begin to shake, as if some-body were bumping the wall behind the painting." 
  27. Jump up ^ "The Stone-Throwing Spook of Little Dixie"
  28. Jump up ^ "WorldWide Religious News-Devil in the detail of Sicily's mysterious village fires". Wwrn.org. 2004-02-11. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  29. Jump up ^ "Council pays psychic for exorcism". BBC News. 2008-02-12. Retrieved 2008-02-13. 
  30. Jump up ^ "Hideous ghost won't stop flushing pub loo – The Star". Sheffieldtoday.net. Retrieved 2009-08-19. 
  31. ^ Jump up to: a b c d e "Our 'geist bedroom". thesun.co.uk. The Sun. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  32. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Shea, Gary (29 March 2011). "Poltergeist wrecks house in Coventry ...and kills the dog". thesun.co.uk. The Sun. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  33. ^ Jump up to: a b O'Shea, Gary (30 March 2011). "See you, Jimmy". thesun.co.uk. The Sun. Retrieved 30 March 2011. 
  34. Jump up ^ "The Leaky Cauldron and MuggleNet interview Joanne Kathleen Rowling: Part Two". 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-01. 

External links[edit]

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poltergeist&oldid=579296837"
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Saturday, 6 April 2013

Ectoplasm, The Fabric of the Occult

5 April, 2013/ Paranormal People
 
 
By
 
 
 
 

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Sitting in near darkness, a group of sitters assemble around a large table, waiting with baited breath as a medium or seer conjures spirits from the hereafter.  Almost indistinguishable at first a strange substance begins to exude from the ears and nose of the psychic.  It’s white and billowy, like a cloud, but as it forms it becomes more gelatinous and begins to take shape in the air above the table.  The witnesses hold their gasps of disbelief and watch as the ectoplasm morphs loosely into the form of a small girl, the shape of the ghost with whom they have finally made contact.
The above description of a séance or a variation thereof could probably be found in just about any book on 18th or 19th century spiritualism, as it was the common experience of those who participated in the trendy fad of contacting the dead.  A large component of those experiences was the witnessing of ectoplasm materialization, and as such there has been a great deal of investigation of the phenomenon, calling many of the accounts and evidence into question.
The term ectoplasm was coined by the French physiologist Charles Richet in 1894[1] but its discovery has been traced to the works of 17th century alchemist Thomas Vaughan[2].  According to the inimitable Sir



Ghosts&ectoplasmDoylecrsm


Arthur Conan Doyle ectoplasm enjoyed its first published description in 1774[3] at the whim of famed 18th century seer, Emmanuel Swedenborg, wherein he said of ectoplasm:
“…a kind of vapour steaming from the pores of my body.  It was a most visible watery vapour and fell downwards to the ground upon the carpet.”[4]
As far as definitions are concerned, ectoplasm has two, but we’re only interested in the classic rather than the biochemical (relating to cytoplasm), ectoplasm is:
A substance said to be excreted by mediums during trances; a slime-like substance said to be associated with hauntings.
A good portion of the modern paranormal community views ectoplasm as something altogether different thanks in part to its use in the classic movie Ghostbusters.  It’s largely thought of as the residual physical after-effects of ghostly manifestation or apparitions, but those of us who are more traditional reject that notion in favour of its original expression.  Though in its original form it is largely regarded as a fraud.
Popular among late 19th and early 20th century occult enthusiasts, ectoplasm became a staple of the séance, wowing sitters (the term used for séance attendees) along side the tipping table and mediums trumpet.  As the description above suggests, it is, or was thought to be a supernatural substance excreted through various bodily orifices by the medium.  In some instances the ectoplasm would be a simple gelatinous blob, but other times it would take the form of a specific entity, using the ghost’s non-corporeal shape as a sort of wire frame.
Haywards_Heath_UK_bw



Here’s the catch though, it was believed that ectoplasm would disintegrate under the harsh rays of light, so, as was common anyway, séances were held in near or total darkness (which would greatly inhibit the sitter’s ability to detect a fraud).  This atmosphere of darkness and mystery did foster quite a few wild tales, and famous psychics such as Elizabeth D’Esperance, Eva C. and Mina “Margery” Crandon were scrutinised by many investigators and scientists.
The first systematic study of ectoplasm was a joint effort by Baron Albert von Schrenck-Notzing and Juliette Bisson, who experimented with Eva C.  Prior to this, Gabriel Delanne, Enrico Morselli, and Charles Richet published descriptions of the different evolutionary states of ectoplasm.[5]  Most famously the literary giant Sir Arthur Conan Doyle investigated and was apparently taken in by the phenomenon.
While many witnesses were convinced that these mediums were in fact manifesting a physical representation of the dearly departed, scientific efforts eventually debunked nearly every documented instance of ectoplasm.  Commonly it was found that mediums used fabric, such as cheesecloth, or butter muslin to simulate ectoplasm.


Helen_Duncan_fake_ectoplasm


Many grotesque photographs of what were supposed to be ectoplasm have been put forward over the years.  They tend to show gelatinous, viscous material oozing from all the natural orifices of the medium’s body, and also from the top of the head, from the breasts, and from the fingertips.  Most often it comes from the mouth.  The form of the substance varies, according to Gustave Geley – French physician and psychical researcher – between threads, cords, rigid rays, membranes, and fabric-like or woven material with indefinite and irregular outlines.
As mentioned, the modern idea of ectoplasm resembles not the true history of this wonderfully weird phenomenon.  In fact much of what the modern paranormal investigator does is so departed from the traditional notions of occultism and spiritualism that one wonders where the current ideology of ghostly phenomenon came from.  In my opinion, the modern paranormal investigator would do well to delve into the rich history of ghost hunting available at their fingertips and perhaps even try to duplicate the results of earlier spiritual efforts.
What do you think of ectoplasm and its associated methodologies?  Voice your opinion in the comment section below.


[1] “Ectoplasm”. Glossary of Key Words Frequently Used in Parapsychology, Parapsychological Association (2006-01-24)
[2] “Ectoplasm.” Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 2001. Retrieved April 05, 2013 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403801508.html
[3] Aykroyd, Peter H. A History of Ghosts, The True Story of Séances, Mediums, Ghosts and Ghostbusters. (2009) Rodale Books. Pg 29.
[4] Conan Doyle, Arthur. The History of Spiritualism. (1926) Castle and Company Ltd. pg 7. http://ia600202.us.archive.org/2/items/historyofspiritu015638mbp/historyofspiritu015638mbp.pdf
[5] “Ectoplasm.” Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. 2001. Retrieved April 05, 2013 from Encyclopedia.com: http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3403801508.html
    

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